微波法污水厂污泥制备活性炭的研究

研究了以污水厂污泥为原料、微波辐照下磷酸活化法制备污泥活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间以及磷酸浓度对活性炭碘值的影响.结果表明,微波功率480 W、辐照时间315 s、磷酸浓度40%～45%的条件下,制备的污泥活性炭碘值为301 mg/g,总孔孔容是0.37 mL/g,平均孔径8.8 nm,比表面积168 m2/g.将该污泥活性炭用于处理TNT红水,吸附效果良好.     

微波法污水厂污泥制备活性炭的研究

研究了以污水厂污泥为原料、微波辐照下磷酸活化法制备污泥活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间以及磷酸浓度对活性炭碘值的影响.结果表明,微波功率480 W、辐照时间315 s、磷酸浓度40%～45%的条件下,制备的污泥活性炭碘值为301 mg/g,总孔孔容是0.37 mL/g,平均孔径8.8 nm,比表面积168 m2/g.将该污泥活性炭用于处理TNT红水,吸附效果良好.     

微波法制备工业污泥含碳吸附剂及其除铬性能

为实现工业集中区污水处理厂的脱水污泥(简称工业污泥)的废物资源化,以工业污泥为原料,通过氯化锌浸渍微波辐射法制备污泥炭吸附剂,探讨了制备过程中不同制备条件对污泥炭吸附剂吸附性能的影响,并用于吸附重金属离子铬。实验结果表明,除了微波功率、辐照时间等主要影响因素外,过滤条件、搅拌时间和盛放介质等因素也会影响污泥炭吸附剂的吸附性能,确定了工业污泥炭吸附剂的最佳制备条件是微波功率490 W,辐照时间10.0 min,氯化锌溶液浓度40%,搅拌时间24 h等,并且再生前后活性炭对含铬废水均有较好的处理效果;活性炭的投加量为1.0 g/L,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度和振荡速率分别为50 mg/L和100 r/min时,最佳除铬条件为pH、温度和吸附时间分别为2、室温(25℃)和1.0 h,在此条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为98.5%,TCr的去除率为86.1%,从而为工业污泥的资源化提供了一条新途径。     

微波辐照载甲苯活性炭再生研究

研究在微波辐照条件下,活性炭量、微波功率、载气量、加热时间等因素对载甲苯活性炭脱附的影响,在正交实验中,各个影响因素的重要性排序为：氮气流量、活性炭量、辐照时间、微波功率,最佳的操作工况为：活性炭量9 g、载气流量300 mL/min、辐照时间120 s、微波功率500W,活性炭的脱附率在99.74%.     

微波辐照载甲苯活性炭再生研究

研究在微波辐照条件下,活性炭量、微波功率、载气量、加热时间等因素对载甲苯活性炭脱附的影响,在正交实验中,各个影响因素的重要性排序为:氮气流量、活性炭量、辐照时间、微波功率,最佳的操作工况为:活性炭量9 g、载气流量300 mL/min、辐照时间120 s、微波功率500W,活性炭的脱附率在99.74%.     

软锰矿-污泥活性炭的制备及其对废水中铅离子的吸附

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,掺杂一定量的软锰矿,采用氯化锌活化法制备一种软锰矿-污泥活性炭,并运用比表面积测定、电镜扫描、红外光谱分析及O2-TPO等表征手段对软锰矿-污泥活性炭及纯污泥活性炭进行了结构特性的比较分析,证明添加软锰矿将污泥活性炭的比表面积提高52.33%,是由于在制备过程中软锰矿催化了污泥中有机质的分解,同时也为新生炭提供了更多的骨架,促进了积炭反应的发生。软锰矿-污泥活性炭和纯污泥活性炭对废水中铅离子的吸附实验表明:当Pb2+初始浓度为40 mg/L、pH为5.0、活性炭用量为2 g/L、吸附时间为1 h时,软锰矿-污泥活性炭对废水中Pb2+的去除率可达88%,效果明显优于纯污泥活性炭。常温下软锰矿-污泥活性炭对Pb2+的吸附符合Lang-muir吸附等温式。     

微波辐照活性炭/铁屑处理橡胶促进剂生产废水

通过微波辐照活性炭与废铁屑的混合物处理橡胶促进剂生产废水。考察了炭铁混合物投加量、炭铁质量比、废水初始pH值、微波功率和微波辐照时间等对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明,工艺的最佳参数为:炭铁混合物投加量65 g/L,炭铁质量比2∶1,微波功率200 W,微波辐照5 min,此条件下的废水COD去除率为76%;反应的表观过程近似符合一级动力学规律,动力学方程为:ln(C0/C)=0.1012t+0.8887,速率常数k=0.1012 min-1,半衰期t1/2=6.85 min;橡胶促进剂生产废水的微波辐照活性炭/铁屑处理工艺比单纯微波辐照及活性炭/铁屑处理工艺有明显的优越性。     

微波改性活性炭的吸附性能

利用微波辐照技术代替传统的加热技术在N2 气中对煤质活性炭进行改性 ,以期提高活性炭的吸附性能。通过正交实验法 ,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径 3种因素对改性活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明 ,微波加热提高了活性炭的吸附能力 ,微波功率和辐照时间是决定改性活性炭吸附性能的关键因素 ,并通过对改性前后活性炭的孔隙结构和微结构变化进行分析 ,来讨论其改性机理。     

微波改性活性炭的吸附性能

利用微波辐照技术代替传统的加热技术在N2气中对煤质活性炭进行改性，以期提高活性炭的吸附性能。通过正交实验法，探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径3种因素对改性活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明，微波加热提高了活性炭的吸附能力，微波功率和辐照时间是决定改性活性炭吸附性能的关键因素，并通过对改性前后活性炭的孔隙结构和微结构变化进行分析，来讨论其改性机理。     

微波辐照废木屑活性炭制备工艺优化及其应用

以微波为热源，Na2CO3为活化剂，采用化学活化法制备废木屑活性炭（AC）。采用Taguchi法考察了微波辐照功率、辐照时间、活化剂浓度、固液比对活性炭碘吸附值的影响。结果表明，微波辐照功率对活性炭碘吸附值的影响最显著，辐照时间次之，而固液比的影响不显著。优化的工艺参数为微波辐照功率440W、辐照时间9min、Na2CO3浓度15％、固液比1：2．5，该条件下AC的碘吸附值为1230．40mg／g，实验结果验证了Taguchi法的有效性。该条件下制得的AC用于处理印染废水，结果显示，对COD为239．5mg／L废水投加3g／L活性炭，在pH为11时吸附70min，COD的去除率达77．9％。     

微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理制药废水的影响因素

为了研究微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理高浓度制药废水的影响因素,以阜新某集团公司生产制药原料排出的废水为研究对象,利用静态实验,采用混凝-微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺对高浓度制药废水进行实验。实验用水为100 mL、COD为576~1 440 mg/L的制药废水,当活性炭投加量为2 g,H2O2投加量为3/4Qth,pH值为5,微波辐照功率和时间分别为500 W和7 min时,COD去除率可达到92.6%,出水COD在42.6~106.6 mg/L范围内。实验结果表明,活性炭的投加量、H2O2的投加量、pH值、微波辐照功率和辐照时间对微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺的处理效果影响都较显著。     

污泥活性炭的表征及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性

以城市污水处理厂污泥为原料，采用磷酸活化一微波热解法制备得到污泥活性炭，并将其用于吸附水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。分别采用元素分析仪（VarioELcube）、比表面积孔径分布测定仪（ASAP2020）、扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT—IR）等仪器对原污泥及污泥活性炭的表面组成和结构进行表征，探讨污泥活性炭的孔隙结构参数和表面化学性能。通过静态吸附实验，考察了溶液初始pH，接触时间，初始Cr（Ⅵ）浓度对污泥活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响，并探讨了污泥活性炭去除Cr（Ⅵ）的机理。实验结果表明，pH越低吸附效果越好，吸附平衡时间为100h。不同温度下吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型，30℃时最大吸附容量为27．55mg／g；吸附动力学过程符合准二级速率方程（R2〉0．99）；污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除是一个吸附-还原耦合的过程。     

Optimising the preparation of activated carbon from digested sewage sludge and coconut husk.

Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge is a promising way to dispose of sewage sludge as well as to produce a low-cost adsorbent for pollutant removal. This research work aimed to optimise the condition for activated carbon preparation from anaerobically digested sewage sludge with the additive coconut husk. The sewage sludge sample was mixed with the additive coconut husk. The preparation condition variables investigated involved the concentration of the ZnCl2 solutions, heating temperature, dwell time and heating rate in pyrolysis and the mixing ratio of coconut husk to sewage sludge. Surface area, pore size distribution, aqueous phenol adsorption capacity and the production yield of the final products were determined and compared. Experimental results revealed that low concentrations of ZnCl2 solution tended to improve the microporosity of the final product. Heating temperature had a considerable impact on the surface area, pore size distribution and phenol adsorption capacity of the final products, whereas dwell time and heating rate performed comparatively insignificantly. The effect of increasing the mixing ratio of coconut husk to sewage sludge was principally to increase the microporosity of the final products. The activated carbon with the highest BET surface area was produced with the activation of 5 M ZnCl2 solution and, thereafter, pyrolysis at a heating temperature of 500 degrees C for 2 h with a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. The mixing ratio of 1:4 in terms of coconut husk to sewage sludge based on their dried weights was found to be most cost effective.     

A comparative study of anaerobically digested and undigested sewage sludges in preparation of activated carbons.

Disposal of sewage sludge is an increasingly expensive and environmentally sensitive problem throughout the world. Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge offers an attractive re-use alternative to the traditional disposal routes. The objective of this research work was to compare anaerobically digested sewage sludge (DS) and undigested sewage sludge (US) as source materials in the preparation of activated carbons. Prior to the preparation the properties of the two types of sewage sludges were determined and compared. Subsequently the sludge samples were activated with 5 M ZnCl2 solution and thereafter pyrolysed at heating temperature of 650 degrees C for 2 h with the heating rate of 15 degrees C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The produced activated carbons were characterised by surface area and porosity analysis, CHN elemental composition and ash contents determination, and aqueous phase phenol adsorption tests. The results indicate that in comparison with the DS, the US had a higher carbon content and lower ash content, and accordingly yielded a better activated carbon with a higher BET surface area, pore volume, carbon content and phenol adsorption capacity.     

Adsorption of mercury by activated carbon prepared from dried sewage sludge in simulated flue gas

Conversion of sewage sludge to activated carbon is attractive as an alternative method to ocean dumping for the disposal of sewage sludge. Injection of activated carbon upstream of particulate matter control devices has been suggested as a method to remove elemental mercury from flue gas. Activated carbon was prepared using various activation temperatures and times and was tested for their mercury adsorption efficiency using lab-scale systems. To understand the effect of the physical property of the activated carbon, its mercury adsorption efficiency was investigated as a function of its Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Two simulated flue gas conditions, (1) without hydrogen chloride (HCl) and (2) with 20 ppm HCl, were used to investigate the effect of flue gas composition on the mercury adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Despite very low BET surface area of the prepared sewage sludge activated carbons, their mercury adsorption efficiencies were comparable under both simulated flue gas conditions to those of pinewood and coal activated carbons. After injecting HCl into the simulated flue gas, all sewage sludge activated carbons demonstrated high adsorption efficiencies, that is, more than 87%, regardless of their BET surface area.

Implications: We tested activated carbons prepared from dried sewage sludge to investigate the effect of their physical properties on their mercury adsorption efficiency. Using two simulated flue gas conditions, we conducted mercury speciation for the outlet gas. We found that the sewage sludge activated carbon had mercury adsorption efficiency comparable to pinewood and coal activated carbons, and the presence of HCl minimized the effect of physical property of the activated carbon on its mercury adsorption efficiency.     

活性炭-微波辐射法去除苯酚的机理研究

通过微波辐射前后水样的紫外分光扫描分析，以及微波辐射后水样中的苯酚浓度和COD浓度之间线性相关性分析表明，活性炭-微波辐射强化除酚效率的主要机理是微波使反应体系温度升高导致的活性炭加速吸附作用，而不是微波诱导催化氧化作用。通过对微波辐射前后活性炭的SEM扫描电镜分析说明，活性炭在微波场中由于“微域爆炸”导致其表面及内部孔隙结构的变化， 吸附性能得到改善，是强化苯酚去除的另一原因。 研究还表明，在较短的作用时间内，活性炭-微波辐射法的除酚效率高于常温吸附，但低于沸腾条件下的高温吸附。活性炭-微波辐射去除苯酚的规律遵循其吸附特性，温度越高，吸附反应速度越快。     

pH值对污泥发酵产酸的影响

利用剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸,可作为污水脱氮除磷的有机碳源,而pH值是发酵产酸过程中重要的控制参数.研究了不同pH值条件下剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中各参数变化规律,探索pH值对其过程的影响及其分析.结果表明,碱性条件有利于污泥发酵产酸过程,实验最佳条件是控制反应初始pH值为10.0,仅8d发酵挥发性脂肪酸浓度就达到8.90 mmol/L.此外,污泥在发酵过程中,酸性条件下NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放量均大于碱性条件.     

改性污泥活性炭对水中镉离子的吸附性能

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,对一部分污泥活性炭用6.0 mol/L的硝酸进行改性,并研究了未改性和改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在pH为5.0、Cd2＋初始浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为2.0 g/L、反应温度为25℃时,未改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量为8.45 mg/g,硝酸改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量达到了23.35 mg/g。改性和未改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋都有较好的吸附容量,硝酸改性大幅度提高了污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附性能。常温下改性污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。