不同Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度交互作用对杜氏盐藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了不同Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度交互作用对杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明,Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度对杜氏盐藻的光合作用及生长均具有显著影响(P＜0.05)；Cd2+胁迫24 h后,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、rETR、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均与Cd2+浓度表现为显著的负相关；在低硝酸盐摩尔浓度(55μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/F.、Yield、rETR、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均明显下降；在高硝酸盐摩尔浓度(7 040 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的上述荧光参数下降幅度小；在正常硝酸盐摩尔浓度(880 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻荧光参数Fv/Fo、NPQ和叶绿素相对含量均最高,对Cd2+的耐受性更强；在低磷酸盐摩尔浓度(2.27 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数(除NPQ外)、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著低于对照组和高磷处理组,表现为磷限制现象；在离磷酸盐摩尔浓度(290.40 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数(除NPQ外)、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均明显高于低磷处理组和对照组,杜氏盐藻受Cd2+胁迫程度最小.     

环糊精及其衍生物对降低铅和菲的藻类毒性研究

研究了环糊精(CD)及其衍生物对重金属铅和有机物菲及其复合污染胁迫下斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的毒性影响。结果表明,天冬氨酸-β-CD(ACD)具有促进斜生栅藻生长的作用。在单一铅或菲胁迫下,低浓度时能促进斜生栅藻的生长作用,但当铅质量浓度≥0.10mg/L或菲质量浓度≥10μg/L时,斜生栅藻的生长都受到了不同程度的抑制。100 mg/L的ACD加入后,在相同浓度的铅或菲胁迫下,斜生栅藻抑制率明显降低。其中,铅对斜生栅藻96h的半数效应浓度(EC50)由0.96mg/L增加到了3.79mg/L,菲对斜生栅藻96h的EC50由40μg/L增加到了104μg/L,毒性明显降低。复合污染时,铅和菲对斜生栅藻的毒性表现出协同作用。不同CD(α-CD、β-CD和γ-CD)及其衍生物(ACD和羟丙基-β-CD)中,对降低斜生栅藻毒性效果最好的为ACD。     

石油污染土壤中芘高效降解菌群的筛选及降解特性研究

从长期受石油污染土壤中驯化筛选到能以芘为惟一碳源生长的混合菌群GP3,其主要由假单胞菌株GP3A(Pseudomonas sp.)和菌株GP3B(Pandoraea pnomenusa)组成.采用摇瓶振荡培养方法,研究了不同环境条件对混合菌GP3降解芘效能的影响.结果表明,在30℃,150 r/min振荡培养下,混合菌GP3对15 mg/L芘的7 d降解率为90.6%.混合菌GP3降解芘的最适宜温度为35℃,最佳pH值为6.2.加入低浓度葡萄糖(100 mg/L)或菲(10 mg/L)作为共代谢底物,均可提高GP3对芘的降解率.混合菌对芘的降解速率(PDR)与芘的初始浓度呈正相关.研究重金属离子胁迫下GP3对芘的降解时发现,10 ms/L Zn2 的存在对芘降解效能影响较小,Cu2 对芘的降解有抑制作用,Cd2 对混合菌GP3有很强的毒性.     

表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上吸附行为的影响

以Cd2+为重金属代表,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TX-100)为表面活性剂代表,用实验模拟法研究了3种类型的表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,不同种类的表面活性剂对Cd2+在沉积物上的吸附影响不同,SDBS对Cd2+的吸附影响可分为2个阶段,当SDBS初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加到2 600 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量从1.52 mg/g增至1.88 mg/g,增加了23.7%,随着SDBS初始浓度继续增加,Cd2+的吸附量开始下降,当SDBS初始质量浓度增至16 000 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量降低至0.34 mg/g;CPC主要通过在溶液中电离出CP+,CP+与Cd2+竞争沉积物表面的吸附位从而抑制Cd2+的吸附,当CPC初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加至16 000 mg/L,Cd2+的吸附量从1.50 mg/g降低至0.52 mg/g;TX-100能轻微抑制Cd2+在沉积物上的吸附,当TX-100初始质量浓度从0 mg/L增加到16 000 mg/L时,Cd2+吸附量从1.52 mg/g减少至1.35 mg/g.     

镉胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg/L)处理7 d对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：随着镉处理浓度的增加，向日葵幼苗对镉的吸收显著增加。1 mg/L镉浓度处理时，叶、茎和根中镉浓度分别为0.05 mg/L镉处理时的16.3、19.2和581倍；根中积累的镉含量明显高于叶和茎, 各浓度根部积累的镉分别为叶和茎的37.8～63倍和29.4～41倍。镉胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成，当镉浓度达1 mg/L时，整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。镉胁迫下向日葵幼苗游离脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加，1 mg/L镉浓度时，根中含量分别为对照的4和5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与镉胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系，可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值，叶、茎、根中的POD活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值。     

一株抗Cd2+菌株的筛选及其吸附性能

Cd2+为一种毒性金属元素,为了实际解决污水中低浓度重金属污染,实现污水达标排放,通过12C6+重离子束辐照诱变技术筛选到一株耐受Cd2+的菌株C2,研究其对Cd2+的抗性和低浓度Cd2+的吸附性能表明,Cd2+浓度≤100 mg/L时,C2菌株可以生长繁殖,但随Cd2+浓度升高受到抑制;SEM分析表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,C2产生大量胞外产物与Cd2+形成络合物;吸附过程中菌粉表面空隙得到填充,形成凸起;红外光谱分析表明,吸附过程中的主要作用基团为醇羟基O—H键、氨基和酰胺基团;C2菌粉和固定化菌球都对Cd2+有较好的吸附能力,菌粉吸附效果比固定化菌球稍好;菌粉和固定化吸附剂的最佳吸附初始pH值为5~6.0,最佳投加量分别为1.0 g/L和10 g/L(实际含菌量为1.0 g/L);Cd2+浓度在2~20mg/L时,在最佳吸附条件下,菌粉和固定化吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附率均在90%左右;2种吸附剂吸附过程与Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型拟合最佳;热力学研究表明吸附反应均能自发进行。以上研究结果表明,C2菌粉和固定化吸附剂均可用于污水中低浓度Cd2+的去除。     

巯基化合物在万寿菊镉解毒中的作用

采用水培实验方法研究了万寿菊体内镉积累和解毒与巯基化合物含量的关系。万寿菊植株分别在镉浓度为0、0.1、0.5、2和8 mg/L的营养液中暴露7 d,测定了根、茎、叶中镉、非蛋白巯基(NPT)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸(γ-EC)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物络合素(PCs)的含量。植物根、茎、叶中镉含量都随着镉暴露浓度的增加而增加。当溶液中镉浓度较低(0.1～2 mg/L)时,茎叶中NPT、PCs、Cys和γ-EC含量随着镉浓度增加而增大;当镉浓度较高(8 mg/L)时,茎叶中PCs含量迅速降低,GSH含量大幅度增高。在根部,这些巯基化合物的含量几乎不受镉处理影响,且含量较低。以上研究结果表明:PCs在万寿菊镉的解毒机制中发挥一定的作用,暴露于高浓度的镉,GSH比PCs起着更为重要的解毒作用。     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。     

ABR反应器处理低浓度废水

对ABR反应器处理低浓度废水的效果及运行特性进行了研究.在中温(35±0.5)℃下,进水有机负荷CODcr为0.5～7.0kg/(m3·d),HRT为3～12 h,进水CODer浓度分别为150、350、550和850 mg/L时,CODcr去除率分别达50%、80%～87%、86%～92%和90%～95%,反应器出水CODcr浓度在70～90 mg/L.研究表明,该反应器处理低浓度废水时,不仅具有良好的处理效果,而且运行稳定.     

氮磷钾和乙二胺四乙酸对镉污染三叶鬼针草的吸收特征研究

超富集植物的筛选是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术的核心内容.采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了Cd胁迫下添加营养元素N、P、K和螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)的生长反应和生理生化特性以及对Cd的吸收积累特征.盆栽试验结果显示,在Cd为10 mg/kg时,添加营养元素N、P、K和EDT...     

Ecotoxicological effects of cadmium on three ornamental plants

Ecotoxicological effects of cadmium (Cd) on three ornamental plants African marigold (Tagetes erecta), scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and sweet hibiscus (Abelmoschus manihot) were investigated. Seeds of these plants were exposed to five different concentrations of Cd (0-50 mgl(-1)). Ecotoxicological indexes based on inhibition rate (IC) of seed germination, root and shoot elongation, biomass (fresh weight and dry weight), as well as IC50 (Cd concentration when 50% plants show inhibition) and tolerance indexes (the ratio of maximum root length in an experimental group to that in a control group) were determined. The results indicated that Cd had little effects (p>0.05) on seed germination of the three plants and shoot elongation of scarlet sage (S. splendens). Cadmium had significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects on root elongation of the three plants and shoot elongation of African marigold (T. erecta). The fresh weight biomass of scarlet sage (S. splendens) was most sensitive to Cd, while that of sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was least sensitive. On a dry weight basis, African marigold (T. erecta) was the least sensitive, and scarlet sage (S. splendens) was the most sensitive to Cd. Based on IC50 of seed germination, sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was the most insensitive plant with an IC50 value as high as 428.0 gl(-1). According to Cd-tolerance indexes under the same Cd concentration, sweet hibiscus (A. manihot) was the most tolerant plant whereas scarlet sage (S. splendens) was the most sensitive one.     

Toxicity of Heavy Metals on Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brébisson in Batch Cultures (7 pp)

Background Aquatic environments are often exposed to various pollutants like heavy metals that are released from industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes. Emissions of heavy metals can then enter all ecosystems and bring about severe problems in plants, especially algae depending on the concentrations of a given element. The objective of the investigation presented is to detect toxic effects due to some heavy metals in the biomass of green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Methods All experiments were conducted with axenic cultures of the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brebisson (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta). The cultures were grown in Chu-no.10 medium, and optimum physical and chemical growth conditions were provided to get higher growth rates and lower doubling times of cells. Growth of the micro algal cultures was measured on a daily schedule by counting cultures and determination of chlorophyll-a. The sterile-filtered heavy metal concentration solutions (Cd, Pb and Cu) were prepared and added as stock solutions of their salts (CdCl2*2.5 H2O, Pb(NO3)2*H2O and CuSO4*5 H2O). Results and Discussion The growth decreased gradually with the alga exposed to Cd at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/L in comparison with the control whereas 1 mg/L Cd2+ had a clearly destructive effect. The growth was decreased with Pb at 15, 20 and 25 mg/L gradually, while at 30 mg/L the effect was more pronounced. When Cu was used, the growth was increased gradually at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L and vice versa at 2 mg/L. Conclusion There were differences in toxic effects of the metals with different metal as well as their concentrations and the time of exposure.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plants growing on arsenic contaminated soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may play an important role in phytoremediation of As-contaminated soil. In this study the effects of AMF (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomus etunicatum) on biomass production and arsenic accumulation in Pityrogramma calomelanos, Tagetes erecta and Melastoma malabathricum were investigated. Soil (243 +/- 13 microg As g(-1)) collected from Ron Phibun District, an As-contaminated area in Thailand, was used in a greenhouse experiment. The results showed different effects of AMF on phytoremediation of As-contaminated soil by different plant species. For P. calomelanos and T. erecta, AMF reduced only arsenic accumulation in plants but had no significant effect on plant growth. In contrast, AMF improved growth and arsenic accumulation in M. malabathricum. These findings show the importance of understanding different interactions between AMF and their host plants for enhancing phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils.     

水葱修复土壤镉污染潜力的研究

野外观察与研究发现水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani G.)可以耐受土壤中高浓度的重金属污染,并对镉(Cd)有很高的生物富集量.实验室水培试验研究了两个主要因素,营养液pH与Cd含量,对水葱生物量以及Cd富集效果的影响.结果表明,它可耐受高浓度Cd (30 mg/L)和大范围pH变化 (3.7～7.7).当营养液pH为4.7, Cd为25 mg/L时,水葱富集的Cd达到最大值:地上部分264.71 mg/kg,地下部分234.39 mg/kg,平均转运系数1.13.这显示了它用于植物修复Cd污染土壤的潜力.     

Potential of the hybrid marigolds for arsenic phytoremediation and income generation of remediators in Ron Phibun District, Thailand

Nugget marigold, a triploid hybrid between American (Tagetes erecta L.) and French (Tagetes patula) marigolds, is a marketed flowering plant with a good ability in arsenic phytoremediation. During field trial in an arsenic-polluted area in Thailand, arsenic was found mostly in leaves (46.2%) while flowers contained the lowest arsenic content (5.8%). Arsenic species in aqueous extracts of nugget marigolds were determined by HPLC-UV-HG-QF-AAS. Inorganic arsenics, arsenite and arsenate, were the main arsenic chemical species found in roots, stems, and leaves of marigolds with accumulated arsenic. Nugget marigolds from experimental plots not only accumulated high levels of arsenic but also grew well in arsenic-contaminated areas. Phosphate fertilizer enhanced arsenic uptake when the plants were in the flowering stage. Arsenic remediation using nugget marigolds could also provide economic benefits to the remediators through marketing flowers. Therefore, marigolds should be considered as a potential economic crop for phytoremediation.     

一株抗Cd~（2＋）菌株的筛选及其吸附性能

Cd2＋为一种毒性金属元素,为了实际解决污水中低浓度重金属污染,实现污水达标排放,通过12C6＋重离子束辐照诱变技术筛选到一株耐受Cd2＋的菌株C2,研究其对Cd2＋的抗性和低浓度Cd2＋的吸附性能表明,Cd2＋浓度≤100 mg/L时,C2菌株可以生长繁殖,但随Cd2＋浓度升高受到抑制;SEM分析表明,受到Cd2＋胁迫时,C2产生大量胞外产物与Cd2＋形成络合物;吸附过程中菌粉表面空隙得到填充,形成凸起;红外光谱分析表明,吸附过程中的主要作用基团为醇羟基O—H键、氨基和酰胺基团;C2菌粉和固定化菌球都对Cd2＋有较好的吸附能力,菌粉吸附效果比固定化菌球稍好;菌粉和固定化吸附剂的最佳吸附初始pH值为5~6.0,最佳投加量分别为1.0 g/L和10 g/L（实际含菌量为1.0 g/L）;Cd2＋浓度在2~20mg/L时,在最佳吸附条件下,菌粉和固定化吸附剂对Cd2＋的吸附率均在90%左右;2种吸附剂吸附过程与Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型拟合最佳;热力学研究表明吸附反应均能自发进行。以上研究结果表明,C2菌粉和固定化吸附剂均可用于污水中低浓度Cd2＋的去除。     

Biomass-derived materials in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated water: removal of Cadmium(II) and copper(II) from aqueous solutions

Manganese-coated activated carbon (MCAC) and activated carbon were used in batch experiments for the removal of cadmium(II) and copper(II). Results showed that uptake of Cd(II) and Cu(II) was unaffected by increases in pH (3.0 to 8.5) or concentration (1 to 20 mg/L). Increased ionic strength (from 0.001 to 1 M NaNO3), however, significantly affected the uptake of Cd(II); adsorption of Cu(II) was not affected. Freundlich adsorption isotherm results indicated that MCAC possessed higher sorption capacity than activated carbon. Second-order rate constants were found to be 0.0386 for activated carbon and 0.0633 g/mg x min for MCAC for Cd(II) and 0.0774 for AC and 0.1223 g/mg x min for MCAC for Cu(II). Column experiments showed that maximum sorption capacity of MCAC was 39.48 mg/g for Cu(II) and 12.21 mg/g for Cd(II).     

Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the Western European Rivers Rhine and Meuse using the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Since 1976, active and passive biological monitoring programs using the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha have been carried out to study trends in the bioavailability of heavy metals in the rivers Rhine and Meuse. The Cd concentration in mussels exposed in the river Rhine has decreased from 74 mg kg(-1) in 1976 to 1.5 mg kg(-1) in 1988. In the river Meuse, however, the Cd concentration in Dreissena polymorpha has increased from 6 mg/kg (-1) to 22 mg kg(-1). Cu concentrations in mussels have not changed. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in mussels from Lake Heerhugowaard, Lake Markermeer, Lake Maarsseveen and the river Dieze demonstrated that background concentrations for Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Dreissena polymorpha are about 12, 110, 1 and 0.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. Mussels from these four locations showed seasonal variation in heavy metal concentrations. This may be caused by both changes in the bioavailability of the metals and by the annual growth and reproductive cycle of the mussels. Therefore, one should take care that animals are collected at the same location and in the same section in long-term active biological monitoring programs.     

5-Aminolevulinic acid ameliorates cadmium-induced morphological, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes in seedlings of oilseed rape

Due to its prolific growth, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) can be grown successfully for phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soils. Nowadays, use of plant growth regulators against heavy metals stress is one of the major objectives of researchers. The present study evaluates the ameliorate effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 0, 0.4, 2, and 10 mg/l) on the growth of oilseed rape (B. napus L. cv. ZS 758) seedlings under Cd stress (0, 100, and 500 μM). Results have shown that Cd stress hampered the seedling growth by decreasing the radical and hypocotyls length, shoot and root biomass, chlorophyll content, and antioxidants enzymes. On the other hand, Cd stress increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and production of H₂O₂ and accumulation of Cd in the shoots. The microscopic study of leaf mesophyll cells showed that toxicity of Cd totally destroyed the whole cell structure, and accumulation of Cd also appeared in micrographs. Application of ALA at lower dosage (2 mg/l) enhanced the seedling growth and biomass. The results showed that 2 mg/l ALA significantly improved chlorophyll content under Cd stress and decreased the level of Cd contents in shoots. Application of ALA reduced the MDA and H₂O₂ levels in the cotyledons. The antioxidants enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) enhanced their activities significantly with the application of 2 mg/l ALA under Cd stress. This study also indicated that higher dosage of ALA (10 mg/l) imposed the negative effect on the growth of oilseed rape. Microscopic study showed that application of ALA alleviated the toxic effects of Cd in the mesophyll cell and improved the cell structure. Use of 2 mg/l ALA under 500 μM Cd was found to be more effective, and under this dosage, cell structure was clear, with obvious cell wall and cell membrane as well as a big nucleus, which was found with well-developed two or more nucleoli. Chloroplast was almost round in shape and contained thylakoids membranes and grana, but starch grains were not found in chloroplast comparatively to other treatments. On the basis of our results, we can conclude that ALA has a promotive effect which could improve plant survival under Cd stress.