深圳大运会期间一次光化学污染事件成因分析

对深圳大运会期间8月20日发生的一次光化学污染过程进行分析。此次过程中,处于工业区的石岩大气成分站测得O3浓度小时平均最大值为213.4μɡ/m3,超过国家环境空气质量二级标准限值(200μɡ/m3),出现时间在当日13:00～14:00时。与处于城区的竹子林站和郊区的西涌站污染物浓度进行对比分析得知,此次光化学污染的主要特点是局地性较强,持续时间较短,影响范围小。同步的风速、风向、温度、相对湿度及紫外辐射等气象要素分析表明,此次光化学污染事件与气象条件关系非常紧密,当日天气晴朗、日照强烈、温度高、相对湿度适中,有利于光化学反应的发生,且不利的风向条件使得来自上风向城区的污染物易于累积。     

美国光化学污染监测的经验与启示

针对光化学污染的严峻形势,中国应尽快建立国家层面的光化学监测网络,完善光化学监测的技术体系与质量管理体系,为重点地区光化学污染防治工作提供监测数据支持。研究在总结美国光化学评估监测网络发展历程、运行及其监测目标、技术体系和质量管理体系的基础上,提出了明确光化学监测目标、制定优先监测VOCs名单、完善光化学监测技术体系和质量管理体系、建立光化学监测数据共享平台以及开展VOCs源解析等建设中国光化学监测网络的具体建议。     

天津市臭氧污染现状与污染特征分析

通过臭氧监测实验,系统研究了天津市城区的臭氧污染现状、污染特征和时空分布规律,并从空间上确定了城市城区易发生光化学污染的敏感区域、高发区域.     

全国光化学监测网络建设面临的问题分析及策略初探

当前中国大气污染形势依然严峻,挥发性有机物作为臭氧的重要前体物之一,对环境空气质量的影响日益突出.建设全国重点区域光化学监测网络,可为全面加强挥发性有机物污染防治工作和有效监测光化学污染提供基础监测平台.笔者通过分析中国光化学监测的现状和面临的挑战,探讨了中国光化学监测网络建设的发展思路,并提出了各层级环境监测单位、科...     

惠州市城区NO2污染水平的分析与模拟

分析了2004年惠州市城区各监测站点的NO2数据,结果表明,NO2对城区空气质量影响不大。采用了城市空气质量管理软件模拟了NO2空间分布及日变化情况,且与实测值的比较分析表明,模拟结果在城区内有可比性。但地处城市边缘地带的污染模拟受光化学和区域性污染的影响,有待于进一步研究。所得结论可为惠州市城区优化布点的研究提供一定的参考。     

区域环境污染负荷分析的干预--效应法

介绍了基于生命周期影响评价模型的干预--效应法,以及该法包括的环境效应类型的确定、环境干预因子的识别与归类、按当量因子法汇总、数据标准化和赋权评估5个技术步骤,并以广州市2003年监测数据为基础,对广州市酸化、富营养化和光化学臭氧合成效应作了研究.结果表明,广州市2003年排放的酸化污染负荷量约为379.5×103 t SO2当量,主要污染物是SO2的排放(占57.4%);富营养化污染负荷量为657.7×103 t NO3-当量,其中最大排放源来自人类生活(占38.4%);光化学臭氧合成污染负荷量为46.4×103 t C2H4当量,主要来自于公路交通运输(占69.8%).赋权评估表明广州市区域性的环境效应主要为光化学臭氧合成,其环境负荷为32.358×103人当量,其次为富营养化和酸化效应,环境负荷分别为8.138×103人当量和7.915×103人当量.     

挥发性有机物VOCs监测方法与治理技术

挥发性有机物(VOCs)具有光化学活性,可产生臭氧污染,形成二次有机气溶胶,是形成大气复合污染的重要前体物之一,并会对人体健康造成一定危害。我国VOCs排放量正逐年增加,引发的光化学烟雾、城市灰霾等复合大气污染问题日益严重。本文概述了VOCs概念定义、主要分类、污染来源与环境危害,阐述了大气、水体、土壤中VOCs监测方法,综述了VOCs三类治理技术,指出VOCs成分极其复杂,不同类型化合物性质各异,大多数行业VOCs又以混合物形式排放,采用单一治理技术难以达到治理效果,经济上不划算,选用组合技术能实现达标排放,降低治理费用,并达到较好治理效果。     

江苏省夏季典型传输通道城市臭氧污染成因及VOCs污染特征

在2020年8月11—15日的一次典型光化学污染过程中,在江苏省东南沿江传输通道城市同步开展了大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的加密观测,使用基于观测的OBM模型诊断了典型城市臭氧(O_(3))生成机制,并分析其污染成因,梳理了通道城市VOCs化学组成特征、O_(3)生成潜势(OFPs)及污染日与清洁日的差异。结果表明,监测期间大部分城市呈现首尾(8月11和15日)O_(3)超标、中间达标的特征,气象要素影响较小,与前体物关联更为密切。沿江通道城市污染日VOCs总体积分数为15.79×10^(-9)~54.9×10^(-9),均值为31.88×10^(-9),是清洁日城市总体积分数均值(18.08×10^(-9))的1.76倍。南京、镇江、扬州等城市O_(3)生成总体处于VOCs控制区,泰州8月11日处于NOx控制区。各城市VOCs化学组成均以烷烃为主(平均占比31.8%),其次是含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)(26.5%)和卤代烃(19.1%),其他组分占比较低。污染日烷烃、炔烃和芳香烃的体积分数升幅显著高于其他类组分,尤其是芳香烃,增幅为45.1%~296.3%。各城市OFPs中,优势组分均为芳香烃和烯烃,其中乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、乙苯和间对二甲苯等物种质量浓度在污染日上升显著,对O_(3)生成影响较大。     

广东鹤山地区夏季大气中PAN污染特征

2012年8月6日-19日,广东大气超级监测站对广东鹤山地区大气中过氧乙酰基硝酸酯（以下简称：PAN）进行了观测,并对影响其值变化的因素进行了分析。结果表明,PAN的最高值达到了4．654×10-9,存在一定程度的光化学污染现象。 PAN日变化呈典型单峰型,最高值通常出现在14：00-16：00,这与O3的日变化规律基本一致。此外,PAN值的变化与NO和NO2存在一定的相关性,PAN峰值均出现在NO与NO2比值较低的时段。     

大气超级站网建设及在江苏区域的集成应用实践

当前全球大气环境问题趋于复杂化,区域性灰霾、酸雨和以臭氧、二次有机气溶胶生成为主的光化学污染问题成为大气环境保护领域关注的重点、热点问题。江苏省大气污染由过去单一的煤烟型污染逐步转变为多种污染物、多种作用机制同时存在且相互影响的复合型污染,成为影响广大人民群众身体健康和生态文明发展的重要因素。笔者对欧美和中国关于大气超级站网设计和建设进行了简要评述和比较分析,提出适合江苏省环境监测体系现状的大气复合型超级站网建设、区域数据综合集成及应用发展等方面的建设理论。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.