NaCl改性人造沸石去除废水中氨氮的性能及其影响因素

采用NaCl溶液对人造沸石进行改性处理,考察NaCl溶液浓度对改性效果的影响.通过表面特征分析、静态吸附试验及吸附等温分析,进一步比较了人造沸石和改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附去除性能.由X射线衍射(XRD)分析可知,沸石经改性后表面变粗糙,同时出现NaCl晶体特征衍射峰.试验结果表明,1.0 mol·L-1NaCl溶液对人造沸石的改性效果最佳;在沸石用量为1.0 g(50 mL废水)、氨氮浓度为10 mol·L-1、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为25℃和pH值为6.52条件下,改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附效果最佳,去除率为96.02％.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均可较好地拟合2种沸石对氨氮的吸附过程.改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附饱和容量(21.46 mg·g-1)远大于人造沸石(9.03 mg·g-1).     

改性沸石(Na-Y型)对Ni2+的吸附行为

将天然沸石熔融制得新型改性沸石(Na-Y型),研究Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的吸附行为.结果表明,对Ni2 的饱和吸附量,Na-Y型沸石为31.04mg·g-1,而天然斜发沸石和Na型沸石(NaCl改性)仅为3.60mg·g-1和7.64 mg·g-1.Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的等温吸附行为符合Freundlich方程.对溶液中Ni2 的吸附量在初始阶段(0-5h)快速上升,而后趋于平缓.共存阳离子对Na-Y型沸石吸附Ni2 的影响为:Co2 》Ca2 》Fe3 》 K .     

三种人工湿地填料对低浓度氨氮废水的吸附特性

以沸石、陶粒、火山岩为试验材料,分别考察了不同初始氨氮浓度、pH、共存金属阳离子、温度对填料吸附氨氮的影响,并采用了吸附等温线、动力学和热力学对吸附过程进行解析.结果表明,Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程均能较好地描述氨氮在3种填料上的等温吸附行为.3种填料对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.9625 mg·g-1(沸石)、0.8643 mg·g-1(火山岩)和0.6928 mg·g-1(陶粒).Freundlich方程中,1/n0.5,表明3种填料对氨氮的吸附属于优惠吸附.颗粒内扩散不是控制填料吸附NH+4的唯一控速步骤,吸附过程可能受到内扩散和表面吸附的共同影响.pH值介于6—9之间时,对氨氮有较好的去除效果.共存阳离子对氨氮的吸附具有抑制作用,具体表现为Al3+Mg2+Na+Ca2+.等温解吸试验表明,陶粒对氨氮的吸附以物理作用为主,而沸石和火山岩以离子交换为主.     

改性斜发沸石处理高浓度氨氮废水

采用NaOH碱熔法对缙云斜发沸石进行处理,采用正交实验对碱熔法改性沸石的最佳条件进行了选择;并对改性前后的沸石进行粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征;详细研究了所得改性沸石在氨氮废水处理中的净化性能.结果表明,处理沸石的水热温度对氨氮去除效果的影响最显著;碱熔法处理可使缙云斜发沸石转变为低硅铝比的Na-P型分子筛,它对氨氮废水的NH4+-N具有优异的吸附性能.当改性沸石投加量为5 g,对100 mL浓度为1000 mg.L-1氨氮溶液,氨氮去除率可达77.8%,改性沸石吸附NH4+-N是一快速吸附过程,且能较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,偏向于单分子层的吸附.     

天然斜发沸石的氨氮改性吸附与化学再生

本文采用改性与化学再生方法,探索天然斜发沸石对氨氮吸附的最佳改性及化学再生条件.无机盐改性、热改性、有机改性试验结果表明,最佳改性方法为无机盐NaCl法,改性沸石吸附量较天然沸石提升了近20%,最佳NaCl浓度为1 mol·L~(-1);热改性法不能显著提高沸石的氨氮吸附容量,相反高温会破坏其结构;十二烷基苯磺酸钠改性法可以使改性沸石在其表面形成了新的阳离子吸附点,使其吸附性能提升;而十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性沸石表面形成的是阴离子吸附点,对带正电的NH_4~+会产生排斥,导致其吸铵性能下降.化学再生试验表明,KCl溶液对铵饱和沸石的再生效果最显著,适宜再生浓度为0.1—0.2 mol·L~(-1).经KCl再生后的沸石再次通过NaCl改性,可延长沸石使用周期以及提高再生沸石的吸附能力.     

改性斜发沸石吸附水中氨氮的研究

研究了改性斜发沸石对水中氨氮的吸附行为，考察了pH值，氨氮初始浓度以及竞争阳离子等对钠型沸石吸附氨氮的影响，同时进行了钠型沸石的吸附动力学研究。结果表明，采用饱和氯化钠改性制备得到的钠型沸石具有较大的饱和吸附容量，受氨氮初始浓度和溶液pH值的影响，钠型沸石吸附氨氮的行为在YNH4^ =0.5时发生偏离，竞争阳离子的存在在不同程度上抑制了钠型沸石对氨氮的吸附。钠型沸石吸附氨氮的行为在YNH4^ ＝0．5时发生偏离。竞争阳离子的存在在不同程度上抑制了钠型沸石对氨氮的吸附。钠型沸石吸附氨氮速度的控制步骤是内扩散步骤，可采用Vermeulen吸附模型加以描述。     

人工湿地不同基质对氨氮的吸附特性研究

过量氮是引发水体富营养化的重要原因之一,氮的去除是控制水体富营养化的关键,其中人工湿地中基质对氨氮的去除是人工湿地处理污水的重要途径。通过基质氨氮吸附动力学、等温吸附以及基质饱和吸附后氨氮解吸实验,研究沸石、红泥、水洗砂、炉渣4种人工湿地基质净化氨氮的效果,评价其饱和吸附后氨氮解吸可能造成的二次污染风险及基质去除氨氮的主要途径。结果表明：4种基质对氨氮的吸附量顺序依次为沸石〉红泥〉炉渣〉水洗砂;沸石去除氨氮的途径以离子交换为主,物理吸附作用很小;炉渣的离子交换作用和物理吸附作用效果相当。从氨氮的解吸率来看,沸石的解吸率最小,红泥次之,炉渣和水洗砂的解吸率较大。综合评价,沸石更适合作为人工湿地污水去除氨氮的基质。     

氨氮弱吸附滤料筛选与基于氮素资源化的沼液悬浮物过滤预处理研究

在去除沼液悬浮物(SS)的同时,最大程度地保留其氮素养分是提高沼液资源化利用价值的关键。通过静态吸附-解吸试验筛选出弱吸附氨氮的过滤介质,然后利用滤料填充柱动态过滤试验分析筛选滤料填充柱对沼液SS和氨氮浓度的影响。结果表明,在海砂(SSD)、沸石(ZLT)、石英砂(QSD)和氧化铝废渣(GRM)4种供试滤料中,QSD对溶液氨氮的吸附能力最低,脱附率接近SSD,且远小于ZLT和GRM。按2.4 L·h~(-1)流量进水,沼液经QSD滤料填充柱动态过滤处理后,SS去除率最高可达86.1%,0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱对SS去除率普遍高于3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱,两种粒径QSD填充柱对沼液氨氮的去除效果无明显区别;运行24 h时滤料填充柱自进水端开始出现堵塞现象,32 h后3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱堵塞严重;若要达到沼液SS相同去除效果,0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱较3～5 mm粒径QSD填充柱具有运行时间更持久和滤料层填充高度更小的优势;0.5～1 mm粒径QSD填充柱对SS去除率超过80%,且未显著吸附截留沼液氨氮,适合作为沼液SS过滤预处理单元且有利于后续氮回收。     

镧-四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料制备及去除水中磷酸盐和铵

采用La3+、Fe~(2+)、Fe3+和粉末状天然沸石制备了一种镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料,通过批量吸附实验考察了该复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附作用.结果表明,镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的单位吸附量随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低,对磷酸盐和铵的去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加.当溶液pH值由6逐渐增加到11时,镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附能力逐渐下降.镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Redushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以拟合,对铵的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir和D-R等温吸附模型加以拟合.根据Langmuir模型计算得到的镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大单位吸附量分别为12.9 mg·g~(-1)(以磷计)和6.99 mg·g~(-1)(以铵计).镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程可以采用准二级动力学方程加以描述.升高反应温度增强了镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附.溶液存在的氯离子、硫酸根离子和碳酸氢根离子对镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料吸附磷无负面影响.溶液存在的钾离子对镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料吸附铵的负面影响最大,其次为钠离子,钙离子的负面影响最小.1 mol·L~(-1)NaOH溶液可以使50%左右吸附到吸附剂上的磷酸盐解吸下来.1 mol·L~(-1)NaCl溶液可以使98%左右吸附到吸附剂上的铵解吸下来.当溶液pH值为7时,镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对磷酸盐的吸附机制主要是配位体交换作用.镧-Fe_3O_4-沸石复合材料对铵的吸附机制主要是阳离子交换作用.     

富营养化水体中微囊藻细胞碎屑对氨氮的吸附特性

以微囊藻细胞碎屑作为水体有机质颗粒悬浮物的代表,模拟研究了有机质颗粒悬浮物对无机氮的吸附行为及吸附特性.实验表明,细胞碎屑颗粒对氨氮的吸附在30min内即可接近吸附平衡,吸附符合Henry吸附模式,在吸附剂浓度为10mg·l-1,氨氮初始浓度为1.0mg·l-1,pH7.0的实验条件下,吸附分配系数高达30426L·kg-1.碎屑浓度、pH值和盐度对吸附具有一定的影响.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.