杭州过江隧道火灾时人员安全疏散研究

以杭州过江隧道为研究对象,分析了隧道火灾时人员安全疏散准则及影响因素,介绍了隧道内人员安全疏散研究的一种思路和方法。设定包含最不利情况的火灾场景,然后对各种火灾场景下的烟气蔓延及人员疏散进行模拟,得到了各种火灾场景下隧道内的可用安全疏散时间ASET曲线和必需安全疏散时间RSET曲线;比较分析这两条曲线,得到了疏散救援通道的设置参数,给隧道消防设计提供了依据。     

从人员疏散的角度研究公路隧道的横通道间距

隧道的横通道作为人员疏散的安全地带,其间距的设置在人员安全疏散中是至关重要的。以雪峰山隧道为工程实例,从人员安全疏散的观点出发,阐述了一种计算横通道间距的方法,并简述了方法的应用。首先根据特长隧道火灾特点,模拟分析特长隧道四种不同火灾场景下的典型自然疏散过程,并运用火灾模拟软件FDS4.0计算四种火灾场景在不同横通道间距情况下的危险时间,然后与相应的包含人员疏散行为特征的疏散时间相比较,得出该隧道最适宜的横通道间距为270m,并分析其经济性。其方法和结论可为特长隧道消防系统的设计、紧急疏散方案和引导指挥体系的建立提供理论依据。     

大型公共场所人员疏散模型研究--考虑个体特性和从众行为

在引入元胞自动机概念的基础上,模拟分析了紧急情况下人员的疏散行为,并提出了一个新的疏散模型.该模型考虑了人员的个体差异和从众行为,并重点分析了各种情况下从众行为对疏散行为和疏散时间的影响.结果表明,从众行为与疏散场所中的人员密度、视野范围大小等都有很大关系,一般而言,从众行为将延缓人员疏散的时间.     

高层住宅建筑火灾应急疏散模拟与策略研究

为探索高层住宅建筑火灾疏散安全性及提升其疏散效率的策略,将某一栋26层装配式住宅为研究对象,采用Revit建立其物理实体模型,结合火灾模拟软件(Pyrosim)和疏散仿真软件(Pathfinder)对高层住宅建筑火灾疏散进行数值模拟,研究不同工况下火灾烟气蔓延特性对安全疏散的影响,并探讨电梯协同楼梯疏散策略的可行性与科学性。结果表明：考虑火灾烟气蔓延影响下,晚上高层住宅内人员将在8 min完成疏散,超过了安全疏散允许时间6 min;电梯协同楼梯疏散时,电梯的最佳停靠层为23层,使用电梯人员比例最佳为80%,疏散总时间约为6 min,相较于仅使用楼梯疏散时,疏散效率提升了约15%,表明电梯协同疏散效果提升显著,可为高层住宅应急疏散提供理论参考。     

特殊人群疏散行为及疏散设计的研究

在建筑火灾和一些紧急突发事件中,特殊人群不能使用正常人的紧急疏散通道,也不能达到正常人的疏散速度,而这个问题在目前的消防设计和消防规范中基本上没有得到解决.在分析特殊人群疏散行为规律的基础上,选取医院住院楼的标准层进行了疏散模拟,得出了一些重要结果,对疏散设计具有指导作用.最后提出了特殊人群的疏散设计方法,主要包括AORS系统和特殊报警系统的设计.     

火灾中人群疏散延迟时间的研究

火灾中人员的疏散时间主要包括疏散前的延迟时间和在通道上的疏散时间。对疏散延迟时间的分布及其对疏散时间的影响进行了研究,利用Building Exodus软件对实际工程进行了模拟,并得出了一些重要的结论。这些结论对于修正传统疏散时间的工程计算方法、制定合理的人群管理对策具有重要的指导作用。     

基于GIS的火灾安全疏散模拟

为综合描述场景的关键要素,加强模拟的真实性,基于GIS技术,针对火灾场景下的人员疏散提出了模拟模型。借助GIS缓冲区分析与拓扑分析等功能,实现了初始化场景解析、实时空间分析等流程,可以对任意模拟时间步火灾、人员、建筑环境等要素的分布特征信息进行提取。为人员模型制定了基于空间信息的疏散策略,模拟人员的环境感知能力与分析判断能力。设计并实现了GIS模型至FDS模型的转换接口,维护了GIS模型与FDS模型的一致性,提高了建模效率。在模型基础上,研制了人员疏散模拟系统。应用实例说明了模型对环境各要素的描述能力及对疏散场景的模拟能力。     

城市灾时大范围人员应急疏散探讨

人类面临着许多自然的和人为的灾害,比如最近发生的印度洋大海啸和2001年的美国"9·11"恐怖袭击事件等.当这类重大灾害性事件发生时,在短时间内安全地大范围疏散转移高密集人群,实施科学的应急救灾策略,是减轻灾害后果严重性的重要措施之一.探讨了如何建立一个综合性的疏散规划模型,为人员应急疏散管理提供决策支持.     

高层建筑火灾情况下利用电梯疏散的案例研究

随着我国城市化进程的加快，城市人口日益增多，高层建筑数量剧增，其所面临的安全疏散问题也越来越突出。在高层建筑火灾中，楼梯疏散是人们常推荐使用的逃生工具，但是它存在疏散时间长的弊端。高层建筑拥有一定数量的电梯，充分发挥垂直交通的优势，已经成为“9．11”之后国际火灾科学研究的热点。事实上，在过去发生的火灾案例中，已经有许多人员利用电梯来进行安全疏散。选取某高层住宅火灾为研究案例，采用电梯疏散ELVAC模型和楼梯疏散SIMULEX模型，分析了电梯数量、人员分布等对电梯疏散的影响。研究结果表明，采用楼梯和电梯相结合的混合疏散方式可以有效地提高疏散效率。     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估

高层建筑内人员集中,垂直疏散距离长,烟气垂直方向扩散快,火灾情况比一般建筑内的复杂,因此需要对其火灾时的安全疏散进行评估.通过比较几种安全评估模型,根据高层建筑火灾的特点,用灰关联评估方法建立了高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估模型,对评估模型标准参考矩阵进行了分析并提出了因素权重的选取方法.该模型通过比较样本矩阵和标准参考矩阵的关联度,划分安全等级,并在评估对象中找出影响安全疏散的关键因素,指出薄弱环节,量化改进方案,然后在改进的基础上评估样本的安全疏散等级,再找出改进措施,直到目标系统样本的安全疏散评估等级达到安全等级.通过实例,验证了该模型的可行性.     

Time needed to evacuate the Netherlands in the event of large-scale flooding: strategies and consequences

On 30 May 2008, the Government of the Netherlands informed the national parliament about the effectiveness of preventive evacuation of coastal and river areas in case of flooding. Analysis of a case study showed that it is impossible to evacuate coastal areas preventively within a 48-hour time span preceding a worst credible scenario flood caused by a storm surge. This fact illustrates the need for alternative evacuation strategies, such as vertical evacuation (evacuating to safe havens, inside the flood zone) or shelter-in-place (hiding), to reduce loss of life and the impact of the evacuation. This paper defines these strategies and demonstrates, by returning to the case study used by the Dutch government, that they require different measures, methods of approach, and crisis management processes. In addition, it addresses the need for flexible and scalable preparation so that after detecting and understanding the threat, authorities and citizens can make decisions about different evacuation strategies.     

Factors affecting the evacuation decisions of coastal households during Cyclone Aila in Bangladesh

Despite sincere efforts by concerned agencies and recent improvements in hazard warnings, thousands of at-risk people did not evacuate during Aila, a category-I tropical cyclone that struck southwestern coastal Bangladesh in 2009. This study investigated the responses of the people affected by Aila to cyclone warnings and associated evacuation orders, and unveiled behavioural aspects that explain why they did or did not comply with the evacuation orders. Utilising the primary data collected from 420 households living in the severely affected coastal sub-district Koyra, located in Khulna District, this study found that although more than 97% of the households had received cyclone warnings and evacuation orders before Aila's landfall, only around 26% had evacuated. We also examined this study's empirical findings for factors that had dissuaded people from complying with the evacuation orders. Relevant test statistics along with results from principal component analysis suggested that the significant and systematic absenteeism of households from disaster preparedness training appears to be one of the key determinants that affected their evacuation decisions, along with factors related to warning messages, the attributes of cyclone shelters, risk perception, and socioeconomic aspects. A number of recommendations are also presented in this study for people at risk to improve their evacuation rates in future emergencies, not only to save their own lives but also to save their livestock.     

Alternatives to evacuation during wildland fire: Exploring adaptive capacity in one Idaho community

The use of alternatives to evacuation during wildfire events continues to be an intensely debated strategy in the professional and policy circles of numerous fire-prone countries. The most recent chapter comes in response to the Black Saturday Fires in Australia, which has led to policy changes concerning alternatives to evacuation in both Australia and USA. This study explores the local context that influenced the development of alternatives to evacuation in one Idaho community through in-depth interviews with local residents and officials. It acknowledges alternatives as one ‘fire-adaptive behaviour’ of the local community, a key characteristic that US fire professionals identify as a means to better manage wildfire. We apply and extend a recently created adaptive capacity framework for wildfire to uncover specific community characteristics that both led to and reinforce the development of alternatives to evacuation that are tailored to the local population. Identification of these characteristics serves as one important step towards better local assessment of adaptive capacity for a broad classification of ‘fire-adaptive’ behaviours. We conclude that no one combination of local resources can guarantee the development of alternatives to evacuation. Rather, diverse local context will result in different approaches and applicability of the practice.     

大型公共场所人员疏散过程及引导作用研究

通过对已建立的大型公共场所人员疏散模型中的疏散速度和疏散时间进行改进，进一步模拟了同一避难场景中的不同人员按照各自的意志分别采取最短距离行为模式、进出一致行为模式和完全从众行为模式的，更接近现实的混合疏散行为模式；并在此基础上引入了引导人这一要素，通过设置引导人的数量、位置及其影响范围，对疏散过程中的引导作用进行了详细探讨，以期为充分发挥引导作用，从而提高疏散效率的避难对策提供依据。     

基于GIS的灾害疏散模拟及救援调度

台风是我国东南沿海各省夏秋季中经常遭遇的自然灾害。在台风登陆之前，根据气象部门对台风发生过程及发展趋势的分析，预测防御范围，进行必要的应急疏散与救援调度，可以有效地减少人员伤亡和财产损失。研究了城市在风灾情况下进行疏散的模拟方法。将微观离散模型和宏观交通流模型相结合，采用元胞自动机原理和LW宏观交通流理论，建立了城市区域不同类型的疏散模型和应急服务规划模型，进行了人员和车辆的疏散模拟与分析，并在此基础上研制了基于GIS的灾害疏散模拟及救援调度系统，该系统可对城市防灾减灾规划和灾时应急预案的制定提供决策支持。     

公路隧道火灾时人员疏散模拟系统与应用

为了判断隧道火灾时人员疏散的安全性,以Visual Basic 6.0为操作平台,在运用火灾模拟软件FDS(FireDynamic Simulator)对隧道火灾工况动态数值模拟的基础上,结合人员行为反应规律知识库,采用适当的定性和定量分析方法,研发了公路隧道火灾人员疏散模拟系统,对隧道人员疏散进行数值模拟和安全性判断;同时,借助AUTOCAD及FLASH模拟显示疏散过程。对一实际隧道的模拟表明了该系统的正确性。     

Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami

Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 M_w 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis.