河北省矿山开发生态环境监察研究

介绍了开展矿山生态环境监察的内涵、特点,分析了矿山资源开发引起的环境问题,总结了河北省环境监察发展历程、矿山生态环境监察内容及取得的成果,存在的问题,提出了对策。     

榆林市矿山环境地质问题调查研究

榆林市矿产资源丰富,随着煤炭、石油和天然气的开发利用的规模和强度持续加大,矿产资源开发活动对矿山地质环境产生严重的负面影响,主要分为资源破坏、地质灾害和环境污染三大类型。科学规划、合理开发矿产资源不仅能够促进地区经济高速发展,还会最大程度地减少、减轻矿业开发的负面影响。     

矿山生态环境破坏与生态修复的探讨

在新时期,不同工业部门对矿物的需求有所增加,促使不同地区的开采量逐渐增长,并在一定程度上加大了开采难度。再加上环境污染问题,各种地质灾害时有发生。因此,山地生态管理严格按照国家生态发展指标进行工作已成为经济发展和生态建设的必要条件。这就要求企业在经营过程中根据实际情况采取有效措施。地质灾害防治措施包括分析造成地质灾害和环境污染的因素。为了提高居民生态环境质量,文章研究了矿山生态的养护、恢复和管理方法,分析了矿山生态恢复和管理的重要性;分析了矿山生态环境问题。在此基础上,研究了矿山生态系统的养护和恢复方法。根据不同模块的特点,采取不同的技术措施来研究当地的环境和生态。     

矿山复垦技术

土地复垦可以恢复矿区土地使用功能，保护耕地，恢复生态环境，土地复垦工艺有覆土和无覆土两种，复垦技术则包含生物复垦和工程复垦两个方面。目前我国矿山土地复垦率不足10%，复垦技术以单一恢复植被为主。基本未考虑恢复自然生态，应从加强宣传，综合各相关学科加强研究。建立科学，有效，全面的复垦技术等7个方面入手。大力加强我国的矿山土地复垦工作。     

油田开发对生态环境的影响

目前,石油工业的不断发展给我们带来了巨大的经济效益和社会效益,我们又不得不面对随着油田开发,给我们生态环境带来的极大破坏,本文通过石油开发过程中产生污染物来源、类型以及对生态环境产生影响的分析,采取一些有效的环保措施,将能源开发与环境保护有机的结合起来,实现企业开发能源与环境保护的双赢.     

矿山开发对地下水的影响研究

矿山开采中的环境地质问题目前引起了足够重视,含水层破坏问题就是其中之一,将会影响到地下水资源.文章以个旧矿区为例,探讨了矿山开采引起的含水层结构破坏、地下水水位变化、地下水补径排条件改变和水质污染等现象,对矿山地下水综合利用及矿山地质环境保护提出参考建议,为矿山环境恢复治理提供科学依据.     

云南水电开发与生态环境保护

云南要把握好我国“西部大开发战略”的极好机遇 ,应发挥云南的水电优势 ,才能保护好生态环境 ,达到和满足云南“可持续发展战略”要求     

三江平原植被组成及开发对地域生态环境的影响分析

阐述了三江平原植被的生态功能;论证了三江平原植被的组成特点;分析了由于50多年大规模开发改造,极大地改变了三江平原的原始植被,破坏自然生态环境;提出了三江平原植被的生态环境保护及治理对策.     

针对矿山生态环境问题的修复治理措施

由于矿产资源的过度开发,出现了侵占田地、破坏生态建设以及造成环境污染的一系列问题,矿区废弃地的生态环境恢复问题也受到各个国家的高度重视.文章阐述了当前我国开发矿产资源的现状以及所造成的地质、生态、环境等问题,分析地质、土壤、植被等方面的矿山生态环境恢复技术,针对于目前矿山的生态环境恢复技术进行深入探讨,希望可以为矿山的...     

矿产开发对酸雨形成的影响研究

 通过对广东省有色金属、多金属、贵金属、稀有金属、黑色金属和非金属的大、中、小型、国家开采和民采(私人企业、集体所有制企业)两种经济形式的矿山进行现场调查,对其大气、水、雾等现场监测.将各种类型的矿山尾矿、废石等矿山废弃物以及硫化矿物矿石进行为期两年的模拟实验,了解硫排放的影响因素、排放过程化学形态的分布及排放速率;观察矿山废弃物硫排放受湿度、光、热、氧化、废弃物自身物理性状及矿物结构的控制.结果表明,其排放速率与广东省四季自然条件相关,与广东省酸雨频率吻合,表明矿山开发酸化了大气环境.并提出了矿山环境治理应是酸雨治理的重要组成部分,无序的民采加剧了矿山酸性物质的排放.     

遥感在近岸海洋环境监测中的应用

简要介绍了遥感在近岸环境监测中的应用,重点介绍了悬浮物质、叶绿素等水环境要素遥感监测及国内外进展,并就目前近岸环境遥感监测中存在的问题和未来的发展趋势提出了一些看法。     

海洋水色遥感大气校正算法研究进展

本文针对Ⅱ类水体的光谱特性和海洋现象的特点,综述了Ⅰ类水体及近岸Ⅱ类水体的主要大气校正算法,并介绍了各种算法的适应范围和优缺点.通过对水色卫星传感器的技术发展现状的介绍,详细整理了目前主要卫星的大气校正算法,概述了Ⅱ类水体水色反演算法的研究现状和发展方向.并根据我国近海的水体特点提出了水色遥感研究需要解决的关键问题.     

基于ETM+的遥感蚀变信息提取研究——以青海省拉陵灶火地区为例

矿化蚀变信息是遥感找矿重要的标志。在总结前人研究的基础上,以青海省拉陵灶火地区为实例,对经典的Crosta主成分分析方法进行改进,采用ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+3/ETM+1、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5和ETM+1+ETM+2、ETM+4/ETM+3、ETM+5、ETM+7提取铁染和羟基蚀变异常信息;通过对比,认为改进后的方法找矿效果更好,为今后该区遥感蚀变信息提取提供新思路。     

基于遥感和GIS技术的墨西哥湾溢油动态分析

利用多时相的遥感影像数据和地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,对2010年发生在墨西哥湾的溢油事故进行了动态监测,并结合洋流等信息对溢油漂移趋势进行了预测。结果显示,至2010年5月1日溢油面积已达到4月25日的4倍,并且溢油漂移趋势受到洋流的作用,漂移方向与洋流方向一致。研究表明,至5月1日对溢油处理与漏油处封堵的努力效果甚微,油污面积有继续扩大趋势,油污漂移方向与洋流具有较强相关性。该研究验证了光学遥感图像可以很好地对溢油事故造成的溢油范围进行监测,结合GIS的空间分析功能和洋流等信息可对溢油面积和溢油漂移趋势进行监测与分析,从而为溢油控制与清理提供重要参考信息。     

The potential of remote sensing data for decision makers at the state, local and tribal level: experiences from NASA’s Synergy program

NASA’s Earth Observation System (EOS) satellite data are contributing to the development of policy relevant, remote sensing applications. To promote the use of EOS data for application development, NASA funded the Synergy program in 2000 in partnership with academia, end users, and industry. Three examples of remote sensing applications from the Synergy program are presented here and include agriculture, range management, and water resource management. These examples show that remote sensing products have the potential to be useful to a variety of decision makers and policy makers because of the opportunity to reduce chemicals in the environment, improve crop yields and better manage range lands and water resources. Transitioning from research and development to successful applications must overcome challenges such as the lack of awareness by end users of these technologies, inadequate feedback mechanism between application developers and end users, and unproven cost benefits of remote sensing data. Experience from the Synergy program indicates that these issues could be mitigated by educating and training end users, demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data in improving decision making, and establishing and maintaining a continuous dialogue between developers and end users. Sustainability of remote sensing applications ultimately depends on users continuing reliance on products and benefits from remote sensing data. The Synergy program also demonstrates that remote sensing data sets that are collected primarily for global change research contribute to the development of applications in a variety of disciplines at the regional and local level.     

基于特征基元的航空遥感海域使用信息提取技术研究

近年来,随着沿海经济的发展,海域使用状况日新月异,传统的人工监测已经不能满足海域使用变化的需求.如何快速、实时了解我国沿海海域使用现状,为政府管理部门提供管理、决策依据,是一个亟待解决的问题.航空遥感因其快速、灵活、宏观等特点被应用到海域使用动态监视监测中来.本文在充分了解归纳国内外高分辨率遥感信息提取技术的基础上,研究了适合航空遥感数据信息提取技术和方法,并将其应用到海域使用动态监视监测中.     

Vulnerability assessment and adaptation to the impacts of sea level rise on the Kingdom of Bahrain

This paper assesses quantitatively the impact of sea level rise (SLR) at the global and regional scale as a result of climate change (CC) on the coastal areas of the Kingdom of Bahrain’s islands (36 Islands). The standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines was modified as appropriate for the situation of the study area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) coupled with Remote Sensing (RS) were used as the main techniques of collecting, analyzing, modeling simulating and disseminating information to build SLR scenarios in a geographically referenced context. Also, these tools were used to assess vulnerability and risk of the coastal area of the islands with the expectation that coastal planner and government authorities will profit from integrating these knowledge into a broad based environmental decision making. Three SLR scenarios: low, moderate and high were developed to examine the impacts from SLR on all islands. The low SLR scenario (Optimistic) assumes a 0.5-m rise above current sea level, the moderate scenario (Intermediate) assumes a one meter rise, and the high scenario (Pessimistic) assumes a 1.5 m rise in sea level. Two more SLR scenarios were assumed to perform risk analysis, a 2 and 5 meter rise above current sea level. The simulation of SLR are quite straightforward, emphasizing on the uses of both of the data that are incorporated from the satellite images and the created Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to estimate SLR scenarios that are adapted in the study. These data were used to predict consequences of the possibility of the rise in sea level at different scenarios which may alter the landuse and patterns of human communities. Results indicate that low-lying coastal areas of Bahrain islands are at risk from the effects of any SLR resulting from CC. These islands are vulnerable under different SLR Scenarios. More than 17% of the country total area may be inundated under 1.5 m SLR in 2100. The total area that might be lost under different sea level scenarios will vary from more than 77 km² if SLR reaches 0.5 m, to about 100 km² under 1.0 m SLR and may reach 124 km² under 1.5 m SLR scenario. The total inundated areas due to risk scenarios will reach 133 km², if the SLR rises to 2.0 m, and it is estimated to be more than (22%) of the main island total area. Under the second scenario, if the SLR reaches 5.0 m, the main islands will lose approximately half of its area (47%) equal to 280 km². Hawar islands group will lose about (30%) of its total area under 2.0 m SLR, which is about 15.5 km².A SLR adaptation policy framework (APF) and adaptation policy initiatives (APIs) are suggested for planners to build upon for reducing the likely effects of SLR in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The framework is composed of four steps namely, acquisition of information, planning and design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. A general policy framework for a national response to SLR is suggested. Additionally, a range of policy adaptation options/initiatives to sustain coastal developments under the likely effects of SLR are recommended.