铁矿生态恢复研究

通过对鞍山市铁矿生态环境现状的分析，结合国内外常见的矿山生态重建模式及矿山生态建设的实践，提出鞍山市铁矿生态重建建议。     

鞍山市矿产开发中的生态影响及修复

矿山开采活动，要获得最大的经济利益的同时，势必给原有的生态环境带来严重破坏和影响，据多年统计资料阐述了鞍山市由于矿山开发给生态环境带来的影响，鞍山市在多次的努力下，对矿山生态修复做了大量艰苦细致的工作，取得了显著成果。     

矿业城市生态环境治理的实践与出路——以鞍山市矿山十年生态恢复之路为例

作为一座有着近百年冶铁历史的矿产资源型重工业城市,鞍山市环境污染的历史欠账较多,本文以鞍山市为例,介绍了鞍山市十年矿山生态恢复的主要成果;分析了矿业开发给鞍山市生态环境带来负面影响的原因;结合鞍山市十多年的矿山生态环境治理工作经验,提出制定矿山生态环境恢复与治理专项规划、增加政府矿山生态恢复资金投入、强化对矿山企业的环境管理、增强市民的环境意识、带动企业环保责任等措施,为矿业城市生态环境治理和保护提供对策建议。     

矿业城市生态承载力动态分析

鞍山市是我国重要的矿业城市,也是我国最大的钢铁生产基地之一,研究其生态承载力状况并预测其发展趋势,可为鞍山市可持续发展提供决策依据。基于矿业城市独特的生态系统内涵,建立了鞍山市生态承载力评价指标体系,运用熵值理论为基础的综合评判法,评价了"十五"期间鞍山市生态承载力状况,探讨了2010年鞍山市生态承载力变化趋势。结果表明:"十五"期间,鞍山市综合生态承载力处于临界安全状态,整体上呈现增长趋势,但经济压力、资源压力和生态健康等指标发展水平仍较低。生态承载力从超载逐渐转变为盈余状态,系统间协调度不断提高。按照鞍山市总体规划水平预测,2010年鞍山市综合生态承载力达到较安全状态,各指标没有低于临界安全的;生态承载力承载度和协调度进一步提高。运用综合评判法较客观地反映了鞍山市"十五"期间生态承载力状况,并进行了相对可靠的预测,可为其他地区生态承载力研究提供一定的借鉴。     

对生态矿山建设中生态化规划的研究

从矿山结构和功能的关系看，搞好生态矿山建设规划的核心是实现矿山产业结构和功能的“生态化”。我国生态矿山建设应从采矿、选矿的生态化开始，从矿山生态分区规划、选矿的生态化开始，从矿山生态分区规划，矿山生态单元规划和矿山生态安全空间格局三个层次进行研究。对生态矿山功能规划是指矿山生态产业、矿山生态人居、矿山生态文化等八大类功能的全面生态化。     

长江三峡地区露天矿山生态修复治理对策——以湖北省宜昌市为例

文章结合宜昌市露天矿山开采和修复现状，重点分析了湖北长江三峡地区露天矿山存在的生态环境问题。结果表明：矿山企业主体责任缺失，环境治理水平总体较低；废弃资源循环利用率低，生态修复效果欠佳；开采作业粗放，地质安全隐患突出；部门监管缺失，存在违法开采现象；制度、人才、资金等保障不足。在调研国内矿山生态修复政策规范及典型经验的基础上，提出露天矿山生态修复的对策措施，包括压实矿山企业主体责任，统筹推进污染治理、生态修复、资源循环和地灾防治；坚持自然修复和人工修复相结合，精准施策，提升废弃资源循环利用水平；实行党政同责、一矿一策，加强矿山源头管控和日常监管；强化执法监管和绿色准入，加大教育帮扶力度，探索实行矿山行业“双碳”约束；强化要素保障，创新露天矿山生态修复的体制机制。     

矿山生态修复方法及工程措施研究

矿山开采过程中对生态环境破坏极大,从而危及人类的生存与健康。开展矿山生态修复极为必要,对实现科学发展具有重要的现实意义。在叙述国内外矿山生态修复研究进展的基础上,介绍了目前矿山生态修复中的主要方法和工程措施,综合应用矿山生态修复技术,才能使矿山生态环境系统结构合理,功能完整,从而保证修复后矿山生态环境系统自然维持,达到矿山生态修复的目的。     

中国矿山生态破坏现状及治理技术研究进展

矿山开采引起的生态破坏已经对社会经济和人民健康造成了严重危害.本文对我国矿山生态破坏的现状以及国内外矿山生态恢复的主要技术作了介绍,并对今后矿山生态恢复的研究方向进行了探讨.     

基于山水林田湖草统筹视角的矿山生态损害及生态修复指标研究

矿山开发引发了一系列生态环境问题,矿山的生态修复是生态文明建设中的重要一环。本文基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理念,就山、水、林、田、湖、草6类自然要素的生态内涵、内在作用及联系进行了阐述。研究了矿山开发对生态的影响,一方面,按开采区、非采矿区与间接影响区分别探讨了矿山开发给自然要素带来的生态环境问题;另一方面,基于山地自然要素分析了矿山开发引发的链式生态损害。综合各自然要素的生态修复要点,明确了严抓源头、因地制宜、生态持续的矿山生态修复基本原则,构建了山水林田湖草统筹视角的生态修复一体化评价指标体系,包含要素层、指标层及因子层三级指标,并在对山地矿山生态损害充分认识的基础上,确立了山水林田湖草生态修复模式,构建了山地矿区生态修复评价的详细指标体系,旨在推动绿色矿山发展规划与生态修复规划工作开展。     

矿山污染控制与生态恢复进展研究

通过分析矿山开采过程对矿山区域造成的主要环境污染问题,总结国内外最新的矿山污染控制措施,阐述了矿山生态恢复的理论研究与实践现状.在综合国内外矿山污染控制与生态恢复两方面的研究与实践经验的基础上,提出了矿山污染控制与生态恢复研究的发展展望.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.