生物硝化—反硝化工艺氮的脱除途径与脱除率

生物硝化－反硝化工艺氮的脱除途径并不仅仅局限于缺氧环境的反硝化。     

EGSB反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥的脱氮特性研究

以厌氧污泥为接种物,启动膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,经过3个月的连续运行,反应器中出现了颗粒污泥,表现出持续去除氨氮的能力,并出现了厌氧氨氧化现象.为了验证EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化反应的存在,并探讨厌氧颗粒污泥的生物脱氮特性,从EGSB反应器中取出颗粒污泥,并与亚硝化反应器中的活性污泥进行了对比研究.结果表明,好氧污泥反应器对TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为45.5%、13.4%和99.9%;厌氧颗粒污泥反应器对TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为54.3%、21.7%和99.9%.厌氧颗粒污泥反应器中NH4+N的去除速率比较稳定,约为3.17mg·L-1·h-1(以N计).上述结果充分表明,EGSB反应器中发生了厌氧氨氧化反应.     

固定化硝化菌去除氨氮的研究

选用氯乙烯醇作为包埋载体,添加适量粉末活性炭,包埋固定硝化污泥,处理以（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４和葡萄糖为主的合成废水,考察了影响固定化工艺及硝化作用的各种因素。对固定化硝化菌的呼吸活性,细菌活性回收率等生物特性进行了测定。     

不同碳源对生物反硝化的影响

在悬浮污泥系统中,当ｐＨ、温度适宜,碳源无限制并采用单一类碳源时,反硝化速率和耗碳速率动力学呈零级反应。混合挥发性脂肪酸碳源的反硝化速率比组成它的单一脂肪酸的反硝化速率高。挥发性脂肪酸中,乙酸的反硝化速率最高。挥发酸的反硝化速率比相应的醇类为高。本文还讨论了降低反硝化系统碳源消耗、减少处理成本的方法。     

厌氧氨氧化混培菌的获得及其运行条件

采用了好氧活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥混合接种的方法 ,成功地启动了实验室规模的厌氧氨氧化反应器 ,启动后含氨模拟废水运行的进水氨浓度和进水亚硝基氮浓度均为 2 0 mmol/ L ,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的容积负荷率为10 .69mmol/ L·d,12 .2 6mmol/ L· d和 3 94.5 5 mg/ L·d,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的去除率保持在 90 %、99%和 95 %以上 ,对运行条件研究表明 ,厌氧氨氧化反应的最适 p H为 7～ 7.5 ,最适温度约在 3 0± 1℃。厌氧氨氧化随亚硝酸盐浓度的升高而下降 ,氨的厌氧转化随 COD浓度的增加也呈抑制型曲线 ,当 COD浓度为 80 0± 5 0 mg/ L 时 ,厌氧氨氧化速率达到最大     

生物脱氮法处理焦化废水

介绍了崇明煤气厂用生物脱氮法处理焦化废水的经验，并对硝化、反硝化反应器的合理组合：控制好氧区ＢＯＤ值和前脱氮区ＣＯＤ／Ｎ值以及生物脱氮法的前处理要求等提出探讨意见。     

同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮过程条件研究

具有同步硝化与反硝化功能的好氧颗粒污泥适合好氧与厌氧微生物生长代谢。反应液中氨氮浓度为201mg／L时，在6h反应周期内氨完全被氧化，出水中检测不到NO2^-—N，仅残留2mg／L的NO3^-—N。颗粒污泥优化的反应条件为：温度25～38℃；pH7～8；溶解氧浓度1～2mg／L。好氧颗粒污泥对COD和氨氮的亲和常数分别为100mg／L和2mg／L。     

活性污泥法模型的发展

详细阐述了国际水质协会（IAWQ）推出的活性污泥1号模型（ASM1）、2号模型（ASM2）、3号模型（ASM3）的组分、特点和缺陷，论述了活性污泥模型在废水处理中的重要作用，指出活性污泥模型研究、应用中的障碍。     

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactors.Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start- up time.Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant(SWWTP) containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration.The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge,sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year,and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves.The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD)removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration.The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h.SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences.SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp.was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance.The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic w...     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing methanol in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape. __________ Translated from China Water & Wastewater, 2006, 22(13): 42–44,48 [译自: 中国给水排水]     

Community analysis of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactor

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was setup and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully incubated by using anaerobic granular sludge as seed sludge. Nitrogen was partially removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite with free ammonia (FA) of about 10 mg/L. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to investigate community structure of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and Nitrospira populations during start-up. The population sizes of bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira were examined using real-time PCR method. The analysis of community structure and Shannon index showed that stable structure of AOB population was obtained at the day 35, while the communities of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Nitrospira became stable after day 45. At stable stage, the average cell densities were 1.1×1012, 2.2×1010 and 1.0×1010 cells/L for bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira, respectively. The relationship between characteristics of nitrifying bacteria community and nitrogenous substrate utilization constant was discussed by calculating Pearson correlation. Certain correlation seemed to exist between population size, biodiversity, and degradation constant. And the influence of population size might be greater than that of biodiversity.     

Biosorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge

The biosorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge in a batch system under specific temperatures and initial pH was investigated. The adsorption reaction is pH dependent with higher removal at low pH. The adsorption equilibrium data fit very well with both Langmuir and Freundlich models in the concentration range of Direct Black 38 at all chosen temperatures. The adsorption parameters show that the adsorption of Direct Black 38 is an endothermic and more effective process at high temperatures. The kinetics of adsorption was found to be second order and adsorption rate constants increased with increasing temperature. Activation energy was determined as 26.8 kJ/mol for the process. This suggests that the adsorption of Direct Black 38 by dried anaerobic granular sludge is chemically controlled.     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213～1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

PN/A-颗粒污泥工艺处理热水解污泥消化液

本研究构建了基于一体式厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥及絮体污泥的部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)脱氮处理系统,通过运行参数优化调控实现了热水解污泥消化液的高效脱氮.试验结果表明,通过接种厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)生物膜污泥与普通活性污泥、控制高游离氨(FA)(>20mg/L)和限制曝气(DO≤0.2mg/L)等运行条件,能够快速构建短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应,亚硝酸盐积累率可达85%以上,脱氮负荷达到0.60kgN/(m³·d).稀释后的热水解污泥消化液仍对AnAOB活性具有一定的抑制作用,导致反应器总氮负荷降至0.20kgN/(m³·d)以下;但系统内AnAOB丰度总体呈增加趋势,说明AnAOB的增殖未受到完全抑制.系统内混合污泥的平均中位径由53μm缓慢增长至109μm.定量PCR数据及高通量分析显示,该处理系统富集了较高纯度的An AOB,最大丰度占比可达8.06%,其优势菌属为Kuenenia菌属.此外,在第93运行周期下Kuenenia菌属在颗粒污泥的丰度占比大于AOB,为5.26%;絮体污泥中具有亚硝化效果的单胞菌属Nitrosomona...     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性

为探究厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外金属元素特性,将厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥根据粒径筛分为0.5～1.4mm、1.4～2.8mm、>2.8mm 3组,提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS),研究EPS金属元素特性.结果表明,蛋白质(PN)是厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分,占EPS含量的84.2%以上.随着粒径的增大,EPS中Na、K、Ca、Mg元素含量均增多,且与EPS中蛋白质含量变化一致.EPS中K、Ca、Mg元素的离子形式占比分别为68.6%、56.2%、94.7%.EPS经过阳离子交换树脂(CER)处理后,0.5～1.4mm、1.4～2.8mm、>2.8mm组EPSZeta电位分别减小了4.7,7.2,9.1mV,EPS中的金属离子可通过压缩双电层作用促进颗粒污泥的聚集,金属离子对大粒径颗粒污泥EPS Zeta电位的影响幅度更大.