沿海城市落叶阔叶林碳收支特征及影响因素分析

森林生态系统是陆地中最大的碳库，对调节大气CO₂起重要作用。秦皇岛是生态宜居的旅游城市，对森林CO₂实现长期连续监测有助于该城市的碳核算。采用涡度相关法连续观测河北省秦皇岛森林生态系统碳通量，明确月尺度的碳源汇特征，量化生态系统呼吸、净生态系统生产力、生态系统总的初级生产力在内的碳收支状况以及水分利用效率。结果表明：(1)生长季具备一定的碳汇功能，为弱碳汇，固碳量为88.14 g/m²。5、6、8月为碳汇，5月碳汇强度最大为-74.19 g/m²,8月碳汇强度最小为-22.45 g/m²,7月为弱碳源，9月为碳源，分别为4.29、58.83 g/m²;(2)生长季净生态系统生产力为88.14 g/m²，处于温带森林生态系统生产力的较低水平；生态系统呼吸为1 400.44 g/m²；生态系统总初级生产力为1 488.58 g/m²；水分利用效率为3.41 g/kg，处于较高水平；(3)生长季月...     

贵州森林碳汇现状及增汇潜力分析

区域层面的森林碳收支估算研究有利于为整体层面持续固碳增汇的森林经营提供科学参考,评估森林碳汇对减少区域内碳排放的贡献。采用温室气体清单估算法,对2000、2005和2010年贵州省森林碳汇进行估算,结果表明:贵州省森林碳汇从15.380×106增长到22.447×106、24.314×106 t CO2,呈稳定增长趋势,占全省碳排放量的6.73%～10.35%。贵州省尚有161.70×104 hm2宜林地,如果能用于发展碳汇林业,每年可吸收CO2达2.379×106 t,30年内将吸收CO2达71.370×106 t。贵州省正处于碳排放增长阶段,相对于森林碳汇而言,全区域碳减排工作任重道远,森林碳汇能力有很大的提升空间。     

长江经济带二氧化碳净排放时空演变特征及脱钩效应

研究区域CO₂净排放,对“碳中和”战略的实现具有重要意义.以长江经济带为例,在揭示1999～2018年长江经济带CO₂净排放时空演变特征的基础上,分析长江经济带不同区域社会发展与CO₂净排放的脱钩效应,以期为差异化区域产业发展和碳减排路径提供支持.结果表明：(1)1999～2012年长江经济带CO₂排放量上升了2 244.23×10⁶ t,碳汇量在研究时间段增长了148.07×10⁶ t;(2)长江经济带呈现“变绿”趋势,2013～2018年中高碳汇量区域(NPP>800 g·m^-2,以C计)面积较1999～2012年上升了23.25%;(3)长江经济带下游经济社会发展与CO₂净排放脱钩效应较强,上、中和下游强脱钩城市占长江经济带强脱钩城市的比例分别为12%、34%和54%.     

广东省船舶二氧化碳排放驱动因素与减排潜力

船舶是广东省二氧化碳(CO₂)的重要排放来源,研究广东省船舶CO₂排放的历史变化趋势、驱动因素和减排途径,可为广东省制定碳达峰与碳中和路径提供科学依据.采用排放因子法估算广东省船舶CO₂排放量,利用对数平均指数法(LMDI)识别排放驱动因素,并结合情景分析法探究船舶CO₂的减排途径.结果表明：(1)2006～2020年广东省船舶CO₂排放量从331.94万t增加至639.29万t,其中干散货船和集装箱船是导致排放增加的主要船型.(2)2006～2020年广东省船舶CO₂排放的关键正向驱动因素是运输强度(51%)和经济因素(49%),主要负向驱动因素是能源强度(93%)和货类结构(7%).(3)到2030年,如果广东省船舶运输保持当前政策(基准情景)发展,将无法实现碳达峰.(4)到2060年,同时考虑优化能源结构和降低能源强度(节能低碳情景),相比于基准情景有56.51%的CO₂减排潜力.可为广东省制定船舶航运行业碳达峰与碳中和管控策略...     

论我国生态系统碳汇能力及其提升途径

我国承诺争取2060年前实现碳中和。2060年前碳中和已被确定为中国经济社会发展的重要战略目标。碳减排和碳增汇是实现碳中和的两个决定性因素,提升生态系统碳汇能力是实现碳中和的重要途径。本文基于文献调研,讨论我国碳中和对生态系统碳汇的需求和生态系统碳汇能力,总结提出进一步提升我国生态系统碳汇能力的4条途径,即提高生态系统质量、扩大生态系统面积、开发利用残余生物量、建立碳汇价值激励机制。     

碳汇补贴和碳税政策对林业经济的影响研究——基于CGE的分析

林业是减缓和适应气候变化的有效途径和重要手段,但林业活动既能固碳增汇,也会排放CO₂.因此,基于价格的碳汇补贴或碳税政策至关重要.论文通过构建以林业为核算对象的可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,利用2010 年的中国投入产出等数据,自行编制包含林业在内的社会核算矩阵表(SAM),然后进行不同碳价格下(设定为40、300 和400 元/tC)的情景模拟,考察了碳汇补贴和碳税对林业经济(林业产出、林产品消费)的影响.结果表明:①当碳价格为40元/t 时,碳汇补贴和碳税政策的实施将使当期林业产出增加0.006 7%(0.174×10⁸元),林产品价格提高2.7%,林业部门增加值投入增加0.37%(6.57×10⁸元),居民消费减少(0.11×10⁸元).②当碳价格为300 元/t 时,碳汇补贴和碳税的实施使当期林业产出减少0.019%(0.49×10⁸元),林产品价格下降20.87%,林业部门增加值投入减少0.45%(7.99×10⁸元),居民消费增加(0.10×10⁸元);当碳价格为400 元/t 时,呈现出相近的态势.研究表明,在一个合理的碳价格区间内,政府出台相关的碳补贴和碳税政策能够促进森林碳汇的发展.     

CCUS对中国粗钢生产的碳减排潜力评估

在评估2019年277个涉及粗钢生产的钢铁企业和17.6亿tCO₂排放量的基础上,采用针对钢铁行业的全流程CCUS系统评价模型（ITEAM-CCUS模型）研究了粗钢生产结合碳捕集利用与封存技术（CCUS）的CO₂减排潜力.评估设置了8种情景,初步回答了钢铁行业的粗钢生产通过规模化CCUS的减排规模、成本范围、封存场地、优先企业分布等关键问题.结果显示：粗钢企业开展全流程CCUS项目可以实现大规模的CO₂减排.在早期示范机会情景,企业全流程CO₂强化深部咸水开采（CO₂-EWR）和CO₂提高石油采收率技术（CO₂-EOR）结合项目增加67~467元/t粗钢的单位成本（60%捕集率的平准化成本低于300元/t）可以年累计减排8.7亿t规模CO₂,约占总捕集量的88%;单独EWR项目年累计驱替深部咸水10.5亿t.具有CCUS改造潜力的粗钢企业主要分布于渤海湾盆地、准噶尔盆地、江汉盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地.     

北京市“十四五”时期大气污染物与温室气体协同控制效果评估研究

面对国家碳达峰、碳中和战略目标,“十四五”时期,北京市提出推进大气污染物和温室气体排放协同控制,因此,开展协同控制效果评估对于持续改善空气质量和减少碳排放具有重要意义 .本研究在减排措施筛选和减排量测算的基础上,分析了主要大气污染物和 CO₂的减排潜力,采用协同控制效应坐标系法、协同控制交叉弹性分析法和协同评估指数法,对减排措施主要大气污染物 SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、VOCs 和温室气体CO₂的协同控制效果进行评估 . 结果表明,减排措施对于 SO₂、NO_x的减排潜力均在 20% 以上,对于 CO₂的减排潜力约为 7%. 各项措施对 NO_x、PM₁₀、VOCs和 CO₂排放具有协同控制效果 .从坐标系法和评估指数法分析结果来看,浅山区煤改清洁能源和压减本地火力发电量对 SO₂和 CO₂的协同控制效果较好...     

海岸带蓝碳生态系统碳库规模与投融资机制

气候变化已成为当前各国面临的严峻挑战之一,通过“碳减排”和“碳增汇”实现碳中和是我国应对气候变化的关键途径。红树林、盐沼和海草床等海岸带蓝碳生态系统具有巨大的、长期可持续的碳汇功能,因而,保护和修复海岸带生态系统是具有可操作性的生态增汇途径之一。本文探究了中国红树林、盐沼和海草床等典型海岸带蓝碳生态系统碳库规模及其经济价值,并对浙江省霓屿红树林湿地和上海市鹦鹉洲盐沼湿地两个海岸带滨海湿地恢复区的碳汇能力开展调查和评估。结果表明,通过海岸带生态修复扩增蓝碳是实现碳中和的有效途径。研究结果可为面向碳中和的海岸带生态系统恢复及蓝碳交易体系的建立提供理论基础和数据支撑。     

基于文献计量的滨海湿地碳收支研究进展分析

中国在第七十五届联合国大会上承诺,争取在2060年实现碳中和。蓝碳潜力巨大,能助力实现碳中和。滨海湿地碳汇占全球海洋碳汇的50%,是蓝碳的重要组成部分,因此,碳中和目标下的滨海湿地碳收支研究尤其值得关注。本文基于文献计量方法,在Web of Science核心合集数据库获取1979－2020年滨海湿地碳收支领域的相关文献,结合VOSviewer可视化软件定量分析了该领域研究进展。结果表明:（1） 1979－2020年滨海湿地碳收支领域发文数量与被引频次均呈上升趋势,尤以2011年后增加最多;（2） 涉及的学科主要有环境科学、海洋淡水生物学、生态学等,主要发文期刊有《Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science》《Marine Ecology Progress Series》《Science of the Total Environment》等;（3） 开展研究的国家以亚洲、南北美洲和欧洲国家居多,其中美国发文量居世界首位;（4） 研究热点包括温室气体排放、气候变化与碳库、碳循环过程等。随着我国生态文明建设加快,海洋碳汇已被纳入国家战略,其中气候变化和碳中和背景下滨海湿地蓝碳的增汇机制将是未来研究的热点。本文基于1979－2020年的文献分析,建议加强滨海湿地蓝碳的通量及影响因素、蓝碳估算以及应对气候变化的固碳增汇技术方面的研究与探索。     

随机价格下杉木人工林的碳汇收益及最优轮伐期确定

发展林业碳汇是应对全球气候变化及实现中国2060年碳中和的重要举措。基于改进的Faustmann-Hartman模型,以中国南方浙江、福建和江西三个省份杉木人工林为研究对象,使用时间序列模型拟合并预测中国碳排放权交易市场的碳汇价格,通过蒙特卡洛模拟确定最优轮伐期及碳汇收益。研究结果表明：（1）依次纳入木材收益、地上生物量碳汇收益和死亡有机质碳汇收益时,杉木人工林的最优轮伐期分别为21.85年、22.98年和22.88年;（2）上述三种情景下,林地期望价值的净现值分别为20408.20元/hm²、24587.29元/hm²和28101.11元/hm²;（3）全面考虑包含死亡有机质碳库在内的林业碳汇效益,能够稳定提高林地所有者收益约7.02%~21.61%。此外,应进一步考虑多轮伐期下税收政策及自然风险等因素对碳汇营林的影响,这是确定最优轮伐期和碳汇收益后续研究值得重视的问题。     

中国四大林区固碳效率:测算、驱动因素及收敛性

论文将林业碳汇纳入到林业经济核算体系之中,构建含有正外部性产出的DEAMalmquist效率分析模型,在系统测算林业固碳量的基础上,对1988—2013年中国四大林区的林业固碳效率变动及驱动因素进行了分析,并进一步对其效率收敛性进行了检验。研究结果表明:1)全国四大林区间的固碳量及固碳价值差异较大,固碳总价值从高到低依次为西南(1 870.69×108元)、东北(1 335.41×108元)、南方(842.73×108元)、北方林区(407.35×108元)。2)1988—2013年不含碳汇产出的林业生产Malmquist指数较低,为0.958;而把碳汇纳入林业产出进行考量,全国林业Malmquist指数整体有所提升,主要源于技术效率推动,年均增长速度为0.6%;其中南方、东北林区固碳效率处于提升状态,而西南林区和北方林区呈下降趋势。3)西南和南方林区固碳效率随时间变动呈现倒"U"型态势;四大林区中南方林区效率均值最高,为1.036,其次是东北林区,为1.020。4)我国四大林区地区间固碳Malmquist指数没有出现σ收敛,相反,还存在绝对β发散现象,即四大林区地区内的林业固碳效率绝对值和增长率差异并没有随着时间而缩减。     

不同电导率盐碱土壤固碳潜力

采集内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤(电导率EC为0.27mS/cm),利用NaCl调节土壤电导率为(0,10,20,40,80mS/cm),基于稳定碳同位素分析不同电导率土壤添加定量δ¹³C-CO₂后,土壤CO₂吸收量以及土壤难溶性无机碳含量(SIC)-δ¹³C值.结果表明,盐碱土壤能够吸收CO₂,随土壤电导率(EC)升高,土壤CO₂累积吸收量增加, S5(EC=80mS/cm) CO₂累积吸收量比S1(0.27mS/cm)高1.6640mg.土壤SIC含量(R²=0.7080,P<0.05)和土壤可溶性无机碳含量(DIC)(R²=0.6096,P<0.05)与土壤EC显著负相关关系.盐碱土壤吸收CO₂部分固存于土壤无机碳中,外源添加δ¹³C-CO₂,盐碱土壤SIC-δ¹³C值(-5.299‰ ~ -0.8341‰)显著增加.EC为20mS/cm土壤固相保存δ¹³C-CO₂总量最高1.276mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例30.28%最高;EC为80mS/cm固碳量最低为0.2749mg,固存δ¹³C-CO₂总量占土壤吸收¹³CO₂总量比例5.579%.     

生态系统固碳特征及其研究进展

生态系统固碳是人类应对气候变化以及全球系统变化过程的研究热点。论文结合生态系统固碳和碳汇概念,探讨生态系统自然固碳、人为工程固碳措施对生态系统功能的影响并分析生态系统固碳特征及风险。研究得出如下结论:陆地生态系统对CO₂的自然吸收与封存是相对安全有效的固碳措施,对人类与生态系统健康的影响要小于地质层与海洋层固碳。海洋生态系统固碳容易导致海水酸化以及生态系统不可逆的损害;由于地壳运动很难预测,所以地质层固碳可能面临不可预知的风险。因此,利用生态系统自然固碳能力、发展绿色固碳技术是降低人为工程固碳生态风险和减少CO₂排放到大气中的最佳选择。     

Analysis of leakage in carbon sequestration projects in forestry: a case study of upper magat watershed,Philippines

The role of forestry projects in carbon conservation and sequestration is receiving much attention because of their role in the mitigation of climate change. The main objective of the study is to analyze the potential of the Upper Magat Watershed for a carbon sequestration project. The three main development components of the project are forest conservation: tree plantations, and agroforestry farm development. At Year 30, the watershed can attain a net carbon benefit of 19.5 M tC at a cost of US$ 34.5 M. The potential leakage of the project is estimated using historical experience in technology adoption in watershed areas in the Philippines and a high adoption rate. Two leakage scenarios were used: baseline and project leakage scenarios. Most of the leakage occurs in the first 10 years of the project as displacement of livelihood occurs during this time. The carbon lost via leakage is estimated to be 3.7 M tC in the historical adoption scenario, and 8.1 M tC under the enhanced adoption scenario.     

农业生物质炭固碳潜力及经济效益分析——以山西省为例

随着温室气体减排和低碳发展的要求,生物质炭作为农业固碳的新型技术引起人们的关注。固碳潜力评价和经济效益分析是生物质炭规模化开发利用的基础。论文利用“生物质资源—固碳潜力—经济效益”集成评估方法,以山西省为研究区域,估算了农业生物质的固碳潜力和经济效益。结果显示：山西省3种生物质资源（农作物秸秆、禽畜粪便和作物加工副产品）的固碳总潜力为1 228.10×10⁴ t CO₂当量,约占2014年山西省全年碳排放总量的2.5%。在2014年碳均价和碳高价情形下,农作物秸秆和作物加工副产品实现了正效益,每t原料综合效益分别为8.09和21.79元。全年3种生物质炭固碳综合效益为0.44×10⁸~2.80×10⁸元,证实了山西省生物质固碳技术的经济可行性。     

云南省优势矿产尾矿砂捕集及矿化封存CO2潜力分析

为了解云南省尾矿库“两个清单”中保留库的碳减排潜力,使用改进的Steinour方程计算了云南省各州市不同类型尾矿砂的CO₂固定量,根据《IPCC国家温室气体列表指南》中提供的方法计算了云南省2011~2020年碳排放量.结果表明,红河州、玉溪市、昆明市尾矿砂的捕集及矿化封存CO₂的潜力较大,占云南省保留库尾矿砂CO₂矿化封存量的65.79%;铅锌矿、赤泥、锡矿的理论固碳量较高,分别为0.201, 0.173, 0.158t/t,以上3种尾矿砂的固碳量占云南省尾矿砂固碳量的79.45%;若将云南省保留库堆存的尾矿砂全部用于CO₂的矿化封存,可减少2011~2020年间云南省累积碳排放量的2.81%,工业碳累积排放量的3.16%,采矿业碳排放量的12.36%,具有较好的工业应用前景.     

Potential for carbon sequestration in Canadian forests and agroecosystems

The potential for carbon (C) sequestration was examined in selectedCanadian forest settings and prairie agroecosystems under severalmanagement scenarios. A simple C budget model was developed toquantitatively examine C sequestration potential in living biomass of forestecosystems, in associated forest-product C pools, and in displaced fossil-fuelC. A review of previous studies was conducted to examine C sequestrationpotential in prairie agroecosystems. In the forest settings examined, ourwork suggests that substantial C sequestration opportunities can be realizedin the short term through the establishment of protected forest-C reserves.Where stands can be effectively protected from natural disturbance, peaklevels of biomass C storage can exceed that under alternative managementstrategies for 200 years or more. In settings where it is not feasible tomaintain protected forest-C reserves, C sequestration opportunities can berealized through maximum sustained yield management with harvestedbiomass put towards the displacement of fossil fuels. Because there is afinite capacity for C storage in protected forest-C reserves, harvesting forestbiomass and using it to displace the use of fossil fuels, either directlythrough the production of biofuels or indirectly through the production oflong-lived forest products that displace the use of energy-intensive materialssuch as steel or concrete, can provide the greatest opportunity to mitigategreenhouse gas emissions in the long term. In Canadian prairieagroecosystems, modest C sequestration can be realized while enhancingsoil fertility and improving the efficiency of crop production. This can bedone in situations where soil organic C can be enhanced without relianceupon ongoing inputs of nitrogen fertilizer, or where the use of fossil fuelsin agriculture can be reduced. More substantial C offsets can be generatedthrough the production of dedicated energy crops to displace the use offossil fuels. Where afforestation or reconstruction of native prairieecosystems on previously cultivated land is possible, this represents thegreatest opportunity to sequester C on a per unit-area basis. However,these last two strategies involve the removal of land from crop production,and so they are not applicable on as wide a scale as some other Csequestration options which only involve modifications to currentagricultural practices.     

Monitoring and economic factors affecting the economic viability of afforestation for carbon sequestration projects

The Kyoto Protocol is the first step towards achieving the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and aims among others to promote ‘the protection and enhancement of carbon sinks and reservoirs’. To encourage afforestation for carbon sequestration a project must be economically viable. This study uses a model to analyse the impact on project viability of a range of carbon monitoring options, international carbon credit value and discount rate, applied to a Pinus radiata afforestation project in New Zealand. Monitoring carbon in conjunction with conventional forest inventory shows the highest return. Long-term average carbon accounting has lower accounting costs, compared to annual and 5 yearly accounting, as monitoring is only required every 5–10 years until the long-term average is attained. In this study we conclude that monitoring soil carbon stocks is not economically feasible using any of the accounting methods, when carbon is valued at US$ 10/t. This conclusion may be relevant to forest carbon sequestration projects elsewhere in the world and suggests care is needed in selecting the appropriate carbon monitoring options to avoid the risk that costs could be higher than any monetary benefits from terrestrial carbon sequestration. This would remove any commercial incentive to afforest for carbon sequestration reasons and severely limit the use of forest sinks as part of any package of measures addressing the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC.     

Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO₂ requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO₂ is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO₂ hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO₂ loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO₂ in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.