快速城市化地区典型村镇水资源承载力及影响因素研究

随着乡村振兴战略深入推进,村镇建设正处于社会经济高质量发展转型时期。为研究村镇在快速城市化进程中经济社会发展与水资源承载力之间的关系,以南京市江宁街道为研究区,采用组合赋权法识别村镇水资源承载力关键影响因素,从空间管控、水资源利用、生态环境治理、生活宜居和经济发展5个层面构建评价指标体系,并采用主成分分析法开展水资源承载力评价研究。结果表明,2013—2018年研究区村镇水资源承载力水平存在波动,但整体呈现上升趋势,生态环境治理水平、空间管控和经济社会发展为研究区村镇水资源承载力主要影响因素,水资源利用水平是保障村镇水资源承载力的重要方面。该研究成果可为同类村镇在城市化进程中实现经济社会与水资源协调发展提供参考。     

浅论城市化与水环境安全的关系

城市化进程带来人口、产业、物业向城市集中,导致人口密度增大,需水量增大,工业废水、生活污水排放量增多,出现水质性水资源短缺;工业的发展增加大气污染的强度,各类污染物通过酸雨、干湿降尘等方式进入水体,导致区域水质恶化;景观格局的变化直接改变了区域雨洪径流条件,导致区域旱涝灾害增强。以上海市崇明岛为例,分析城市化对区域水环境安全的负效应。     

城市水循环途径及影响分析

通过对城市水循环途径及人类对自然界水循环影响因素分析，确定城市水资源优先开发、利用次序，提出城市水资源形成良性循环的必要条件。     

城市化及其地下水质量与人体健康关系

全球变化条件下可利用水资源日益贫乏,地下水利用强度在不断增大。综述了该背景下的地下水利用状况、城市化进程中地下水与人体健康关系,强调地下水生态系统健康与人体健康密切相关,提出了地下水与人体健康关系的研究有待于继续深化等问题的对策。以期人们在评估全球变化条件下的健康问题上,给予地下水质量以重视。     

城市化与生态环境响应研究综述

城市化是学者们一直比较关注的重点问题,他们从不同视角对城市化及其过程进行了大量而富有创新的研究,并取得了丰硕的成果。伴随着城市化进程的加快,人们对生态环境问题的关注,城市化与生态环境的响应关系是城市地理新的关注点。文章分别就国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境、城市化与生态环境响应的研究进行了综述,认为国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境的研究起步早,成果多,近年来研究范围日益拓展,研究程度日益加深,并加强了新技术新方法的应用。国内学者对城市化的研究集中于城市化道路选择问题的探讨、城市化水平测度以及城市化的动力机制三个方面。对城市生态环境的研究多集中于社会一经济一自然复合生态系统及生态城市的研究。对于城市化与生态环境响应关系的研究则多见于生态学家、经济学家及地理学家的成果中,主要集中在单方面的城市化对生态环境的影响研究,而对于生态环境是怎样反过来影响城市化进程的研究则比较少见。另外,学者们的研究以微观单个影响因子的研究居多,从宏观综合角度出发进行的研究较少。这将是今后研究的一个重点问题。     

城市化与生态环境响应研究综述

城市化是学者们一直比较关注的重点问题,他们从不同视角对城市化及其过程进行了大量而富有创新的研究,并取得了丰硕的成果。伴随着城市化进程的加快,人们对生态环境问题的关注,城市化与生态环境的响应关系是城市地理新的关注点。文章分别就国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境、城市化与生态环境响应的研究进行了综述,认为国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境的研究起步早,成果多,近年来研究范围日益拓展,研究程度日益加深,并加强了新技术新方法的应用。国内学者对城市化的研究集中于城市化道路选择问题的探讨、城市化水平测度以及城市化的动力机制三个方面。对城市生态环境的研究多集中于社会—经济—自然复合生态系统及生态城市的研究。对于城市化与生态环境响应关系的研究则多见于生态学家、经济学家及地理学家的成果中,主要集中在单方面的城市化对生态环境的影响研究,而对于生态环境是怎样反过来影响城市化进程的研究则比较少见。另外,学者们的研究以微观单个影响因子的研究居多,从宏观综合角度出发进行的研究较少。这将是今后研究的一个重点问题。     

甘肃河西走廊城市化与水资源的协调发展

在分析城市化与水资源交互胁迫关系的基础上,借助于系统科学理论建立了城市化与水资源协调发展的动态耦合模型,对甘肃河西走廊城市化与水资源协调发展的动态耦合规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：自1985年以来,河西走廊城市化水平在曲折发展中呈现出明显升高的变化趋势;水资源压力不断增大,并呈现出对城市化具有一定影响的特征。目前河西走廊正处于城市化与水资源的协调发展阶段,然而随着城市化的推进,水资源压力不断增长,二者的耦合状态有不断减弱的趋势。这也进一步说明,在干旱区,水资源压力随城市化的推进呈现出一定的变化规律,城市化的发展往往是需要一定的水资源压力为代价的,然而随着城市化的发展,城市化与水资源的关系不断得以磨合,最终将朝着协调共生的方向发展。     

城市雨水问题与可持续发展对策

城市化的快速发展带来了一系列的雨水问题,如雨水径流污染、水资源严重短缺、洪灾风险加大等,雨水是城市可持续发展的关键问题之一。通过对近年来北京城区雨水水质与水量的监测和分析,根据城市可持续发展的总体要求,提出了解决城市雨水问题的指导思想和对策。     

城市环境熵模型的建立及其在城市化环境影响评价研究中的应用

城市化是20世纪以来的一个全球性进程,与此同时,城市化对环境的影响也日益明显,并逐渐成为社会各界关注的焦点之一。文章在简单介绍热力学原理的基础理论、城市化概念特别是城市化对环境影响的基础上,从系统的角度深入分析了城市化对环境的影响与热力学熵原理的相似性。由此提出在城市化环境影响评价研究中借鉴热力学方法,提出了城市化环境影响评价的新概念和新方法——"城市环境熵"模型。最后,以珠江三角洲经济区城市化河水质量影响评价为例,运用"城市环境熵"模型进行了具体计算,结果表明,用此模型的评价结果与用均值化综合污染指数法的评价结果基本一致,相对误差为6.67%。可以认为用城市环境熵模型法来评价城市化对城市环境的影响是可行的。     

城市治水对策

本文针对我国城市水环境严峻状况，提出城市治水思路和实现城市水资源可持续利用和对策。     

The relationships of urbanization to surface water quality in four lakes of Hanyang,China

By converting rural land into urban land, urbanization impacts on surface water quality, because cities produce more pollutants than farmlands, especially heavy metals. Ways to reduce urbanization impacts on water quality are now being highlighted worldwide. Considering that land use can be a source or sink in pollution runoff, an understanding of the relationship between urbanization and surface water quality, as well as effects of specific land uses on water quality, is crucial. Corresponding management and controlling steps can then be put forward towards non-point source (NPS) pollution control and urban sustainable development. China has experienced rapid urbanization, especially since the 1980s. However, the environmental impacts of this process are not fully investigated. Hanyang, Hubei Province was selected as a typical city to study the impacts of urbanization on lake water quality. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to elucidate the correlation between different land uses and water quality indicators at both whole lake watershed and small catchment scales. The results indicated that land uses play different roles, either source or sink, in pollution flow processes. Bottomland had a negative and residential land a positive correlation to most water quality indicators, especially heavy metals. These proved to be indicative and crucial land uses in NPS pollution control. Finally, a strategy for regulating urban land uses is proposed for improving surface water quality in cities similar to Hanyang, in southern China.     

Urban expansion of oasis cities between 1990 and 2007 in Xinjiang,China

An oasis is not only the most concentrated area of human activity in an arid area but also the largest area where artificial disturbances occur at a regional scale. The study of oasis urban expansion and related factors is important to understand the development of cities in arid areas, guide the evolution of rational urban expansion and promote sustainable development of oasis cities. Although there have been several studies on urban expansion in Xinjiang over past decades, a lack of quantitative data and methods impedes further research. In this paper, urban expansion of the studied area in 1990, 2000 and 2007 is evaluated using 39 Landsat satellite images, a geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS). We also analyse the related factors of urban expansion using quantitative and qualitative methods. We found that economic development and the area of the urban administrative region greatly effect urban expansion. Too rapid growth and outward urbanized expansion paradigms should not be applied blindly in arid areas from the point of view of sustainability. Historic–geographic features of oases and urban planning influence oasis urban morphology. Compact urban morphology is relatively better for protecting precious water and arable resources, and reducing ecology damage to the surrounding oasis. The relationship between urban expansion and population growth was not coordinate before 2000, and effectively only improved after that date. City growth should be moderated, with lower elastic coefficients, slower expansion and higher elasticity coefficients. Oasis cities in Xinjiang are expanding under the combined effects of urbanization, economic development, transportation, environment, resources, policy and planning.     

A novel living agricultural concept in urban communities: Family Business Garden

During the process of urbanization, people are subject to the indiscriminate use of resources due to competition. The present trend in global population growth predicts that the situation will be aggravated as many people prefer living in towns and cities to resource-poor rural areas. In consequence, limited space, high percentage of ageing population, urban poverty, environmental pollution, changes in urban lifestyles and varied consumption patterns have to be dealt with in sustainable development strategies. In this context, urban agriculture can play a vital role by visualizing the urban homestead as a potentially viable production unit of agriculture. In order to live with limited urban infrastructure facilities, environmental conditions and socio-economic situations, the concept of the Family Business Garden justifies the necessity of its presence through the experience in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Having a proper mix of environmental and commercial agricultural concerns, the concept paves the way not only to address family food requirements but also to produce for markets under liberalized economies by promoting agro-entrepreneurship and social capital development attempts in urban communities.     

长株潭城市群静脉产业的一体化发展

作为全国性的两个＂两型社会＂综合改革实验区之一,长株潭城市群发展面临着经济增长、资源短缺、环境保护之间相互制约的困境,是湖南省城市化发展中急需解决的问题。通过分析长株潭城市群发展现状,认为做大做强静脉产业是建立资源节约型和环境友好型社会的重要保障,并从发展体系、经营模式、物流体系、教育体系等几个方面对长株潭城市群静脉产业一体化发展进行了探讨。     

南通市城镇化过程中水环境调控研究

城镇化是涉及诸多影响因素的复杂动态过程,而水环境又是城镇化进程中最为显著的问题.文章首先介绍了南通市城镇化的发展历程,通过分析城镇化进程中水环境问题,提出了强化水资源保障能力、增强水环境承载能力,提高水灾害防御能力,提升水经济调控能力等有效措施和对策.参13.     

中国快速城镇化的边际环境污染效应变化实证分析

通过建立模型并实际测算城镇化每增长1个百分点引起的污染物产排放变化量,来分析我国城镇化发展的边际环境污染效应。结果显示,我国城镇化发展与环境污染之间的矛盾仍十分突出,1996-2009年期间,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的城镇生活污水排放量、COD产生量、NH3-N产生量、NOx排放量、CO2排放量、城镇生活垃圾产生量仍呈上升趋势。由于近年来城镇污水处理率明显提升,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的COD和NH3-N排放量由＂十五＂的增加逐步转为＂十一五＂的减少;由于城镇生活用煤的减少,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的SO2排放量在＂十五＂＂十一五＂期间都呈减少趋势。为减少环境污染,我国应选择有中国特色的城镇化发展道路,合理把握城镇化发展速度和节奏,促进城镇与环境协调发展。     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.     

Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

As urban environments dominate the landscape, we need to examine how limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) cycle in these novel ecosystems. Sustainable management of P resources is necessary to ensure global food security and to minimize freshwater pollution. We used a spatially explicit budget to quantify the pools and fluxes of P in the Greater Phoenix Area in Arizona, USA, using the boundaries of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research site. Inputs were dominated by direct imports of food and fertilizer for local agriculture, while most outputs were small, including water, crops, and material destined for recycling. Internally, fluxes were dominated by transfers of food and feed from local agriculture and the recycling of human and animal excretion. Spatial correction of P dynamics across the city showed that human density and associated infrastructure, especially asphalt, dominated the distribution of P pools across the landscape. Phosphorus fluxes were dominated by agricultural production, with agricultural soils accumulating P. Human features (infrastructure, technology, and waste management decisions) and biophysical characteristics (soil properties, water fluxes, and storage) mediated P dynamics in Phoenix. P cycling was most notably affected by water management practices that conserve and recycle water, preventing the loss of waterborne P from the ecosystem. P is not intentionally managed, and as a result, changes in land use and demographics, particularly increased urbanization and declining agriculture, may lead to increased losses of P from this system. We suggest that city managers should minimize cross-boundary fluxes of P to the city. Reduced P fluxes may be accomplished through more efficient recycling of waste, therefore decreasing dependence on external nonrenewable P resources and minimizing aquatic pollution. Our spatial approach and consideration of both pools and fluxes across a heterogeneous urban ecosystem increases the utility of nutrient budgets for city managers. Our budget explicitly links processes that affect P cycling across space with the management of other resources (e.g., water). A holistic management strategy that deliberately couples the management of P and other resources should be a priority for cities in achieving urban sustainability.     

我国水污染防治的战略与政策的探讨

我国大部分城市污水的95%未经处理排放入水体,城市地区的水质有继续恶化的趋势,甚至许多城镇的下水管网尚不完善.随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市污水将继续增加.我国在污水处理中投资不足和水污染规模大这一不相适应的矛盾将会在相当长的一个时期内存在.解决我国水污染的根本原则是供求最大的费用—有效性.未来水污染防治的政策要点是:1.集中力量于源头削减污染产生量;2.建立按总量控制的流域级水污染防治的方法和示范工程;3.在投资和管理体制上建立以城市污水集中处理的市场经济刺激机制.