灰水再循环系统回水水质分类的探讨

本文介绍了在灰水闭路循环动态模拟试验台上，各因素（如煤种、冲灰原水水质、回水水质、水灰比等）对闭路循环回水水质影响的试验结果，以及灰场曝气对降低灰水pH值的作用。根据试验结果，提出了闭路循环平衡水质的计算方法，并从结垢角度出发，探讨了灰水闭路循环水质分类法。     

灞桥热电厂灰水回收系统防垢技术的研究

通过对灞桥热电厂灰水系统和回水系统的现场查定试验，在摸清四收灰水水质的基础上，采用阻垢Ｓ－８等技术，对灰场加水进行防垢，取得了满意的防垢效果。在灰场浅层地下水流向的下游挖大口浅井，以收集灰场漏水，多年运行经验证明，回收的渗水水质稳定，不结垢。     

宝鸡发电厂贮灰场正式启用

宝鸡发电厂1961年投运发电,总装机容量为150MW,由于种种原因未建成贮灰场,灰水直排渭河,污染渭河水体。为了解决宝鸡发电厂灰水污染环境的历史问题,西北电管局批准建立贮灰场。经各方面的努力灰场已于1990年12月26日正式启用,电厂灰水已引入贮灰场,经重力自然沉淀后外排。经测试,贮灰场出口排水悬     

贮灰场与环境保护

本文介绍火力发电厂贮灰场的灰渣和灰水影响环境的种种现象。在总结以往贮灰场设计、施工和运行管理经验的基础上,提出了灰场设计应采取的环境保护措施。     

火电厂灰水回收系统防垢技术的研究

本文提出了回水系统结垢机理，筛选和研制了适用于高pH值（＞10．5）灰场回水的阻垢剂S─1和S─7，经试验室试验和半工业性试验证明，阻垢剂投加量小，防垢效果好。     

贮灰场粉煤灰物理量测试方法的研究

1前言宝鸡发电厂的灰渣采用分排方式排放。除一部分粉煤灰干除后直接取出供综合利用外，大部分粉煤灰以干除湿排方式随冲灰水进入贮灰场，经重力沉淀积存在贮灰场中。为给贮灰场的管理和综合利用提供科学依据，笔者对存灰的含水率、真比重、干容重、湿容重等物理技术参数进行了测定研究。现将其测试方法和测定结果作一简介。2粉煤灰物理量的测试方法及测定结果2．1试样采集技技术规范在灰场停运一个月之后进行取样。将灰装入干净干燥的广口玻璃瓶中，加盖后带回实验室，以供测试。2．2测试仪器100ml量筒、分析天平、托盘天平、恒温干燥箱、…     

海边灰场的应用

从结构、贮灰及排水方式3个方面，介绍了国内首次使用的大量直径直立圆筒薄壳堤海边灰场，对使用中发现的问题进行了分析，为海边灰场设计，运行管理提供经验。     

干式贮灰场堆灰运行方式与雨季防洪实例分析

干旱地区山谷干式贮灰场的堆灰运行方式应根据当地气候特点、地形地貌等因素对各方案的优、缺点进行对比分析来确定。分析了某干式贮灰场在雨季发生的一次灰水外泄事故的原因并总结经验,为相关人员确定堆灰运行方式及防洪措施提供借鉴。     

干灰调湿碾压试验取得成效

由华北电力设计院等单位共同进行的干贮灰场试验,已取得较为满意的成果。灰场建于石景山电厂附近的山坡地上,面积6000m~2,库容80000m~3,可模拟山谷干灰场和平原干灰场。高井电站的干灰从贮灰库出来,经φ1000/2500型湿搅拌机,加水搅拌成湿灰,然后由铸石槽箱刮板机卸入自卸汽车,运至试验场碾压。     

贮灰场煤灰固结剂

采用化学药剂,使灰场表面粉煤灰改性、粘结,形成牢固的固结层,覆盖在灰场表面上,防尘效果好,可在火电厂贮灰场及煤场等推广应用。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of metal leaching from fly ash-amended highway bases

A study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of unpaved road materials (URM) mixed with lime activated high carbon fly ashes and to evaluate groundwater impacts of barium, boron, copper, and zinc leaching. This objective was met by a combination of batch water leach tests, column leach tests, and computer modeling. The laboratory tests were conducted on soil alone, fly ash alone, and URM-fly ash-lime kiln dust mixtures. The results indicated that an increase in fly ash and lime content has significant effects on leaching behavior of heavy metals from URM-fly ash mixture. An increase in fly ash content and a decrease in lime content promoted leaching of Ba, B and Cu whereas Zn leaching was primarily affected by the fly ash content. Numerically predicted field metal concentrations were significantly lower than the peak metal concentrations obtained in laboratory column leach tests, and field concentrations decreased with time and distance due to dispersion in soil vadose zone.     

Wastewater remediation using coal ash

 Small-scale domestic septic tanks discharge excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as pathogens, which can degrade local water supplies. Unfortunately, traditional chemical and physical treatments are not practicable for single-home dwellings. This work reports on a potentially attractive solution to protect local water supplies by using a low-cost industrial waste, coal ash, for contaminant removal. Coal ash is produced as a consequence of electric power generation. The majority of the ash is disposed of in landfills and surface impoundments, or stored on- or off-site, producing large hills or leveling valleys. Only a small portion of the ash is ever utilized, mainly by cement industries and road construction. For example, in Canada less than 25% is used. Therefore, if useful applications can be found, an opportunity exists to make better use of this waste material. Bench-scale laboratory experiments and full-scale field tests show that coal ash has the capacity to remove phosphorus from domestic waste water. The experimental and field data demonstrate that phosphate levels and calcium levels can be correlated, although not in a simple manner. In addition, the ash in packed beds removed total suspended solid (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and E. coli. The removal of E. coli was close 100% in the cases studied. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 5, 2002     

Life cycle based risk assessment of recycled materials in roadway construction

This paper uses a life-cycle assessment (LCA) framework to characterize comparative environmental impacts from the use of virgin aggregate and recycled materials in roadway construction. To evaluate site-specific human toxicity potential (HTP) in a more robust manner, metals release data from a demonstration site were combined with an unsaturated contaminant transport model to predict long-term impacts to groundwater. The LCA determined that there were reduced energy and water consumption, air emissions, Pb, Hg and hazardous waste generation and non-cancer HTP when bottom ash was used in lieu of virgin crushed rock. Conversely, using bottom ash instead of virgin crushed rock increased the cancer HTP risk due to potential leachate generation by the bottom ash. At this scale of analysis, the trade-offs are clearly between the cancer HTP (higher for bottom ash) and all of the other impacts listed above (lower for bottom ash). The site-specific analysis predicted that the contaminants (Cd, Cr, Se and Ag for this study) transported from the bottom ash to the groundwater resulted in very low unsaturated zone contaminant concentrations over a 200 year period due to retardation in the vadose zone. The level of contaminants predicted to reach the groundwater after 200 years was significantly less than groundwater maximum contaminant levels (MCL) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water. Results of the site-specific contaminant release estimates vary depending on numerous site and material specific factors. However, the combination of the LCA and the site specific analysis can provide an appropriate context for decision making. Trade-offs are inherent in making decisions about recycled versus virgin material use, and regulatory frameworks should recognize and explicitly acknowledge these trade-offs in decision processes.     

Leaching behavior of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from the fly ash and bottom ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator

The leaching behavior of dioxins from landfill containing bottom ash and fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration has been investigated by leaching tests with pure water, non-ionic surfactant solutions, ethanol solutions, or acetic acid solutions as elution solvents for a large-scale cylindrical column packed with ash. Larger amounts of dioxins were eluted from both bottom ash and fly ash with ethanol solution and acetic acid solution than with pure water. Large quantities of dioxins were leached from fly ash but not bottom ash by non-ionic surfactant solutions. The patterns of distribution of the dioxin congeners in the leachates were very similar to those in the bottom ash or fly ash from which they were derived.     

Lysimeter washing of MSW incinerator bottom ash

Stockpiled municipal waste incinerator bottom ash is frequently considered for utilization as a construction material. Two 360 kg lysimeter experiments were conducted to study percolation washing of contaminants from stockpiled MSW bottom ash. One lysimeter was leached with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, as a possible pre-treatment for improvement of the bottom ash characteristics prior to utilization, while the other was leached using distilled water. The lysimeter leachate was analysed, and at the end of the 2-year leaching period, the bottom ash from each lysimeter was subjected to several laboratory tests to assess the effect of the treatments. The laboratory tests showed that distilled water leachability of both treated ashes was an order of magnitude lower than that of fresh ash, but long-term contaminant leachability under acidic conditions had not changed. Although alkaline washing clearly resulted in greater contaminant removal than did distilled water washing, the chemical properties of the alkaline-leached bottom ash were not significantly different from those of the water-leached ash.     

Leachate formation and characteristics from gasification and grate incineration bottom ash under landfill conditions

Characteristics and formation of leachates from waste gasification and grate firing bottom ash were studied using continuous field measurements from 112 m³ lysimeters embedded into landfill body for three years. In addition, the total element concentrations of the fresh ash were analysed and laboratory batch tests were performed to study leachate composition. The three-year continuous flow measurement showed that about one fifth of the leachates were formed, when the flow rate was >200 l/d, covering <3.5% of the study time. After three years, the liquid/solid-ratio for the quenched grate ash was 1 (l/kg (d.m.)) and for the initially dry gasification ash 0.4 (l/kg (d.m.)). The low initial water and residual carbon content of the gasification ash kept the leachate pH at a high level (>13) major part of the study. In the grate ash leachate pH was lower (<8) due to the presence of organic carbon and biodegradation indicated by biological oxygen demand and redox potential measurements. In the gasification ash the high pH probably delayed leaching of major elements such as Ca, therefore, raising the need for a longer after-care period. The high pH also explains the higher leaching of As from the gasification ash compared to the grate ash both in the batch test and under landfill conditions.     

Life cycle assessment of disposal of residues from municipal solid waste incineration: recycling of bottom ash in road construction or landfilling in Denmark evaluated in the ROAD-RES model

Two disposal methods for MSWI bottom ash were assessed in a new life cycle assessment (LCA) model for road construction and disposal of residues. The two scenarios evaluated in the model were: (i) landfilling of bottom ash in a coastal landfill in Denmark and (ii) recycling of bottom ash as subbase layer in an asphalted secondary road. The LCA included resource and energy consumption, and emissions associated with upgrading of bottom ash, transport, landfilling processes, incorporation of bottom ash in road, substitution of natural gravel as road construction material and leaching of heavy metals and salts from bottom ash in road as well as in landfill. Environmental impacts associated with emissions to air, fresh surface water, marine surface water, groundwater and soil were aggregated into 12 environmental impact categories: Global Warming, Photochemical Ozone Formation, Nutrient Enrichment, Acidification, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Human Toxicity via air/water/soil, Ecotoxicity in water/soil, and a new impact category, Stored Ecotoxicity to water/soil that accounts for the presence of heavy metals and very persistent organic compounds that in the long-term might leach. Leaching of heavy metals and salts from bottom ash was estimated from a series of laboratory leaching tests. For both scenarios, Ecotoxicity(water) was, when evaluated for the first 100 yr, the most important among the twelve impact categories involved in the assessment. Human Toxicity(soil) was also important, especially for the Road scenario. When the long-term leaching of heavy metals from bottom ash was evaluated, based on the total content of heavy metals in bottom ash, all impact categories became negligible compared to the potential Stored Ecotoxicity, which was two orders of magnitudes greater than Ecotoxicity(water). Copper was the constituent that gave the strongest contributions to the ecotoxicities. The most important resources consumed were clay as liner in landfill and the groundwater resource which was potentially spoiled due to leaching of salts from bottom ash in road. The difference in environmental impacts between landfilling and utilization of bottom ash in road was marginal when these alternatives were assessed in a life cycle perspective.     

Numerical model for a watering plan to wash out organic matter from the municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash layer in closed system disposal facilities

Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a main type of waste that is landfilled in Japan. The long-term elution of organic matter from the MSWI bottom ash layers is a concern because maintenance and operational costs of leachate treatment facilities are high. In closed system disposal facilities (CSDFs), which have a roof to prevent rainfall from infiltrating into the waste layers, water must be supplied artificially and its quantity can be controlled. However, the quantity of water needed and how to apply it (the intensity, period and frequency) have not been clearly defined. In order to discuss an effective watering plan, this study proposes a new washout model to clarify a fundamental mechanism of total organic carbon (TOC) elution behavior from MSWI bottom ash layers. The washout model considers three phases: solid, immobile water and mobile water. The parameters, including two mass transfer coefficients of the solid-immobile water phases and immobile-mobile water phases, were determined by one-dimensional column experiments for about 2 years. The intensity, period and frequency of watering and other factors were discussed based on a numerical analysis using the above parameters. As a result, our washout model explained adequately the elution behavior of TOC from the MSWI bottom ash layer before carbonation occurred (pH approximately 8.3). The determined parameters and numerical analysis suggested that there is a possibility that the minimum amount of water needed for washing out TOC per unit weight of MSWI bottom ash layer could be determined, which depends on the two mass transfer coefficients and the depth of the MSWI bottom ash layer. Knowledge about the fundamental mechanism of the elution behavior of TOC from the MSWI bottom ash layer before carbonation occurs, clarified by this study, will help an effective watering plan in CSDFs.     

Release Of Some Trace Elements From Sluiced Fly Ash On Acidic Soils With Particular Reference To Boron

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the concentration of boron (B) and some other selected trace elements in soil solution as effected by hydrogen ion activity within the normal pH range for acidic soils commonly amended with agricultural limestone and, alternatively, alkaline fly ash. Sluiced alkaline fly ash was applied to an acidic, clay textured soil at rates equivalent to 0, 42, 84, 125 and 167 tonne ha^-1 based on the soil lime requirement. After wheat was grown and harvested the soil-ash mixtures were maintained at field capacity moisture content for an additional 4 months before pore water samples were extracted by immiscible displacement. The total concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, V and Zn in the ash treated soils increased by < 10% at the highest application rate of ash, the content of Cu was increased by 13% and B by 38%. Only the concentration of boron increased appreciably in the pore water extracts. Release of B from the ash was correlated with the solubility behaviour of Ca and Mg, and not with the dissolution of glass phases in the ash. Speciation and adsorption calculations for the extracts were carried out using the program MINTEQ. Common Ca, Mg and Na borate minerals were undersaturated with respect to the equilibrated solutions. Application of the constant capacitance model to the adsorption of B on mineral surfaces suggested that adsorption had little effect on total dissolved B at pH values below 6.0. Predicted concentrations of B in solutions, equilibrated with calcite in a subsurface horizon, were up to 10.6 mg dm^-3; more than double the recommended maximum concentration for B (5mg dm^-3) in potable water in Ontario.