中国行业隐含能源消费及其强度的变动与影响因素

与传统生产侧的能源消费和能源强度不同,使用2012、2015和2017年可比价非竞争性投入产出表从需求侧对我国各行业的隐含能源消费和隐含能源强度进行了测算。基于行业间投入产出关系编制了行业间能源消费、增加值和能源强度转入转出平衡表。最后分别使用加法SDA和乘法SDA将我国能源消费总量和能源强度的变动分解为能源效率效应、增加值率效应、生产结构效应和最终需求效应,并使用归因分析将全国层面的各个分解效应归因至行业层面。研究结果显示:第一,金属冶炼和压延加工业等传统高耗能行业的隐含能源消费并不高,而建筑业是隐含能源消费最高的行业,这是由于采掘业、制造业和能源工业超过30%的传统能源消耗都是因满足建筑业的最终需求导致的。第二,传统能源强度较高行业的隐含能源强度往往也比较高,如非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼和压延加工业等,说明这些行业无论生产侧还是需求侧均带来了以过度能源消耗为代价的"粗放式"经济增长。第三,2012—2017年各行业能源效率变动和生产结构变动促进了我国能源消费总量的下降,而增加值率变动和最终需求变动大幅增加了能源消费总量,其中建筑业和其他服务业对能源消费总量上升的贡献最大。第四,2012—2017年除了增加值率效应外,其余三个效应均总体上降低了我国的能源强度,其中专用设备制造业和交通运输设备制造业是导致能源强度下降的主要行业。因此,促进能源节约高效利用的各项政策应从仅关注生产侧高耗能行业的生产导向模式向同时考虑生产侧和需求侧的多行业综合治理模式转变。     

小康社会目标下的居民生活能源需求预测

从居民的基本需求着手,运用混合能源投入产出模型,预测我国在2020年全面实现小康社会条件下,由居民最终消费引起的能源直接和间接需求。结果表明,2020年我国由居民衣食住行等基本生活需求所产生的一次能源总需求将在2002年的基础上增加14.2亿t标煤;其中间接需求占86%。从能源需求结构来看,煤炭的增长速度最低,但仍然占一次能源60%以上;石油和一次电力需求增长较快,石油需求全部来自于经济系统的中间消耗,而电力需求中40%来自于直接生活能源消费。在能源效率和经济结构不变的条件下,这意味着2020年我国的一次能源需求将至少达到29.40亿t标煤,排放二氧化碳约66.55亿t。上述结果仅考虑了居民部门的最终消费;如果考虑累计资本形成和净出口贸易增长的影响,能源消费和碳排放值会更高。因此,提高能源利用效率,引导居民合理节约的消费行为,是我国可持续发展目标下的必然要求。     

中国CO_2排放影响因素研究

本文基于因素分解法的思路,构建CO2排放和能源消费分解扩展模型,深入挖潜影响我国CO2排放的各项驱动因素。同时,以2000-2009年间的统计数据为样本,从宏观层面探索碳排放总量与能源结构、能耗强度、产业结构、人口规模、经济增长、居民生活水平等重要国民经济发展指标间的驱动关系。结果显示:CO2排放量呈现逐年增长态势,而经济增长与能耗强度是其主要驱动因素;所构建模型对影响CO2排放有关因素的分解与量化效果较好,可为日后监控我国CO2排放水平并制定行之有效的节能减排政策提供决策支持。     

新疆能源强度影响因素及其治理策略

在发展低碳经济的趋势下,新疆过高的能源强度成为其自身发展和全国节能工作的"短板",会给我国的节能减排工作造成越来越难以解决的障碍,因此新疆面临严峻的节能减排挑战。能源强度(单位GDP能耗)是一个地区能源综合利用效率指标,受到多方面因素的影响。本文编制了1992、1997、2002和2007年新疆30部门能源投入产出表,采用投入产出结构分解方法(SDA),全面并深入分析GDP变动、单位产出能耗(即直接能源消耗系数)、技术变动和最终需求(包括消费规模、消费结构、投资规模、投资结构和净出口)变动对新疆生产能源强度的影响效应,并基于节能降耗角度分析技术变动和最终需求对产业结构变动的影响效应。结果表明:1992-2007年技术变动、消费规模、消费结构、投资规模和投资结构均对新疆生产能源强度的降低起抑制作用,并推动了产业结构中低能耗部门比重的下降。最后结合测算结果与新疆资源经济的特殊性,从技术投入、投资与消费引导以及民生扶持等方面提出了新疆能源强度治理策略建议。     

中国碳排放影响因素分解及其周期性波动研究

基于我国1990-2005年时间序列数据,采用"两阶段"LMDI方法,先将能源消费产生的二氧化碳排放相关影响因素分解为产出规模、能源结构、排放强度和能源强度四个方面;再引入产出结构效应,对减少碳排放起关键作用的变量--能源强度进行再次分解.在此基础上,以产出规模和能源效率这两个对碳排放的增加和减少起关键作用的变量为依据,界定"高增长、高效率"、"低增长、低效率"、"低增长、高效率"和"高增长、低效率"四种不同的经济增长方式,划分出不同的时期,分析我国碳排放周期性波动的特征.研究表明,自上世纪90年以来,我国四个阶段不同经济增长方式的差异是碳排放波动的重要原因,特别是其中2000-2004年"高投入、高排放、低效率"的经济增长方式直接导致了碳排放的显著增加.因此,有效控制和减少碳排放的根本途径在于切实转变增长方式.     

我国能源消费需求的时变弹性分析

为了科学分析相关经济因素变化对我国能源需求的影响效应,本文在提取能源消费需求主要影响因素的基础上,建立了基于Bayesian理论的时变系数回归模型,利用MCMC方法获得了各时变回归系数的估计.同时,利用HP滤波方法,得到了能源消费需求相对于各相关因素弹性系数的趋势及波动情况,并就能源需求对各相关经济因素弹性系数的趋势变动原因进行了分析,结果表明:①在不同的时间段内,能源价格、产业结构、经济增长、全国总人口以及能源消耗结构对能源消费需求的影响强度具有时变效应;②电力价格变动对降低能源消费的作用最为显著,但边际效应在逐年下降;煤炭价格的提高对能源消费的增加具有很大推进作用,但"煤电联动"、能源价格市场化的建设可能进一步抑制能源需求;③城镇化建设进程可进一步优化人口结构、产业结构以及能源消费结构,这将在很大程度上限制能源需求的加速增长.     

工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响

本文从生产要素投入端将环境污染引至索洛增长模型,理论考察工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响机制,基于1999—2014年我国30个省份的面板数据,以SO_2排放量作为环境污染水平的代理变量,采用面板平滑迁移回归(PSTR)模型检验全国及分区域工业经济结构、经济增长对环境污染的非线性影响效应及区域差异性。研究结果表明:随着工业化进程的不断加快,工业产出及污染排放均呈现不断上升的趋势,但由于资本边际收益递减规律使得这种增长趋势逐渐减弱,最终导致经济增长和环境污染增长趋于稳态,当污染排放增长率降低为负时,经济增长对环境污染的影响作用由正向转变为负向。实证表明我国工业经济结构、经济增长与SO_2排放具有显著的产出水平门槛效应,随着经济产出水平由低区制平滑的过渡到高区制,经济增长对SO_2排放的影响由正向促进作用转变为负向减排效应,但工业经济结构对SO_2排放呈现逐渐增强正向促进作用,可见工业经济结构、经济增长对SO_2排放具有显著的非线性影响。此外,研究发现工业经济结构、经济增长对SO_2排放的非线性影响存在显著的区域差异性,东部地区经济增长与SO_2排放呈现显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,而在中西部地区表现出逐渐增强的促进作用,中部地区的工业经济结构对SO_2排放的促进作用最大,西部其次,东部最弱,研究还表明,减排技术水平以及环境治理投资增加对SO_2污染排放具有遏制作用,能源投资的增加加速了SO_2的排放。在未来经济发展中,应摒弃传统"高投入、高消耗"的工业化模式,政府应实施创新管理,完善环境保护立法,鼓励企业发展环境污染治理方面的技术,避免以环境容量过渡为代价,追求工业经济高质量、可持续发展模式。     

中国出口隐含碳增长的影响因素分析

作为"世界加工厂",我国排放的CO2很大一部分是隐含在出口产品中由国外消费的,了解我国出口隐含碳排放增长的影响因素对于制定合理的气候政策具有重要意义。本文采用投入产出法和结构分解分析,计算了我国出口贸易隐含碳排放增长的影响因素。结果表明:中国出口隐含碳排放从1997到2005年增加了14.64亿t(202%),其中出口量的上升是推动其增长的主要因素,它的贡献高达237%;生产结构和出口结构的变化分别使之增长了65%和5%;排放强度的降低只抵消了105%。其中对出口隐含碳排放增长影响最大的五个部门是:电子及通信设备制造业、化学工业、纺织业、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业和电气机械及器材制造业,最后针对测算结果提出政策建议。     

能源消费、经济增长与中国CO2排放量变化

基于我国能源消费和经济增长特点，采用对数平均的Divisa方法对我国1990~2007年的CO2排放进行分解分析。结果表明：经济增长效应是我国CO2排放增加的主要因素，能源强度效应是抑制CO2排放的主要原因，人口效应和结构效应对碳排放的影响不大。分地区的研究表明：东部地区的经济发展和能源强度效应对CO2排放量的影响高于中西部地区，人口效应使东部地区碳排放增加，使中西部地区碳排放降低，能源利用结构变化对东部地区的碳排放有一定的抑制作用，对中西部地区的影响较小。因此，要降低我国的CO2排放，需要针对地区特点制定不同的政策，东部地区需要进一步提升技术水平，进而提高能源利用效率，对中西部地区需要逐步改善以煤为主的能源消费结构，提高清洁能源比重，同时调整产业结构，发展服务业和技术含量高的低能耗制造业。     

基于CDECGE模型的中国能源需求情景分析

从我国未来经济社会发展目标出发,根据不同的政策目标设定了3种经济发展情景:基准情景、强化低碳情景和粗放型情景。分析了3种情景下我国未来的一次能源需求量、能源消费结构及CO2排放趋势,为把握我国未来的能源安全形势、控制温室气体排放提供了有效的政策分析工具。研究方法是在Monash模型的基础上构造的我国能源经济动态可计算一般均衡模型(CDECGE)。结果显示,按照现在的经济增长方式和增长率预期,如果没有额外的政策措施,2020年之前我国能源需求仍将快速增长,但在适度的低碳政策引导下,我国2020年的能源需求将控制在45.52亿t标煤,CO2排放强度将达到1.635 t/万元,相对2005年下降45%。碳税作为一种经济减排政策,会有效的降低CO2排放,减少化石能源的需求,使经济向低碳社会转型,从而实现2020年CO2排放强度降低的减排目标。因此,为减缓能源需求量的快速增长趋势,实现减排目标,可以从改善产业结构、实行碳税政策等方面采取措施,优化能源结构,实现经济结构转型,从而保障能源供应安全和控制温室气体排放。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.