从清洁生产到循环经济

清洁生产和循环经济是20世纪90年代以来在我国引人注目的两项实践。正确认识、积极推进清洁生产和循环经济,对于转变我国经济增长方式与发展模式、促进可持续发展具有重要意义。在将资源环境要素纳入经济系统内部,转变经济增长方式,促进资源环境和经济结合一体化发展模式的概念意义下,本文从宏观历史层面阐述了我国清洁生产和循环经济的发展过程、必然趋势及其长期曲折、交错推进的过程特征。分析了以废物循环作为循环经济的认识和实践误区,提出了以清洁生产为基础推进产业生态化,结合强化末端管制,以及围绕建立“绿色”市场进行制度创新为基本内容的发展我国循环经济的建议。     

中国能源高消耗的经济原因及对策研究

中国能源处于高消耗增长态势,这对当前国家能源安全、经济安全和完成节能减排的任务构成了严峻挑战。节能减排是一定经济发展阶段和水平的反应,是一个牵涉到产业结构调整、能源利用与经济发展关系协调等多方面的问题。研究节能减排对我国转变经济发展方式具有相当重要的意义。该文基于工业化和能源经济相关理论,利用相关指标和统计数据,对中国能源高消耗的经济原因进行了深入分析,并提出了基本对策。研究表明,当前中国能源高消耗的主要经济原因在于工业化的发展阶段问题,即中国已基本进入了工业化的重化工业化阶段,高能耗产业快速增长。中国要解决当前节能减排困境,其根本出路在于转变经济发展方式,走新型工业化道路,促使工业结构高端化,压缩工业化进程中高能耗、高污染状况持续的时间。     

C模式:中国发展循环经济的战略选择

我国循环经济发展到了需要深化的阶段。运用生态效率的概念揭示循环经济的减物质化本质，通过对生态效率进行情景分析，指出适合我国的循环经济发展模式-C模式。C模式也称1.5-2倍数发展战略，该模式将给予我图的GDP增长一个15—20年左右缓冲的阶段，并希望经过15-20年的经济增长方式调整，最终达到一种相对的减物质化阶段。同时指出实现中图循环经济发展的C模式，需要技术和政策的双重保障。在发展循环经济过程中，中国不但要关注传统的渐进式的部门内部的技术变革，还要前瞻性地促进跨部门的技术变革。同时，还要建立基于生命周期分析和现代治理理论的促进循环经济发展的全过程、全方位政策体系。     

试论以物质流分析方法为基础建立我国循环经济指标体系

为了更好地推动我国循环经济建设的发展。本文介绍了当前国际上用来分析资源问题的物质流分析（MFA．Material Flow Analysis）方法：描述了日本以MFA方法表述国家资源投入、废弃物产生和废弃物再生利用．并在此基础上提出国家循环经济社会发展目标的经验：指出MFA方法将是我国分析评价社会经济活动中资源使用状况的重要方法；并以此为依据．结合我国国情进一步提出我国的循环经济指标体系应包括的主要指标。这些指标将为我国制定循环经济发展目标、推进循环经济发展提供理论依据。也会成为循环经济社会建设中我国与国际比较，找出差距，调整战略的重要技术指标。     

"循环经济"概念辨析

基于对循环经济在德国、日本产生和发展状况的考察和我国目前关于循环经济的着干代表性定义的分析，指出循环经济是相对于传统的“资源-产品-废弃物”单向流动的线形经济而言的，是建立在生态学规律之上的一种以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为原则。以资源（特别是物质资源）的节约和循环利用为核心，以低消耗、低排放、高效率为基本特征，以避免、减少、再利用、资源化、热回收、无害化处置作为处理废弃物的先后次序，构造上高度接近于“资源-产品-再生资源”反馈式闭路循环，符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式，是解决我国资源环境与经济发展之间矛盾的重要途径之一。最后分析了循环经济与节约型社会、清洁生产、节约能源、资源综合利用等概念之间的分析，进而提出支持我国建设节约型社会的法律体系至少应当包括《循环经济与资源综合利用促进法》、节约型社会的基本目标、原则和法律制度。以此为基础，再考虑进一步制定针对包装物、电子垃圾、废旧汽车等的法律法规。     

山东省农业循环经济发展评价

为了加快农业循环经济发展，首先要对发展状态进行评估。该文以循环经济理论为依据，探索建立表征农业循环经济发展程度的指标体系，并以山东省17市为例，进行主成分分析，评价山东省各市农业循环经济发展程度，找出各地农业循环经济发展过程中存在的差距，为推动区域农业循环经济发展提供理论支持。研究发现各地区农业循环经济发展程度与区域总体发展水平并不一致，一些经济发达地区忽视农业资源的节约利用导致农业循环经济发展水平不高。为加快出东省农业循环经济发展，建议通过推进农业产业化，节约资源投入；大力推广农业清洁生产；合理规划和确立农业循环经济发展模式。     

中国区域节能减排能力测度与政策推进——以东北地区为例

"十一五"即将结束,文章根据我国"十一五"规划纲要提出的在五年内单位GDP能耗降低20%、主要污染物排放总量减少10%的战略目标,以东北地区为例,在分析东北地区经济发展水平、能源生产与消费以及环境状况基础上,指出东北地区还存在着能源利用效率不高、节能目标实施进度滞后、水环境质量改善缓慢、大气污染形势不容乐观等问题;通过对东北地区各省在"十一五"期间节能减排实施过程中的节能能力、SO2和COD削减能力以及投资机会的定量分析,为强化节能潜力的挖掘、SO2和COD的削减提供决策依据.最后,本文从结构调整、技术创新、循环经济发展、管理体制完善等方面,提出了全面实施产业和产品结构调整、全力推进节能减排技术创新、大力发展循环经济、完善节能减排调控手段等对策措施.     

节能减排调控模型的系统仿真与目标优化

基于略阳县灾后恢复重建与振兴全县经济的需要和国家、陕西省有关节能减排战略部署的实情，对略阳经济发展现状和环境质量进行分析后，认为采取一定的调控措施，可实现协调灾后恢复重建地区经济与完成地区节能减排的目标。研究首先构建适合略阳县的节能减排系统动力学调控模型，通过选取产业结构调节系数和环保投资比重的不同组合，设定4种情景方案进行仿真，并对仿真结果进行目标优化，比选出较为适合的节能减排调控策略。研究认为，描述变量之间关系的方程和关键参数的确定对于系统动力学建模的质量至关重要，设定不同情景对模型进行仿真和目标优化可为定量决策和科学调控提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：在近期（2010~2012年），采取激励主导工业发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于灾后略阳经济尽快恢复和发展，同时兼顾节能减排任务的完成；在中期（2013~2016年）和远期（2017~2020年），采取主导工业平稳发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于全县按照循环经济发展模式，实现可持续健康协调发展。同时，研究结果还给出了备选方案和规避方案作为决策参考。     

中国循环经济内涵及有关理论问题探讨

循环经济是区别于传统经济的一种新的经济形态。世界各国尤其发达国家欧盟和日本等高度重视发展循环经济。中国循环经济正从宣传开源节流的启动阶段走向建立政策机制的推动阶段。如何根据国内外循环经济发展实践，深入开展循环经济内涵与相关理论研究，就成为中国循环经济研究领域关注的热点问题，同时也是我国政府制定有效推进循环经济发展政策的必然。因此，根据国内外循环经济实践，研究中国循环经济内函及有关理论问题，对我国循环经济发展具有重要的理论指导意义。循环经济理念产生有其必然的自然、经济和社会基础，循环经济概念的产生也有充分的科学和实践基础。这些基础和中国的相关认识特征决定了中国循环经济内函应该有5个基本特征：准确的定位；清晰的外延；区别于传统经济发展模式的表征；区别于经典经济学和传统经济发展模式的根本特征；发展循环经济的原则、调控方法和核心标准。根据循环经济五大特征的界定，可以集中国循环经济的内涵概括为：循环经济是对社会生产和再生产活动中的资源流动方式实施了“减量化、再利用、再循环和无害化”管理调控是具有较高生态效率的新的经济发展模式。     

"脱钩"评价模式及其对循环经济的影响

主要介绍西方研究经济增长与物质消耗关系的“脱钩”理论的两种主流评价模式：IU曲线和总量研究。通过对它们评价手段、评价过程的进一步比较、分析，作乾提出从理论推导和实际应用需求两方面看，利用IU曲线评价“脱钩”都存在一定的缺陷，应该对总量研究的评价模式给予更多关注，才能更深刻地体现循环经济实施过程中对可循环利用资源的需求迫切性。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.