氮输入对沼泽湿地小叶章枯落物分解过程中酶活性的影响

以三江平原沼泽湿地典型湿地植物小叶章枯落物(Calamagrostis angustifolia)为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同外源氮输入(N1、N2分别为6、12g·m-·2a-1)对小叶章枯落物分解过程酶活性的影响,并设置对照区(N0,0g·m-·2a-1)进行比较.研究结果表明,在枯落物最初分解的2个月里,氮输入会抑制蔗糖酶活性,尤其是低氮输入(N1)抑制作用显著(p<0.05),2个月后,氮输入显著促进了该酶活性(p<0.05);;氮输入除在160d时抑制了淀粉酶活性,其它时期均促进了该酶活性,且高氮输入(N2)促进作用显著;;氮输入提高了枯落物分解前2个月的脲酶活性,而在分解后期,低氮输入抑制脲酶活性,高氮输入则主要表现为促进脲酶活性;;低氮输入提高了小叶章枯落物分解前2个月的酸性磷酸酶活性,随后表现为抑制,高氮输入则只在分解后期(160d)抑制酸性磷酸酶活性,其它时期均表现为促进.总体而言,氮输入促进了蔗糖酶、淀粉酶活性,而对于脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性来说,低氮输入抑制了酶活性,而高氮输入则表现为促进酶活性.     

三江平原不同退化阶段小叶章湿地土壤真菌群落结构组成变化

为了了解三江平原小叶章湿地真菌群落结构及多样性变化,探讨湿地水分下降对真菌群落结构的影响.本研究采用高通量测序技术,分析和比较了黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所三江平原野外试验研究站内3个不同退化阶段小叶章生态类型湿地真菌群落结构多样性,探讨真菌群落改变的原因.结果表明,从小叶章沼泽湿地(w0)→小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地(w1)→小叶章草甸湿地(w2)的变化,土壤Shannon-Wiener指数(H)呈现出逐步上升的规律,即:w0w1w2.序列比对结果显示,不同小叶章湿地土壤真菌分别属于子囊菌(Ascomycota)、担子菌(Basidiomycota)、壶菌(Chytridiomycota)、未知菌(Fungi_unclassified)、接合菌(Zygomycota)这5个真菌类群,优势菌门为未知菌门(75.12%)、子囊菌门(56.56%)、担子菌门(72.65%).而且Heatmap分析也显示沼泽化草甸湿地和草甸湿地的真菌群落结构和组成比较接近.真菌群落结构受到了土壤养分以及植物组成等影响,其中土壤养分解释贡献率达88.62%,植物组成解释贡献率达到9.85%.三江平原小叶章湿地不同退化阶段湿地真菌群落结构存在较大差异,土壤水分因子对真菌多样性影响较大.这为研究三江平原湿地退化后的真菌结构多样性及空间异质性提供了科学依据.     

三江平原不同类型小叶章湿地土壤细菌群落功能多样性

为全面了解三江平原小叶章湿地土壤细菌功能多样性的变化规律,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法对三江平原内不同类型小叶章湿地(草甸化小叶章湿地、沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化小叶章湿地)的土壤细菌群落功能多样性变化规律和特点进行分析.结果表明:不同类型小叶章湿地土壤理化性质差异显著(P<0.05).土壤细菌群落平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间的延长而增加,不同类型湿地土壤细菌群落代谢活性表现为草甸化小叶章湿地>沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地>沼泽化小叶章湿地;土壤细菌群落多样性之间差异显著(P<0.05),草甸小叶章湿地土壤微生物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和McIntosh指数最高,分别为3.30和64.03;沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地次之,分别为3.23和60.63;沼泽化小叶章湿地最低,分别为3.19和54.21.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和McIntosh指数与平均颜色变化率变化规律一致,说明土壤细菌群落结构受到土壤理化性质的影响,并且随着土壤含水量的升高,土壤细菌群落的平均颜色变化率和多样性均呈下降趋势.土壤细菌群落对不同碳源的利用强度上存在明显差异,其中对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类碳源的利用强度差异不大(P>0.05),但是对羧酸类、胺类、酚酸类、多聚物类碳源的利用强度差异显著(P<0.05).主成分分析(PCA)表明,两个主成分累计贡献率为80%,能够很好地解释不同湿地土壤细菌在碳源利用上有明显的空间分异这一现象.碳水化合物类碳源对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响最高,其次是氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源.研究显示,土壤理化性质及植被群落组成是影响小叶章湿地土壤细菌群落组成和功能活性的重要因素.      

三江平原小叶章湿地H2S和COS排放动态

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了生长季(5～9月)三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S和COS的释放动态,结果表明,H2S、COS的排放通量具有季节和日变化规律,小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S的平均释放通量为0.34μg·(m2·h)-1,COS的平均释放通量为-0.29μg·(m2·h)-1;在生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸表现为H2S的源,COS的汇小叶章的生长过程对H2S、COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H2S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰,H2S和COS的释放通量呈负相关.     

三江平原典型湿地植物枯落物中汞的变异特征

在野外进行现场实验 ,研究了 2种典型湿地植物枯落物经一个生长季的分解后汞的变化 ,并探讨了其影响因素 .在实验的 3 0d后 ,2种湿地大部分层次植物枯落物汞的浓度表现为先升高 ,随后降低 ,最后又明显升高 .枯落物分解程度影响着汞浓度的变化 .前 90d枯落物质量减少快 ,且汞的浓度降低 ,枯落物中的汞以损失为主 ,后期因植物残体吸附汞的能力增强 ,汞损失减少 .汞的损失率和水中溶解性汞的浓度呈显著负相关关系 .在 2 0cm和 3 0cm深度上 ,枯落物汞的损失率与积水深度和地温都具有显著相关关系 (P <0 0 5 ) .微环境的差异尤其是积水的变化对小叶章各层汞的损失的影响大于毛果苔草     

盐度对湿地枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量比的影响

为了阐明盐度对枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量比的影响,采用分解袋法对闽江河口湿地不同盐度条件下短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中生态化学计量学特征进行了测定.结果表明,盐度较高的生境,枯落物具有较快的分解速率、氮和磷的释放速率,较慢的碳和能量释放速率;整个分解期间内,枯落物C/N呈下降的趋势,C/P和N/P表现为先上升后下降的趋势;高盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为34.3和36.4、1210.4和1710.3、35.4和47.1;低盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为33.2和35.1、1170.0和1636.8、35.9和47.3;高盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物C/N、C/P高于低盐度生境,N/P低于低盐度生境;较低的枯落物碳与养分比值具有较高的能量释放.     

三江平原典型湿地类型土壤微生物特征与土壤养分的研究

为探讨不同湿地类型土壤微生物数量和酶活性的分布特征及其与土壤养分的关系,本研究选择了三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)的土壤为研究对象.结果表明4种湿地类型在0~30 cm土层内:1土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷均随土层深度的增加而减少,速效钾、速效磷和速效氮则未表现出有规律的变化,且不同湿地类型土壤养分含量差异显著.2土壤微生物数量为细菌放线菌真菌,3种微生物菌落数量均随土层深度的增加而减少.土壤微生物总数量以小叶章湿地最多,毛苔草湿地最少.3土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性均随土层深度的增加而减少,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性未表现出有规律的变化.小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地中3种酶活性显著性高于毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地(P0.05).4相关性分析表明,土壤细菌、真菌和纤维素酶与土壤养分各指标均呈极显著或显著正相关,放线菌和蔗糖酶与速效钾、过氧化氢酶与速效钾、速效磷无显著相关性关系.因此,土壤微生物和酶活性是反映土壤养分状况的重要指标.     

盐度和水淹对短叶茳芏枯落物分解和二氧化碳释放的影响

在全球气候变暖和盐水入侵的背景下,探究湿地枯落物分解和CO_2释放对盐度和水淹的响应具有重要意义.以闽江河口湿地的短叶茳芏为研究对象,模拟不同盐度和水淹条件下枯落物分解.研究结果表明:(1)盐度升高抑制枯落物的分解(p0.01),低盐(5)、中盐(10)、高盐(15)在非水淹条件下分别比对照(0)的失重率平均减少10.83%、17.93%和29.39%,水淹条件下平均减少24.18%、31.62%和47.46%.(2)对照组的枯落物分解速率为水淹条件(0.0070 d~(-1),t_(0.95)=0.76 a)大于非水淹条件(0.0051 d~(-1),t0.95=0.94 a),而处理组的枯落物分解速率和CO_2释放速率均呈现出非水淹条件大于水淹条件.非水淹的枯落物CO_2释放通量比水淹条件的增长7.05%~86.23%.(3)在枯落物分解95%的干物质的期间内,与水淹条件相比,非水淹对照组平均每g干物质释放的CO_2高于水淹对照组34.49%;然而,随盐度升高,非水淹条件下的平均每g干物质释放的CO_2受抑制.(4)盐度和水淹对枯落物残留量的贡献率分别为24.82%和14.29%,对枯落物CO_2释放通量的贡献率分别为75.62%和6.13%.     

沼泽湿地植物光合特性及固“碳”潜势对外源氮输入的响应

以沼泽湿地典型草甸植被小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)为研究对象,在三江平原进行了野外培养实验,探讨了4个不同氮素输入水平(0(NO)、6(N6),12(N12)、24(N24)g·m-2· a-1)下沼泽湿地植物生长与光合特性的响应特征,并从光合固"碳"的角度分析了小叶章沼泽湿地的固"碳"潜势.结果表明,外源氮输入明显促进了小叶章的株高、叶面积及植株数,显著增加了碳的生物量积累,到植物生长季结束,N6、N12和N24三个施氮水平下,小叶章地上部分生物量分别比对照增加了58.79%、133.11%和190.55%.同时,小叶章叶片全氮含量、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量也显著增加,净光合速率明显提高,分别比对照增加了20.70%、26.69%和53.54%.从光合固"碳"的角度来看,外源氮输入能够促使沼泽湿地植物通过光合作用固定更多CO2.     

三江平原小叶章湿地H2S和COS排放动态

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了生长季(5～9月)三江平原小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S和COS的释放动态,结果表明,H₂S、COS的排放通量具有季节和日变化规律,小叶章沼泽化草甸H₂S的平均释放通量为0.34μg·(m²·h)^-1,COS的平均释放通量为-0.29μg·(m²·h)^-1;在生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸表现为H₂S的源,COS的汇.小叶章的生长过程对H₂S、COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H₂S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰,H₂S和COS的释放通量呈负相关.     

Influence of environment and substrate quality on the decomposition of wetland plant root in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The litterbag method was used to study the decomposition of wetland plant root in three wetlands along a water level gradient in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.These wetlands are Calamagrostis angustifolia(C.aa),Carex meyeriana(C.ma)and Carex lasiocarpa (C.la).The objective of our study is to evaluate the influence of environment and substrate quality on decomposition rates in the three wetlands.Calico material was used as a standard substrate to evaluate environmental influences.Roots native to each we...     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

土壤水分含量和凋落物特性对陌上菅细根和叶片凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解是湿地生态系统中碳和养分循环的关键过程.对比叶片凋落物和细根的分解速率,有助于阐明水分变化条件下不同凋落物类型对湿地碳循环的相对贡献,提高人们对不同有机碳源分解驱动机制的理解.以安徽省升金湖湿地典型湿生植物——陌上菅（Carex thunbergii）为研究对象,采用分解袋法进行凋落物分解试验,分析叶片凋落物和细根在不同土壤水分含量（30%、50%和70%）下的分解动态.结果表明:①经过5个月的分解,在30%、50%和70%的土壤水分含量下,陌上菅的细根质量残留率分别为46.7%、58.1%和60.1%,叶片凋落物的质量残留率分别为37.9%、31.6%、33.9%.②在30%、50%和70%的土壤水分含量下,陌上菅的细根分解速率常数分别为1.78、1.27、1.12,叶片凋落物的分解速率常数分别为2.56、2.94、2.54,且它们之间存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）.③细根的分解速率与土壤水分含量之间呈负相关（P < 0.001）,而叶片凋落物的分解速率与土壤水分含量呈正相关（P=0.01）.④根据重复测量方差分析结果可知,凋落物分解受凋落物类型、分解时间及二者交互作用的影响,且凋落物类型是主导因素.分别对细根和叶片凋落物的质量损失进行重复测量方差分析,发现在细根的分解过程中,土壤水分含量是主要影响因素,而在叶片凋落物分解过程中,分解时间是主导因素.研究显示,相同土壤水分含量下,叶片凋落物的分解速率比细根快;湿地水位变化条件下,土壤水分含量对细根和叶片凋落物分解具有不同的影响,土壤水分含量的增加促进了叶片凋落物的分解,但对细根的分解产生了抑制作用.      

人工湿地系统用于地表水水质改善的效能及特征

在北京官厅水库附近建立潜流人工湿地(总面积:3×20m×2m),芦苇、蒲草混合种植,研究其在不同季节条件下对地表水的处理效能及特征,分析了进水浓度、水力负荷、温度对污染物去除率的影响.结果表明,系统对地表水有较好的处理效果,COD_Mn和NH₄⁺-N的出水浓度与进水浓度的回归关系遵从线性关系;系统对TN、TP的去除率分别为20%～60%和30%～45%;污染物的去除率随温度的降低而降低,随水力负荷率的增加而降低;COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率与其进水浓度呈正相关,而TP去除率与其进水浓度呈负相关.并研究建立了潜流湿地冬季运行管理措施.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m2, while there was 1.84 gS/m2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/(m2·a). The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/(m2·a), while carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/(m2·a). The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.     

三江平原湿地植物的土壤环境因子分析

以三江平原毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)湿地和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地为研究对象,选取土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、有效氮、有效磷、有机质、pH值和土壤含水量为主要环境控制因子,通过主成分分析(PCA)和逐步多元回归分析,来确定环境因子对物种相对密度和地上生物量的贡献值.结果表明,2个样地中土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷的贡献率能达50%左右.毛果苔草湿地中主成分1能够解释88%的物种相对密度和84%的地上生物量;小叶章湿地中主成分1对相对密度和地上生物量的解释量则分别为75%和58%.湿地营养状况决定着植物的生产量;土壤含水量的变化影响着植物对营养物质的吸收和利用.     

三江平原湿地汞的地球化学特征

三江平原典型湿地土壤、植物、地表水中的总汞含量较高，表层土壤汞含量平均为88．4ng/g，高于本地区耕地土壤，并具有从上到下逐渐减少的趋势；在草根层和泥炭层土壤中，总汞含量为毛果苔草沼泽＞乌拉苔草沼泽＞小叶樟沼泽，与积水条件一致；湿地开垦以后总汞含量明显减少，耕地土壤在开垦初期降低速率很快。湿地植物汞含量较高，湿地水中的总汞含量春季为58．4－131．6ng/L。初步认为三江平原湿地汞的主要来源为大气沉降，湿地是河流和水库中汞的重要来源，人类活动增强了湿地中汞的迁移。