长江上游重庆段径流变化归因分析

近年来,受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,长江上游重庆段的年径流量持续减少。首先利用MASH移动窗口滑动平均法分析重庆市长江干流寸滩、北碚和武隆3个主要水文站的径流变化特征,然后运用弹性系数法和回归分析法进行径流模拟,定量评价气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:(1)与基准期(1961~1990年)相比较,影响评价期(1991~2011年)气候变化和人类活动对3个水文站年径流减少量的贡献率分别约为25.2%~35.2%和64.8%~74.8%。(2)气候变化对月径流量的影响幅度有限,导致7月汛期径流量有一定程度的增加,8~10月的径流量普遍减少;人类活动对月径流量影响明显,导致7月份实际径流量减少,并进一步加剧了8~10月径流量减少的幅度。(3)两种方法都指示人类活动已经成为径流减少的重要原因。定量阐明径流变化的成因有助于科学制定应对措施,协调重庆市以及长江上游水资源开发利用。     

Share-Shift Analysis of Geo-Economic Pattern on Global Cereal Crops in Recent 50 Years

In recent 50 years, with the rapid development of international food trade, the geoeconomic pattern of cereal crops has changed tremendously which produced a significant impact on global food security. This paper attempted to analysis the production pattern and trade pattern of global cereals, especially three main crops of wheat, maize and rice by using the method of share-shift. Given the fact of almost every economic phenomenon is driven by their economic return behind them, this paper attempted to a further step into their economic pattern by examining their net trade flow. The results showed that from the view of production and trade, the geographic pattern of global cereals has changed greatly which can be described as developing countries has replaced developed countries and become the world’s biggest cereals production and trading area. But when moving to the net trade flow, it turns out to be another story that can depicted as the regional fixation features of economic returns which can be convinced from the labor division of global cereals trade, among which developed countries acts as net trade profit area while developing countries as net trade output area, and their gap between net export and net import has been widening from the view of evolution trend. So what we learn from the evolution of geoeconomic pattern on this topic is that our place in global cereals trade system, and therefore alert us to concern not only on the pattern transition but also the economic meaning behind it, only by doing so can we learn to plan our food future more wisely and effectively.     

近40年阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及影响因素研究

利用1961—2000年近40a的气温、降水、冻土深度等逐月资料及年蒸发量资料和20世纪50年代初或中期建站起到90年代中期径流逐月实测资料．分析20世纪下半期阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系．同时分析人类活动对径流变化的影响作用。研究表明：阿克苏河流域普遍存在升温的变化趋势，尤其是冬季升温明显；同时导致冻土层温度的升高和冻土退化；流域内降水增加趋势明显。1990年以后径流增加趋势更加明显．从年内变化分析来看。流域内各水文站春、夏季径流有明显的增大趋势；秋、冬季径流减少明显；分析径流的变化特点．主要还受到流域地表状况变化、大面积开荒及上游水库调节等人类经济活动作用的影响。     

Projecting Spatial Patterns of Flood Hazard: Recent Climate and Future Changes over Yangtze River Basin

Projection of hazard changes in climate extremes is critical to assessing the potential impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Using simulations of providing regional climates for impacts studies, five indicators (rainstorm days, maximum 3-day precipitation, elevation, gradient and distance from river or lake) were selected to project the spatial patterns of flood hazard over Yangtze River Basin for the baseline period (1961– 1990) and future (2011–2100) under SRES B2 scenario. The results ...     

近58年来长江中游雾和霾的演变特征及其影响因素

以1961～2018年湖北72个国家站的气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料为基础,采用代表站分类、时序演变、相关性分析等方法,研究雾和霾的时空分布特征及其影响因素,结果表明:(1)湖北地区的雾和霾空间分布不均,霾多发生在大城市和工业城市,雾多发生在鄂西南山区;1980年前,雾和霾的年代际变化趋势比较一致,之后呈反相,总体上呈现负相关,2005年后霾日较雾日明显增加.(2)城市站与生态站雾日的年变化趋势均是先增加后减少再增加,由增至减的拐点分别出现在1980和1987年,表明城市化进程对雾的生成有影响;霾日变化趋势基本一致,空气污染的年际变化无明显的城乡差异.(3)对于所有站点来说,"区域尺度气候变化、城市化和空气污染(气溶胶污染)"等3个因素对雾的定量影响相当;对于城市站,城市化的影响明显占主导(55％);对于生态站,气溶胶污染的贡献率最高(43％).     

The Volta Lake and Declining Rainfall and Streamflows in the Volta River Basin

This paper looks at the rainfall and streamflow patterns over two distinct time periods, i.e., 1950–1970 and 1971–1991 within the two most prominent catchments in the Volta river system – White Volta and the Oti basins. The first period (1950–1970) represents relatively vegetated catchments and low population whilst the latter (1971–1990) represents intense land use practices resulting from increased population that have severely degraded the environment. These two catchments are among the most significant contributors to the Volta lake. The Volta lake, which was formed between 1962 and 1966 in Ghana and created primarily for hydroelectric power generation, will probably be one of the greatest man-made lakes for a long time. It produces 912MW of electricity at its maximum operating capacity. Recently, there have been declines in the lake levels resulting most probably from inadequate rainfall and/or runoff from the river catchments that feed the lake. Comparisons of runoffs for the two time periods show reductions in mean streamflows of 32.5% at Saboba on the Oti and 23.1% at Nawuni on the White Volta.     

长江上游流域水位长期变化特征分析

长江上游地区的水能资源对于我国能源发展具有重要意义,研究长江上游水文的周期和突变规律,可以提前预防旱涝灾害给农业带来的损失.利用线性回归方法对长江上游清溪场水文站的水位资料进行插补延长,然后用小波分析方法和Mann-Kendall方法对三峡大坝蓄水前的1890～2002年旱季1～3月份和雨季6～8月份的水位序列的周期性、阶段性和突变特征进行了比较分析.结果 表明:(1)旱季水位在1890～ 1940年偏高,1940～2002年偏低;雨季水位在1965年以后持续偏低.(2)清溪场水文站旱季的水位存在5～8年的年际变化主周期,其中1900～1950年间5～8年的周期变化是显著的;清溪场水文站雨季水位的主周期为35年左右的年代际变化周期,1940～1960年存在8年左右的年际变化显著周期.(3)旱季水位在1933年发生突变,1933年以后水位由高向低转变,1940年以后水位持续偏低;雨季水位在1957年以后水位由高变低,1965年水位下降趋势加大,到1993年雨季水位显著降低,1997年以后雨季水位有升高的趋势.(4)长江上游流域面雨量与清溪场水位变化趋势相一致,明清小冰期东亚夏季风偏弱长江上游气候偏湿润水位整体较高,20世纪30年代、40年代全球气候相对变暖而东亚夏季风偏强,导致雨带偏北,长江上游气候转而偏干水位整体偏低.     

Unsteadiness of COD in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Minjiang River

This paper explores and identifies the rules of the unsteady evolution of COD in the upper and middle reaches of Minjiang River through multi-scale analysis on the weekly COD data for the last six years provided by the Water Quality Monitoring Station,Minjiang River Bridge,Leshan City,Sichuan Province.The results of the wavelet analysis indicate that the COD index oscillates alternatively and differently at each time-scale in an oneyear cycle,and the density of COD,subjected to the runoff volume,the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake and agricultural seeding and industrial construction,etc.,is high in winter and spring,mild in summer and autumn.     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years, runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity, especially water and soil conservation construction. In this study, the trends in precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied. The results showed that during 1960–2000, annual precipitation and river runoff, monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease. In addition, peak flow and base flow had a large decrease. Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity, the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m³ from the baseline period (1960–1985) to the change period (1986–2000), which accounted for 60.9% and 39.1% of the total runoff decrease, respectively. Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity, particularly water and soil conservation construction, also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.