大盈江流域降雨径流变化趋势及原因分析

采用滑动平均法、累积距平法和Mann—Kendall检验法对大盈江流域1956年以来逐月长系列降雨、径流资料进行分析研究。结果显示：大盈江流域降雨与径流变化过程关系密切，但两者变化趋势因受气候与人类活动干扰表现出一定的差异；近45年来，降雨呈增多趋势（通过了α=0．05的M-K检验），其中9月份降雨量增多趋势非常明显（通过了α=0．01的M-K检验）；与降雨量的显著增多不同，年径流量的增加趋势不显著，其中2月份径流量显著减少，9月份径流量显著增多（均通过了α0．05的N-K检验），且年内分配不均匀程度增大。流域降雨的增加可能是由于全球气候变暖，导致南亚季风增强引起的。影响年径流量的因素较复杂，气候变化和地下径流量等自然因素是主要原因，但人类活动影响的作用正在增加。旱季人类活动对径流量影响较大。     

近60年赣江水沙变化特征及影响因素分析

赣江是鄱阳湖流域最大水系,赣江水沙变化对鄱阳湖入湖径流、泥沙等水文特征有重要影响。目前对赣江水沙研究主要集中在下游外洲站河段,不足以反映全流域水沙变化规律。选取赣江上游4站、吉安和外洲水文站分别代表上、中、下游河段,基于近60 a的实测流量、悬移质泥沙资料,采用水文学和数理统计相结合的方法,分析赣江水沙年际变化特征以及可能影响因素,以期为流域水沙资源管理提供参考。结果表明:(1)赣江径流年际变化大,1970s、1990s水量较丰,其它年代径流偏少,年径流序列无显著变化趋势和突变点;(2)输沙量年际变化剧烈,呈显著降低趋势,上游4站、吉安站、外洲站输沙序列突变点分别为2002年、1995年、1995年,突变后年输沙量较突变前减少52%、71%、67%;(3)赣江上游水土保持建设是上游4站输沙量减小的主要原因;1993年后万安水库拦沙是吉安、外洲站输沙量显著减少的主要原因,水土保持、河道采砂也是引起吉安、外洲站输沙量减少的直接因素。(4)水土保持减沙的作用是缓慢和滞后的,而万安水库对下游河道的减沙作用是迅速而显著的。可见,赣江入鄱阳湖的年径流无明显减少趋势,入湖输沙量显著减少,有利于减少鄱阳湖的泥沙淤积、促进湖泊生态的良性发展。     

长江流域径流趋势变化及突变分析

选取长江流域重要控制站宜昌、汉口和大通站,分别应用1882~2000年、1870~2000年和1950~2000年的月平均流量资料,对年代际、月径流、季节性径流的变化以及径流的变化趋势及突变进行了分析研究,并使用非参数Mann Kendall法来检验径流的趋势变化。趋势分析表明,20世纪90年代长江流域径流呈微弱增加趋势,但不显著且地区分布不均,中上游减少,下游增加;而季节性夏季和冬季径流增加趋势明显,尤其是7月和1月径流增加最突出;更重要的是90年代汛期径流也呈现出增加趋势,汛期径流的增加在一定程度上加大了洪灾发生的可能性,这可能是导致洪灾频繁的原因之一。突变分析指出,宜昌和汉口站从1926年开始径流经历了一个明显减少的变化,这与20世纪20年代初,北半球突然变暖,长江上游地区呈现降温、降水减少趋势一致。     

川北典型小流域产流对降雨的多时间尺度响应规律

为了解川北深丘区典型小流域河川径流动态变化规律,以嘉陵江李子口小流域为研究对象,基于2005～2016年的降雨、径流等实测数据,采用相关分析、降雨弹性系数、流量历时曲线等方法探讨了径流对降雨的响应规律。结果表明:(1)径流深和降雨量年际差异性均较大,整体呈不明显上升趋势,径流深的上升幅度略小于降雨量;(2)降雨量和径流深年内分布极不均匀,6～9月分别占年值的67.4%和78.5%,夏季易产生洪涝灾害;(3)极丰水流量、平水流量和极枯水流量分别为2.9、0.2、0.01 m~3/s。极丰水事件通常由长历时暴雨导致;极枯水日则多因长期无降雨或仅少量降雨;(4)典型次降雨中,暴雨、大雨、中雨的流量过程线从尖瘦型转变为平坦型,流量峰值滞后时间依次为1.5、3.67、5 h,滞后时间随着次降雨量的减小而变长,流量过程线的增长幅度随着次降雨量减小而变小。综上,径流和降雨在各时间尺度上均呈极显著相关(P0.01),不同时间尺度响应规律表现出较大的差异性。     

丹江口水库对汉江中下游径流特性的影响

随着汉江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高，汉江径流特性在一定程度上发生了变化，并在一定程度上影响了汉江生态系统的健康。为分析人类活动对汉江径流特性的影响，以白河、皇庄和仙桃3个水文站为研究对象，以丹江口水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究时段，利用3站1955~2006年的日流量资料对比分析了研究时段内汉江中下游年、汛期、非汛期、月及日径流量的变化特性。结果表明：丹江口水库的运行对其下游的年径流特性无明显影响，而对汛期、非汛期、日径流量和径流年内分配有显著的影响，汛期径流量所占比例显著减少，非汛期径流量所占比例显著增加，径流量年内分配过程均匀化，中小量级日流量出现频次增加，大量级日流量出现频次减少，但影响随与水库的距离增加而减小。研究成果可为评价人类活动对汉江生态系统健康及稳定性提供参考.     

赣江上游章水流域水沙变化的驱动力分析

为揭示赣江上游流域输沙量急剧减小过程中各影响因子的相对贡献率，以上游的章水流域为代表区域，采用流域控制站坝上水文站1956~2015年流域面雨量、径流和输沙数据，并结合趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验等方法，计算并分析了该流域多年降雨量、径流量和年输沙量的变化趋势和突变。采用累积量斜率变化率比较法分析了自然因素和人类活动在章水流域水沙关系变化中的相对贡献率。结果表明：流域降雨和径流60 a间无显著变化趋势和突变点，年输沙减少趋势显著，在1994年发生有超过显著性水平0.001的突变。相对于1956~1994年，在1995~2015年，人类活动对章水流域水沙关系的贡献率为99.4%；研究表明水利工程建设和水土保持等人类活动对赣江上游章水流域输沙量变化影响及其显著。研究对于准确评价水利工程和水土保持效益具有重要的指导意义。 关键词： 水沙关系；赣江上游流域；人类活动贡献率；双累积曲线     

基于景观尺度的流域土地覆被变化及其水文响应

水资源短缺已成为限制华北地区社会经济发展的主要因子之一，其中山区来水减少问题已成为该区域水资源研究亟待解决的关键问题。采用景观格局分析法及统计学方法对华北土石山区典型流域--红门川流域土地/覆被变化及其水文动态响应进行分析。结果表明：(1)1990～2005年流域景观呈破碎化趋势，其中，优势景观林地在研究时段内面积变化不大；耕地、建设用地面积增加趋势显著，增幅分别为431%和444%；水域减少趋势最为明显，减幅达208%。(2)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流有显著调节作用：随着土地结构不断优化，森林、耕地面积的增加，1998～2005年流域平均年径流系数较1990～1998年下降77%；丰、平和枯水年径流系数则分别减少64%、31%和85%；当剔除降水因素后，土地利用景观结构优化使得月径流系数减少16%～100%。(3)土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的调节作用呈现季节性,植物生长季径流调节尤为显著     

太湖西苕溪流域径流变化归因分析

气候变化与剧烈的人类活动正深刻地影响着全球水循环系统,河川径流作为水循环系统中的重要组成部分,也因此发生了显著的变化。为此,以太湖上游西苕溪流域为典型,应用累积距平、线性趋势分析及流量历时曲线等方法,分析1972~2015年流域内的水文气象变化趋势;基于累积量斜率变化分析方法与气候弹性模型,定量揭示降水与人类活动对流域径流变化的贡献率。研究结果显示:(1)1972~2015年间流域年径流量呈减小趋势,并且在1999年发生突变,以此将时间序列划分为基准期与变异期两个阶段。变异期流域年均径流量减少约11.76%,减少幅度较大。(2)流域降水量年际变化趋势并不显著,与基准期相比,变异期年均降水减少约1.43%,减少幅度较小,但流域径流对降水变化敏感。汛期降水量占年降水量比重减少,降水的年内分配逐渐坦化,一定程度上使得产流减少。(3)根据累积量斜率变化率分析方法,降水与人类活动对西苕溪流域径流减少的贡献率分别为26.45%和73.55%,由气候弹性模型计算得出二者的贡献率分别为23.52%与76.48%。两种计算方法结果较为接近,均表明人类活动是导致西苕溪流域径流减少的主要因素。     

基于不同卫星降雨产品的澴水花园流域径流模拟比较研究

卫星降雨产品作为缺资料或无资料地区估算流域降雨径流的一种途径，适用性尚需大量实验研究。以澴水花园流域为研究区，综合评估了TRMM(3B42V7)、TRMM_RT(3B42V7)、PERSIANN CDR和CMORPH 4个卫星降雨产品在流域平均雨量计算与径流模拟中的精度，设置多方案与多种水文模拟情景全面检验各降雨产品的可靠性与适用性。研究表明：(1)在研究期2002~2013年，没有一个卫星降雨产品对所有精度评价指标均表现最优，PERSIANN始终表现为最差；(2)各卫星降雨产品对于不同年代和不同统计时段的精度差异明显，且一般汛期精度高于全年精度。各年代精度最高的卫星降雨产品在年与汛期尺度上与实测雨量相关系数均超过0.9；(3)各卫星降雨产品对有雨日降雨探测能力较强，但空报率较高，所有卫星降雨产品对于年最大1 d、3 d和7 d降雨估算误差较大，无法达到可利用精度；(4)采用卫星降雨产品进行径流模拟时，以相应的卫星降雨进行水文模型参数率定可获得更高的模拟精度。TRMM_RT与CMORPH日径流模拟精度较好，CMORPH月径流模拟精度较好。总体而言，CMORPH更适用于径流模拟。对于典型的3场大洪水模拟结果表明，TRMM_RT和CMORPH对洪峰与洪量（径流深）的模拟精度相对较高。     

上海市降雨变化与灾害性降雨特征分析

降雨是引发城市内涝的关键因素，与公众安全密切相关，分析其特征，能够为内涝防治提供一定参考和依据。上海地区气候条件复杂，深受暴雨、台风等水情灾害影响。依据国家基本气象站-宝山站数据，对上海市近40 a降雨变化和灾害性降雨特征进行了分析。结果表明上海年均降雨量以509 mm/10 a的速率递增。同时，降雨天数的减少较为显著，以3 d/10 a的速率递减。从降雨量和降雨强度的角度，灾害性降雨多为暴雨和短历时强降雨。上海年均暴雨天数为3 d，但雨量可占全年的1/5，大范围暴雨通常由台风引起。近年来，高于排水标准的短历时强降雨出现频次有增多的趋势。汛期作为灾害性降雨的高发期，可作为城市防涝的重点     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.     

Trends in lung cancer in London in relation to exposure to diesel fumes

Mortality from lung cancer among males in England and Wales is now beginning to decline, and the urban excess that has persisted for many years is also becoming smaller. There is nothing in these national trends to suggest that pollution from diesel vehicles, which has been increasing in recent decades, would be involved. Some preliminary results are presented from a long-term study of the incidence of lung cancer among London Transport staff, including men who work in bus garages where there are high concentrations of smoke from diesel buses. Over the 25 year period from 1950–1974 the numbers of cases reported in each of the several job categories have been below those expected on the basis of Greater London rates. The absence of data on smoking habits makes it difficult to determine whether the small differences in rates between job categories are of any importance, but the standardised mortality ratios are all well within the range of those found in national studies of lung cancer mortality and smoking in relation to occupation.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Participatory approach in vision setting: emerging initiatives in local municipalities in Japan

In this paper, we present the emerging practices in Japanese local municipalities, in which participatory methods are applied to envision sustainable future and relevant target settings. We selected three local cases: Higashiomi city, Kizugawa city and Nagakute city as emerging initiatives. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify commonalities and differences, and to derive lessons for appropriate governance and systems for participatory deliberation in future visioning. We argue that the deliberation processes served as a platform for effective communication, and that installing a mechanism that allows reflexive deliberation processes is the key to make participatory methods fully functional.     

Natural radionuclide content in building materials and gamma dose rate in dwellings in Cuba

An extensive research project to investigate the radioactive properties of Cuban building materials was carried out because there is a lack of information on the radioactivity of such materials in Cuba. In the framework of this project 44 samples of commonly used raw materials and building products were collected in five Cuban provinces. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were determined by gamma ray spectrometry using a p-type coaxial high purity germanium detector and their mean values were in the ranges: 9-857Bqkg(-1) for (40)K; 6-57Bqkg(-1) for (226)Ra; and 1.2-22Bqkg(-1) for (232)Th. The radium equivalent activity in the 44 samples varied from 4Bqkg(-1) (wood) to 272Bqkg(-1) (brick). A high pressure ionisation chamber was used to measure the indoor absorbed dose rate in 543 dwellings and workplaces in five Cuban provinces. The average absorbed dose rates in air ranged from 43nGyh(-1) (Holguín) to 73nGyh(-1) (Camagüey) and the corresponding population-weighted annual effective dose due to external gamma radiation was estimated to be 145+/-40microSv. This value is 51% lower than the effective dose due to internal exposure from inhalation of decay products of (222)Rn and (220)Rn and it is 16% higher than the calculated value for the typical room geometry of a Cuban house.     

Lead content in new decorative paints in India

The paint industry in India is broadly classified into two categories: organized sector and unorganized sector. Multinational and big Indian companies form the organized sector, whereas the small- and medium-scale industries which produce paints for the local market form the unorganized sector. The present study was undertaken to determine the level of lead in decorative paints in India. A total of 148 paint samples sourced from four organized sector companies and six unorganized sector companies were analyzed for the total lead content. Results of this study reveal that 39 % of the total paints tested (n = 148) contain lead more than 300 ppm, the voluntary limit prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS (IS 15489:2011), and 45 % of the tested paints contain lead more than 90 ppm, the US limit. Further analysis of the data indicates that only 5 % of the tested paints manufactured by organized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 91), whereas 93 % of the tested paints manufactured by unorganized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 57). Comparison with earlier reported data suggests that while organized sector companies are gradually abandoning the use of lead-based compounds in their paints, the unorganized sector companies are still adding lead-based compounds intentionally in their paints despite the potential health hazards associated with it. The maximum concentration of lead obtained was 80,350 ppm in one of the paints manufactured by an unorganized sector company. The presence of high concentration of lead in yellow and green color paints indicates that color can be a predictor of lead content in decorative paints.