广州市洪水灾害危险性评价初步研究

广州是中国洪灾危险性最高的城市之一。灾害发生频率高,影响范围广,损失巨大。利用G IS技术,首先对洪灾危险性的5个主要影响因子——洪灾频次、地形、河网、降水量以及暴雨日数进行了分析和数字化,得到了各因子对洪水灾害影响程度的栅格图层;其次,对这些图层进行了空间叠加,运用AHP决策分析模型,结合计算出的各因子权重值,得到了广州市洪水灾害危险性评价图。结果显示:这5个影响因素相互叠加与制约,尤以年暴雨日数、洪灾频次和地形对洪灾危险性的贡献较大。广州市洪灾危险度呈现出南部高、北部低,东西高、中央低的空间格局。     

GIS支持下的气象灾害风险评估模型——以重庆地区冰雹灾害为例

以重庆地区的冰雹灾害为例,介绍了该地区的气候背景和经济环境,选取地貌、灾害频率、人口和社会经济为评价因子,应用模糊评价法建立了气象灾害孕灾背景、灾害危险性、承灾体易损性等数学模型。在使用有关基础图件和资料的基础上,运用MapInfo Professional软件,通过对属性数据库和图形数据库的操作,得到了各种灾害的孕灾背景、灾害危险性、承灾体易损性评价图层,再经过图层叠加、斑块合并以及等级划分等操作,最后得到了冰雹灾害的风险评估及其区划。     

基于GIS的长江中下游地区洪灾风险分区及评价

国内外近几年的发展表明,在所有可能避免和减轻自然灾害的措施中,最简单有效的方法就是通过在科学研究基础上进行风险区划,将自然灾害管理提高到风险管理的水平.在长江流域数字化地图的基础上,选取不同重复期(20,50,100年),及包括1870年历史洪水和1931,1935,1954,1991,1995,1996,1998,1999和2002年共10次洪水,借助Arcview地理信息系统的空间分析和叠加功能,对长江中下游地区的洪水灾害危险性进行了初步评价.首先参考洪水灾害淹没图和相关历史文献记录资料,构建10次洪水受灾县(市)分布图;其次对这10次洪水受灾县(市)分布图进行叠加,得到长江中下游地区洪涝灾害风险性评价图.分析表明:长江中下游地区洪水风险的分布是有规律的,而且具有明显的地理意义.有4个明显的高危风险区,分别是洞庭湖、鄱阳湖两湖平原的湖滨地区和公安以下的长江中游河段的沿江一带,尤其是荆江河段以及两江相夹地势低洼的江汉平原;沿高危风险区外侧为高风险地区,重点在汉江下游、资、沅、澧水、清江流域、皖沿江地区以及太湖流域的部分地区;沿长江于高危风险和高风险地区两侧分别为风险较小地区;其他地区对于洪水灾害而言则为安全地区.评价结果与长江中下游的实际情况基本吻合.     

基于GIS的西气东输工程陕西段滑塌危险性评价

西气东输工程陕西段是全线滑塌灾害最为严重的地区，滑塌灾害严重威胁着该段工程管道的安全运行。针对滑塌灾害的发生和分布特点，选取了坡度、降水、土壤及河网4个影响因子，应用层次分析法，分别确定了各因子的影响权重，并根据各因子内不同级别的赋值，在ARCINFO支持下通过其空间运算功能生成了各因子影响图，通过叠加分类生成了该工程陕西段滑塌危险性分区图，并对结果进行了评价。滑塌危险性分为五级，四级危险性区主要集中在子长县和延川县，五级危险性区则主要分布在靖边县和子长县间的地区。将评价图与DEM图相结合，通过GIS的三维显示，可以为西气东输工程的后期管理提供参考。     

基于GIS的河北省滦县洪水灾害风险评价

依据灾害学理论,基于GIS技术,通过综合分析致灾因子、孕灾环境的自然属性和承灾体的社会经济属性,从形成洪水灾害的自然环境危险性和社会经济易损性两方面出发,对河北省滦县的洪水灾害综合风险进行了评价。在洪灾危险性评价中,综合考虑降水量、降水变率、地形高程、坡度、水系分布等自然因素;在洪灾易损性评价中,综合考虑人口密度、单位面积年粮食产量和GDP密度等社会经济指标;在此基础上利用GIS方法对洪灾危险性评价和易损性评价进行叠加分析,得到滦县洪灾综合风险评价结果。结果表明:洪水灾害风险主要集中在滦县东南部平原区,且以河流干流为中心向两边递减,以东部的滦河、溯河中下游、西北部的管河上游风险最高。     

洞庭湖地区洪水灾害风险评估

综合当前国内外学者的理论及方法,以灾害风险系统是致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体共同作用的系统为基础,对洞庭湖地区进行洪水灾害风险评估,其中致灾因子用暴雨及以上降雨的加权频次来描述,孕灾环境用地形和河网密度来描述,承灾体脆弱性用内在脆弱性和抗灾救灾能力来描述。首先,对区域洪水致灾因子危险性进行评估;其次,对孕灾环境危险性进行评估;再次,对承灾体脆弱性进行评估;最后,对三者进行叠加分析得出洞庭湖地区洪水灾害风险区划图。其中,沿长江地区、湘江入湖地区和澧水河入湖地区洪水灾害风险高;其次是沿洞庭湖周围地区风险较高;洞庭湖地区边缘风险较低。     

全球暴雨洪水灾害风险评估与制图

全球洪水灾害风险评估是洪水综合风险管理的基础,对在宏观上把握洪水灾害风险的空间格局,识别全球洪水灾害的高风险区,为国际社会采取措施减轻洪水损失有重要意义。然而受数据和模型的限制,全球尺度的洪水风险评估工作十分有限。基于灾害系统理论,从洪水可能造成损失的评估以及洪水致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性、承灾体脆弱性综合分析的角度出发,利用全球范围内的降水、径流量、数字高程、土地利用、人口、GDP等数据,评估了国家、网格、流域3个单元上全球洪水灾害经济和人口风险。最后利用历史洪水损失及前人研究结果,对本研究评估结果进行了比较验证,其一致性较好,准确地反映了全球洪水灾害风险的空间分布。评估结果表明,受自然因素及人口经济分布的影响,亚洲地区(尤其是东亚、南亚及东南亚地区),美国中南部和欧洲西部洪水灾害风险最高。此外,由于社会经济发展和政府管理水平的落后,非洲地区洪水灾害人口风险也十分严峻。     

基于BP神经网络的湖北省山洪灾害危险性评价

湖北省是山洪灾害多发地,每年因山洪灾害造成的损失十分严重,山洪灾害危险性评价对于防灾减灾具有重要意义。构建了湖北省山洪灾害危险性评价指标体系,根据山洪灾害危险性与历史山洪灾害的相关性,采用RBF(Radial Basis Function,径向基函数)神经网络对小样本调查数据进行拟合、扩展,形成可靠的数据集,使用扩展数据集对BP(Back Propagation)神经网络进行训练,建立山洪灾害危险性评价模型,通过建立的评价模型分析了湖北省山洪灾害危险性的分布特征。研究结果表明,湖北省山洪灾害危险性最高的区域分布在西南部的建始县、巴东县、鹤峰县和中部的钟祥市、孝感市,总面积为1.47万km2;湖北省中等危险区分布在全省各地,面积达到12.48万km2;湖北省低危险区主要分布在西北部的房县、东部的黄陂区、嘉鱼县、黄冈市市辖区,总面积0.84万km2。     

重庆库区松散土体滑坡危险性分区及评价

通过对重庆库区松散土体滑坡灾害危险性影响因素的分析,构建了滑坡危险性分区评价方法,即运用灰色聚类理论和关联度法遴选8个危险性因子,并用层次分析方法量化其权重系数以及用专家系统评分法给每一危险因子赋值.以重庆市万州区吴家湾滑坡为例用等面积网格法,通过GIS系统空间多因子叠加获取其危险性指数并绘制其危险性等值线图,根据危险性指数进行其危险性分区并对其进行评价.     

洪涝灾害经济易损性模糊评价——以安徽沿长江地区为例

洪水灾害是洪水危险性对承灾体易损性综合作用的结果,由于降水量、人口密度、产值等因子在洪水易损性中的作用具有模糊性,因此运用模糊模型进行评价有一定意义。以安徽沿长江地区为例,在GIS和模糊数学法的支持下,建立了基于GIS的模糊综合评价模型,对洪水灾害经济易损性风险进行了评价与分析,将安徽沿长江地区洪涝的易损性程度划分为5个等级:高度易损性、较高度易损性、中度易损性、较低度易损性、低度易损性。研究结果表明:沿江洪水灾害易损性总体水平较高,特别是在马鞍山、芜湖市、铜陵市等经济发达、人口密集、耕地面积广阔的滨江下游平原区。这些地区应积极兴修水利,大力发展避洪产业。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。