Role of water hyacinth in the health of a tropical urban lake

The paper assesses health of the tropical urban Robertson Lake, Jabalpur which receives domestic sewage from neighboring human inhabitation and is infested with water hyacinth. Peak density of this macrophyte was 12.5 t dw ha(-1). The water-column was anaerobic (0.6 to 1.9 mg O2 L(-1)), neutral in pH, and enriched with inorganic carbon (23.5 to 37.1 mg L(-1)), NH4-N (0.48 to 2.96 mg L(-1)), and organic nitrogen and phosphorus. Density of heterotrophic bacteria was high (6.8 to 15x10(5) cfu ml(-1)) along with that of total coliforms and fecal bacteria. Species diversity of phytoplankton and submerged macrophytes was very low. Growing stands of water hyacinth could store up to 613 g C m(-2), 23.5 g N m(-2) and 5.5 g P m(-2) and released them during decomposition. The release of nutrients was 3-4 times faster than the uptake. Water hyacinth stabilized water quality and provided substantial support to bacterial density, which in turn contributed significantly to its growth and nutrient dynamics. Turnover of water hyacinth was only 70-80%, adding approximately 175 t humus in the lake. The results denote poor health of the lake, characterized by low species diversity, fast shallowing, dominance of detritus food--webs, and the water unsuitable for human consumption.     

The Impact of Agriculture On Dissolved Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Temperate Ecosystems

Although most research has focussed on inorganic nutrient forms of nitrate (NO^-₃) and phosphorus (PO³₄) in runoff and receiving waters, nitrogen loss from agricultural land can also occur in organic and ammonium-nitrogen form; phosphorus losses, although often dominated by particulate transport, may occur in soluble organic and inorganic form. Furthermore, fluxes between different species may take place during transport from the land to the stream and as a result of in-stream, in-river or in-lake transformations. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation in all nitrogen species and phosphorus fractions in a drainage basin is therefore essential if the wider environmental significance of elevated nutrient concentrations in natural waters are to be assessed. This paper reviews recent work on N and P losses from agricultural land and presents some results from two intensive agricultural catchments: Slapton, Devon and the river Windrush catchment in the Cotswolds.     

接种Glomus versiforme对红三叶草利用有机磷的影响

以红三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究接种菌根真菌Glmous versiforme对土壤有机磷及外加有机磷化合物植酸钠（Na-Phytate)、核糖核酸（RNA）和卵磷脂（Lecithin)的利用效率,植株生长7wk后收获测定植标干物重、含磷量和根系菌根侵染率,结果表明：接种菌根真菌能明显增加植株干物重、含磷量和吸磷总量,与各有机磷处理相比,无机磷（KH2PO4）处理生长效应最好,施用有机磷化合物各处理与CK相比均明显促进了植株生长,但不同有机磷处理之间没有显著差异,在植株吸磷量上,各接种处理均为相应CK处理的2倍以上,其中磷酸二氢钾处理吸磷量最高,菌根对照植物的根外菌丝虽然被限制在有限的空间内,但其吸磷量也达到不施磷的CK－M处理的2倍多,这说明由于菌根的形成植物能利用土壤因有的有机磷来满足自身生长的需要,表3参10     

Nutrient balance in the ecosystem of the North Western Adriatic Sea

The effects of biological processes on dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) are considered in the north western Adriatic Sea. The budgets of these nutrients, which represent the sum of production and consumption processes in comparison to advection, are discussed with regard to dissolved inorganic nitrogen ( 15 N labelled) uptake, which basically indicates the biological demand of this fraction of nitrogen by phytoplankton community. The presented data show that, although important, the continental input of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), mainly nitrate, is utilised and recycled within the coastal marine environment (budget of m 15 r µmol-N·dm m 3 ). In fact, during four cruises (June, 1996; February, 1997; June, 1997; February, 1998), phytoplankton production was mainly driven by regenerated nutrients ( f h 0.4). Regarding dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), the negative budgets observed in most cases (down to m 0.4 r µmol-P·dm m 3 ) confirm, above all, its scarce availability in this basin. Recycling processes rather than continental inputs regulate the availability of this nutrient. In addition, the comparison between DIN and DIP budgets indicates that, in this ecosystem, dissolved inorganic phosphorus is recycled faster than nitrogen through the living particulate and dissolved organic pools. As a consequence of biological activities, a strong production of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) can occur in summer (up to +22 r µmol-N·dm m 3 ) while DOP shows a more independent behaviour both with respect to its accumulation in the environment and to the observed nitrogen variations.     

有机物料与~(32)P标记过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响

本试验利用~(32)P示踪法研究赤红壤上两种有机物料与过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响。盆栽试验表明,纸厂废料蔗渣或猪粪与磷肥混合施用比磷肥单独施用更有利于提高格拉姆柱花草的含磷量和总吸磷量。单位施磷量引起的土壤有效磷和植株吸磷量的增加量也是有机物料单施或与磷肥混施高于磷肥单施。在前39d,~(32)P标记过磷酸钙的利用率在单独施用时为2.14％,比混合施用高一倍左右;在80d时,混合施用的磷利用率较快提高,蔗渣与磷肥混施处理超过单独施用,达22.88％。     

Decomposition of organic and solubilisation of inorganic phosphorus compounds by bacteria isolated from a marine sandy beach

The ability to decompose organic and to solubilise inorganic phosphorus compounds was studied in heterotrophic bacteria isolated from a sandy beach in Sopot, southern Baltic coast. Bacteria able to hydrolyse DNA and phytin were most numerous, while only a small percentage of the studied strains was able to depolymerise glycerophosphate. The ranking of the potential of the studied bacteria to solubilise metallic phosphate salts as follows: calcium hydrogen phosphate>ferric phosphate>magnesium phosphate>calcium phosphate>aluminium phosphate. There were marked differences in the level of depolymerisation of organic compounds of phosphorus and solubilisation of inorganic phosphorus between bacteria inhabiting different parts of the studied beach, while there were generally no differences between the surface and subsurface sand layers. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was higher than that of acid phosphatase.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Determination of a limiting nutrient regulating algal biomass using in situ experiments of nutrient enrichment bioassay (NEB) and empirical relations of nutrients and chlorophyll-a

Long-term nutrient contents and nutrient ratios indicated that phosphorus was a potential limiting element for algal growth. In situ experiments of nutrient enrichment bioassay supported the evidence of P-limitation. However, regression analyses of log10-transformed chlorophyll-a (CHL) against TP (R2 values < 0.25) showed that seasonal CHL was not closely related to flux of phosphorus during all seasons. Also, two dimensional graphical approach of Trophic State Index (TSI) showed that most values of TSI (CHL) -TSI (TP) and TSI (CHL) -TSI (SD) were less than zero, indicating factors other than phosphorus limited algal biomass (CHL -TP < 0), and that non-algal particles dominated light attenuation (CHL -SD < 0). The weak empirical relations and trophic deviations were explained well by the experiment of NEB-II that was conduced during a period of high inorganic turbidity. Overall results suggest that phosphorus is the primary element regulating the system productivity, but the system also were highly influenced by rapid flushing and high inorganic turbidity.     

有机磷细菌的分离鉴定及其对MC-RR的响应(The Isolation and Identification of Organic Phosphorus Bacteria and Its Response to MC-RR)

从云南滇池水样中分离出具有解磷能力的有机磷细菌P-2,并利用现代分子生物学技术进行了初步鉴定.用0.01、5mg·L-1微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理有机磷细菌P-2,研究了MC-RR对其生长、细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性(ACP和AKP)以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度MC-RR能显著抑制有机磷细菌的生长,延缓其细胞增殖,抑制细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的升高,因而可能改变或减缓生态系统中磷循环的进程,这表明微囊藻毒素在一定程度上可能调节水体细菌功能群落.     

Impact of raking and bioturbation-mediated ecological manipulation on sediment–water phosphorus diagenesis: a mesocosm study supported with radioactive signature

The study examined the impact of raking and fish bioturbation on modulating phosphorus (P) concentrations in the water and sediment under different trophic conditions. An outdoor experiment was set to monitor physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water and sediment influencing P diagenesis. A pilot study with radioactive ³²P was also performed under the agency of raking and bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Raking was more effective in release of P under unfertilized conditions by significantly enhancing orthophosphate (35%) and soluble reactive phosphate (31.8%) over respective controls. Bioturbation increased total and available P in sediments significantly as compared to control. The rates of increase were higher in the unfertilized conditions (17.6–28.4% for total P and 12.2 to 23.2% for available P) than the fertilized ones (6.5–12.4% for total P and 9.1 to 15% for available P). The combined effects of raking and bioturbation on orthophosphate and soluble reactive phosphate were also stronger under unfertilized state (54.5 and 81.8%) than fertilized ones (50 and 70%). The tracer signature showed that coupled action of introduced bacteria and repeated raking resulted in 59.2, 23 and 16% higher counts of radioactive P than the treatments receiving raking once, repeated raking and bacteria inoculation, respectively. Raking alone or in sync with bioturbation exerted pronounced impact on P diagenesis through induction of coupled mineralization and nutrient release. It has significant implication for performing regular raking of fish-farm sediments and manipulation of bottom-grazing fish to regulate mineralization of organic matter and release of obnoxious gases from the system. Further, they synergistically can enhance the buffering capacity against organic overload and help to maintain aquatic ecosystem health.

     

Larval settlement and metamorphosis of the mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis> in response to biofilms

Biofilms were allowed to develop on glass slips immersed 1.0–1.5 m below the sea surface in Tachibana Bay, Nagasaki, Japan, for different periods of time from November 2003 to January 2005. The effects of age, immersion month, dry weight, bacterial and diatom densities of these biofilms on the settlement and metamorphosis of pediveliger larvae of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were investigated in the laboratory. Furthermore, biofilms were subjected to various treatments to investigate the nature of the settlement and metamorphosis cue in the biofilm. Pediveliger larvae of the mussel settled and metamorphosed in response to biofilms. Settlement and metamorphosis to the post-larval stage significantly increased with the biofilm age. In addition, the biofilm activity varied depending on the immersion month (season), e.g., for biofilms with the same age, those immersed between June and August had higher activities than those immersed between November and March. The activity of the biofilm also positively correlated with the dry weight, bacterial and diatom densities. These three quantitative parameters of the biofilm were significantly affected by the film age but were not affected by the immersion month, suggesting that other parameters (e.g., community structures, extracellular products) also affected the inductive activity of the biofilm. The fixative agents (formalin and glutaraldehyde), heat, ethanol, ultraviolet irradiation and antibiotics treatments of the biofilm resulted in significant reduction or loss of its inductive activity. The survival of bacterial cells in the treated films where activities were either reduced or lost also decreased significantly. No settlement and metamorphosis were obtained when larvae were exposed to the conditioned water of the biofilm. Thus, larvae of M. galloprovincialis settled and metamorphosed in response to a cue produced by living bacteria in the biofilm. The cue may be a bacterial extracellular product which was susceptible to the above treatments.     

土壤磷素解吸模型及其特征值的作物效应

土壤有效磷数量和强度及其缓冲系数是评价土壤磷素供应能力的重要指标。通过解吸实验、盆栽和田间试验研究土壤磷解吸特性及其与供试蔬菜的效应。38个磷素解吸实验表明,土壤镉解吸模型的修正式能很好地模拟土壤磷素解吸动态特征,有32个回归模型达到显著水平。土壤磷解吸模型可同时求得表征土壤磷有效性的磷可解吸数量Q和土壤溶液初始磷浓度Cli及其缓冲系数b。盆栽试验表明,土壤磷解吸特征值Q和Cli与空心菜(Iponoea aqatica)和菜心(Brassica parachinensis)吸P量有显著水平的抛物线型关系,且与土壤类型无关。田间试验表明,Q值与供试蔬菜鲜重产量亦有显著水平的抛物线型关系,可求得试验条件下空心菜和莴苣(Lactuca sativa)磷肥施用的Q值临界指标分别为11mg/kg和13mg/kg。解吸模型研究为评价土壤磷素有效性提供了一种新方法。     

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilisation on soil nutrient dynamics in a Savannah region (DR Congo)

Very few studies have considered the residual effect of inorganic and organic fertilisation on oxisol chemistry and plant productivity while studying the response of maize to fresh fertiliser application. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of five treatments of inorganic and organic fertilisers on maize productivity and soil fertility under field conditions in a Savannah region. The trials were conducted from 2009 to 2011 and the treatments included inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP), Entada abyssinica, Tithonia diversifolia, inorganic NP combined with E. abyssinica, and inorganic NP combined with T. diversifolia, and no fertilised plots. The combination of NP with T. diversifolia or E. abyssinica leaves resulted in the highest increase in grain yields during the first crop season.The positive residual effects of fertilisers on maize grain yield were strong and significant in the immediate succeeding season and decreased during the second year following fertilisation. The highest residual effect was observed in plots fertilised with E. abyssinica combined with NP, followed by T. diversifolia combined with NP, and E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia without NP, respectively. The lowest residual effect was observed in plots fertilised with inorganic NP. Analytical results revealed that total nutrients in the soil matrix are not dominantly in forms available for plant uptake. There were significant residual effects for total potassium in the site with low initial nutrient levels. The soil content of bioavailable phosphorus, nickel, zinc, copper, and cobalt was in general below detectable levels.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

土壤磷素微生物作用的研究进展

土壤中许多微生物(包括菌根真菌)能够通过产生质子和有机酸溶解土壤不溶态无机磷，通过分泌磷酸酶水解有机磷，但微生物的这种作用受土壤供磷与植物对磷需求间平衡的控制。土壤微生物量中的磷是土壤有机磷最为活跃的部分，由于其周转快、极易矿化为植物有效磷而成为土壤有效磷的活性库。目前，测定土壤微生物量中的磷的方法并不统一，而熏蒸提取法的应用最为广泛。文章阐述了土壤微生物在提高土壤磷素有效性磷中所起的作用，介绍了土壤微生物量中的磷周转及其对土壤磷素有效性调节的重要性，并总结分析了熏蒸提取法测定土壤微生物量中的磷的实用性和局限性。     

中酸性土壤无机磷形态及生物有效性

在黄棕壤和棕红壤上施用磷肥,经三年室内湿润条件下培养,用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法测定各形态磷含量.各形态用增量的分配比例表明,Fe-P居首位,其次为Al-P和O-P.三级Ca-P之和在20％以下.经培养的土壤种植黑麦草,其生物量和吸磷量与各形态磷量的相关系数除Ca10-P外,均达到极显著水准.土壤有效磷与各形态磷的相关性表明,Ca2-P是土壤有效磷的直接给源（r=0.992）,Fe-P、Al-P是有效磷的重要潜在性给源（r分别为0.982和0.914）,O-P、Ca10-P为无效态磷（r=-0.168）.     

猪场废水厌氧消化过程中的除磷效果

采用序批式半连续厌氧消化试验方法,研究猪场废水厌氧消化过程中磷的去除情况。结果表明,水力停留时间（HRT）为1、3、6和9 d的厌氧反应器平均除磷率分别为65.0%、81.1%、82.7%和83.0%,而COD平均去除率分别为54.5%、82.3%、87.0%和85.9%。厌氧反应器除磷能力随沼气产量的增加而增加,说明厌氧反应器中磷的去除与产甲烷过程密切相关。对厌氧消化前后的污泥进行浸提后发现,厌氧消化过程中,化学反应生成磷酸盐沉淀的除磷作用十分显著,污泥中正磷酸盐,与铁结合的磷化合物（Fe-RP）,还原可溶性磷,与钙、镁离子结合的磷化合物（Ca-RP、Mg-RP）以及无机或有机聚合磷增加量分别为0.027 8～0.101 5、0.013 5～0.081 0、0.2165～0.430 5、23.4～54.8和7.2～21.5 mg.g-1;且总体而言,HRT越长,污泥中与不同金属结合的磷增加量就越大。从HRT、磷和有机物的去除效果以及沼气产气速率3个方面综合考虑,猪场废水厌氧消化反应器的HRT控制在3 d为宜。     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Hedley的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态,结果表明、热带胶园土壤磷主要以ResidualP、NaOH－Po和NaOH－Pi形态存在;各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于38％;其中ResidualP和NaOH－Po的损失量最高,分别占全磷损失量的52％和16％,它们是长期耕作条件下热带胶园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响

采用田间盆栽试验,研究了生物炭（biochar）对玉米（Gramineae）苗期生长（60 d）及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期的前33 d,生物炭（48 t.hm-2）对玉米株高的生长有显著抑制作用,但随着玉米的生长发育,生物炭的抑制作用逐渐消失。收获时（播种后60 d）,生物炭对玉米植株干质量,N、P养分的吸收量没有显著影响;生物炭（12、48 t.hm-2）能显著提高土壤全N、有机碳质量分数,但对土壤全P、有效P、pH值没有显著影响。土壤全N、有机碳质量分数与生物炭用量（0、2.4、12、48 t.hm-2）为显著正相关（n=12,p〈0.01）。     

外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物各形态磷的影响

以原沉积物（处理1）和添加0.4%葡萄糖（碳源,处理2）的沉积物作为底质培养狐尾藻,采用室内模拟实验,研究了外加碳源及沉水植物对沉积物有机和无机磷形态的影响。结果表明：随着培养时间的延续,狐尾藻的生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积;沉水植物对磷的不同赋存形态的影响并不相同,其中对无机磷形态中的Fe/Al-P和有机形态磷中的活性有机磷有显著的影响（p〈0.05）,而对其它形态磷的影响没有表现出统计差异;无论有无种植沉水植物,外加碳源可促进了沉积物Fe/Al-P和有机磷释放,增加了Ca-P固定;外加碳源显著提高了有机磷中活性有机磷的质量分数（p〈0.05）,降低了稳定性有机磷的质量分数,而种植沉水植物可显著降低活性有机磷质量分数。说明碳源和沉水植物对沉积物中磷形态分布有重要影响。     

贵州喀斯特山区不同种植年限花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构特征研究

以贵州花江峡谷花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeamun)林为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析种植5、10、20、30 a花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性特征,探讨不同种植年限花椒土壤理化因子对根际细菌群落分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区花椒农业可持续发展提供有效的理论依据.结果表明,随着花椒种植...