模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法，对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点，确定了8个指标作为评价因子，建立了评价因素矩阵，计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上，提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别，证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

有机物污染综合指数在水源水质评价中的应用

在对两自来水公司水源水进行为期１年的水质检测基础上，采用水质类别法和有机污染物综合指数法对各点水源水质进行评价，其结果两种评价方法得出一致的结论，综合指地能直接反映水体受污染的性质和程度，在基层单位具有实用性。     

基于水质模型的水污染物排污权交易理论研究

在中国排污权交易制度需全面完善的背景下,水污染物排污权交易环节的建设显得尤为薄弱,结合国内目前水污染物排污权交易发展现状及存在的问题,在水质模型的基础上,提出了以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-2002)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)为前提的水污染物排污权交易计算方法,量化排污权交易可行性,预测由交易导致的水质变化。     

改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

灰色聚类法在地面水质综合评价中的应用

应用灰色聚类法对１９９５年南通市濠河水质进行单因子污染等级评价，评价结果表明灰色聚类法用于地面水质综合评价具有计算简便，能客观反映水质的污染状况，是一种较好的评价方法。     

瘦西湖风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统结构与功能

在瘦西湖选择中试河段,利用太阳能风能绿色能源,研发了风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统。系统由风光互补发电子系统、曝气生物接触氧化子系统、植物生态子系统组成。风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统运行正常。按照景观娱乐用水水质标准进行水质监测,采用模糊综合评价与贴近度计算方法,进行了系统水净化功能评价。结果表明,在试验段原水水质低于景观水C类,经该系统水净化后,可以达到景观水B类。系统的开发与实验,探索了利用绿色能源河湖水净化的新途径。     

煤气发生站洗冷废水治理研究

研究了以活性炭作为吸附剂处理煤气发生站废水工艺，并摸索出一整套的工艺参数。实验结果表明，采用活性炭吸附工艺使出水水质得到明显改观，硫化物、氰化物和挥发酚的去除效率均达９０％以上，对ＣＯＤｃｒ、氨氮的去除也收到了明显的效果。     

综合调水对苏州河周边水系水质影响的数值模拟

进行长期有效的水资源综合调度是实现2010年苏州河河水变清的综合整治目标的一项重要措施。为进一步论证该项措施对周边水系的水质影响,为综合调水提供科学的决策依据,利用MIKE11模型系统建立了上海市苏州河水系的水动力、水质模型,进行苏州河综合调水对黄浦江以及蕴藻浜水质的影响作用的数值模拟。分析表明,苏州河综合调水对松浦大桥取水口水质基本没有影响,并可以在一定程度上改善黄浦江干流中下游河段的水质;东引北排初期会增加蕴藻浜干流的污染负荷,持续调水6d后蕴藻浜干流河段的水质将得到改善。     

水质规划概率模型的研究

着重分析了河流水文状况的对河流水质的影响，分析和研究了水污染的变化规律，以氧亏值作为水质的约束指标，以河流量的Ｐ－Ⅲ型概率分布为基础，建立了水质控制模型，并以保证率来控制水污染，用概率论和数理统计的方法对这一模型进行求解。     

改进的QGA-BP模型在弥苴河总氮量预测中的应用

水质预测对水环境规划、评价和管理十分重要。构建一种改进的量子遗传算法(QGA)优化BP神经网络的模型,即在量子遗传算法中引入了旋转角的动态改进策略和遗传算法的交叉变异操作,并以改进的QGA作为进化操作准则优化BP模型的权值和阈值。以弥苴河复杂水环境水质预测为实例,选取一组历史观测数据作为训练样本,对其进行分析。将结果与BP模型、QGA-BP模型仿真结果进行了对比,改进后的QGA-BP模型在进化代数、收敛速度和预测结果的准确率有较大提高。对弥苴河水质的预测结果表明,将改进QGA-BP模型用于水质预测是可行、有效的预测方法。     

Detection of herbicides in water bodies of the Samambaia River sub-basin in the Federal District and eastern Goiás

Abstract

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify herbicide residues in water samples of rain, cisterns, streams, ponds, springs, semi-artesian wells, dams and a river in the Rio Samambaia sub-basin in the Federal District and eastern Goiás. A total of 287 samples were collected from 20 farms in the sub-basin in the rainy (February, summer) and dry (August, winter) seasons in 2016. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA, a glyphosate metabolite), clethodim, chlorimuron-ethyl, diuron, fluazifop acid (a fluazifop-p-butyl metabolite and the active ingredient), haloxyfop acid (a haloxyfop-methyl metabolite and the active ingredient), imazamox, mesotrione, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron and pendimethalin were not identified in any water sample. In the rainy season, approximately 99% of the samples contained residues at least one of the evaluated herbicides; in the dry season (, 100% of the samples contained residues of at least one of the evaluated herbicides. When considering only detection frequency, metribuzin, atrazine, clomazone and haloxyfop-methyl were the main herbicides found in the water of the Samambaia River sub-basin. In turn, based on levels higher than the limit of quantification, the main compounds detected were atrazine, clomazone, haloxyfop-methyl and glyphosate. In both seasons, the highest relative concentrations of herbicides for the rainy and dry seasons were found in spring water, 25% and 56%, respectively, and dam water, 23% and 16%, respectively.     

水体重金属的污染危害及其修复技术

近年江河湖泊重金属含量呈逐年上升趋势,同时累积于蔬菜、肉类、鱼类、海鲜中,富集于动植物体内,已严重威胁着人们的健康,而对于水体重金属污染的修复尚未引起人们的足够重视,因此,针对目前中国水环境的污染现状,介绍其修复对策.     

指示水体病原污染的微生物及其检测

受粪便污染的水体可能含有严重威胁人类和动物健康的致病微生物,由于病原微生物在水环境中往往数量较少、检测比较困难,通常采用检测与病原微生物具有密切关系的指示微生物来指示和估计病原污染.指示微生物包括总大肠菌群及其替代微生物,已被广泛应用于水体污染程度检测等方面.总结了各种指示微生物的特性、应用范围以及检测方法等方面的最新研究进展.初步介绍了指示微生物和水环境之间的关系,着重介绍了判断病原微生物污染来源的指示微生物及其最新检测方法.     

淄博孝妇河流域孔隙水流酸盐污染特征及其形成

分析１９８９～１９９６年孔隙水的化学资料,总结出了研究区孔隙水硫酸盐污染的特点,借助原状土柱试验探明,孔隙水中污染组分来源于农业灌溉污水。农灌的频率与强度及大气降水的特点共同决定了本区孔隙水污染特征的形成。因此,停止或减少污灌量是改善地下水环境的有效且经济的方法。     

岩溶水系统中微生物迁移机制

对桂林罗锦响水岩岩溶水系统雨前、雨中和雨后水中及悬浮物上携带的细菌数量变化规律分析表明,在雨期,岩溶地下河水质变化对地表水质响应迅速,表现为在一定时期内地下水与地表水中的细菌总数可达到同一个数量级;地下水中TSS与细菌总数的变化具有一致性,即细菌总数随TSS的升降而升降,说明细菌大多是附着在悬浮颗粒物运移的;同时,岩溶区地下河局部存在的溶潭等蓄水构造对污染物具有明显的纳污与稀释效应,是岩溶地下河系统产生自净作用的主要场所。TSS与地下水流速呈正相关,而附着在悬浮颗粒物上的细菌占地下水中细菌总数的比例与流速呈负相关。地下河洞口的堆积物对微生物具有明显的截留作用,其对微生物的吸附和缓慢释放,是导致地下河在很长一段时间内都会受到微生物污染的主要原因。     

污染地下水原位处理方法:可渗透反应墙

可渗透反应墙法是 2 0世纪 90年代新兴的一种地下水污染原位处理方法 ,该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段。该方法与早期的一些处理方法相比 ,具有能持续原位处理、处理组分多、价格相对便宜等特点。本文系统介绍了该处理方法的基本原理、系统的结构构造和类型、处理机理和反应材料以及设计与施工等 ,为在我国开展该方法的研究和应用打下基础。     

Does salt water intrusion constitute a mercury contamination risk for coastal fresh water aquifers?

Four different sampling surveys were carried out in 1998 to evaluate the possible causes of severe mercury contamination involving many wells spread over a vast territory along the coast of southern Tuscany (Italy). Several samples of groundwater and coastal sea water were collected to determine the Hg, Cl, Ar, He and N contents. Anthropogenic or deep-seated sources of the Hg involved in the contamination event can be excluded. The observed coupling of Hg pollution with progressive salt water intrusion along the coastal aquifer indicates a close causal relation between these two phenomena.     

采用正交实验优化湿热法处理厨余垃圾的工艺条件

实验采用3因素3水平的正交实验设计方法,研究了湿热法处理厨余垃圾并使其饲料化的加工工艺中,时间、温度、加水量对厨余垃圾饲用价值的影响,选取粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和盐分为评价指标,确定反应的最佳工艺条件.实验结果表明,反应的最佳工艺条件为温度100℃、加水量50%、反应时间30 min.     

采用正交实验优化湿热法处理厨余垃圾的工艺条件

实验采用3因素3水平的正交实验设计方法,研究了湿热法处理厨余垃圾并使其饲料化的加工工艺中,时间、温度、加水量对厨余垃圾饲用价值的影响,选取粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和盐分为评价指标,确定反应的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,反应的最佳工艺条件为温度100℃、加水量50%、反应时间30 m in。     

Trace elements and microbiological parameters in farmed Nile tilapia with emphasis on muscle,water, sediment and feed

Fish may bioaccumulate contaminants from the aquatic environment and extend them to the food chain provoking risks to human health. This study evaluated the microbiological parameters of the pond´s water and trace elements concentrations in samples of water, sediment, feed and muscle of farmed Nile tilapia used for human consumption in southern Brazil. A total of 240 fish were collected from 12 tilapia farms. Sediment, tank water and dry ration used in the animals' diet were collected for analysis. Analysis were performed by Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Induced Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS-VGA). In addition, the microbiological analysis of the water was carried out. The concentrations of Se, I, Fe, Cu and Zn in fish muscle were higher than the recommended by the Brazilian legislation, considering the advised daily intake for adults. The arsenic element had concentrations above the limit stipulated by the present Brazilian legislation, observed in all samples of muscle, sediment and tank water highlighting a possible environmental and fish contamination by the toxic element. Moreover, the arsenic concentration in the water presented a positive correlation (ρ?=?0.33) with arsenic in the muscle, suggesting that tilapia is a good environmental bioindicator, once they properly reflect the levels of arsenic in the water. It is suggested to perform an arsenic speciation for quantification of the inorganic form and accurate assessment of the degree of toxicity in the muscle samples and risks it can bring to human health. Regarding the other potentially toxic elements (Hg, Pb and Cd), and microbiological analysis of water it was verified that the consumption of the fish in question does not raise risks, since the values are within a quality benchmark established by law. The concentration of total and fecal coliforms in pond´s water in the facilities was in agreement with the microbiological indexes required by the legislation of CONAMA class II. Western region presented the lowest concentrations of fecal coliforms when compared to the other regions. There was no significant difference in the microbiological counts of total heterotrophic bacteria, Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. among the regions.