内蒙古辉河自然保护区植物功能型的空间变异性研究

为了揭示辉河国家级自然保护区不同功能区植物功能型及生物多样性的变化特征,采用样带与样地结合的方法在核心区、缓冲区和实验区进行植被调查。选取3块生境条件基本相同的样地(面积为250 m×250 m),每块样地设置3条样带,每条样带上设置8个样方(面积为1 m×1 m)。分析丰富度指数、多样性指数、群落生物量和生活型植物功能型在不同功能区的空间变异性。结果表明,研究区植物以多年生杂类草和多年生禾草为主;在核心区和缓冲区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的物种数较多,一年生草本极少;在实验区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草等功能型的物种数明显减少,而一年生草本增加。从核心区、缓冲区到实验区,灌木的优势度逐渐增加,与核心区相比,缓冲区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度无显著差异(P0.05);实验区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度均显著低于核心区相应功能型的优势度(P0.05),而一年生草本的优势度从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次增加。多年生禾草、多年生杂类草的生物量及群落总生物量从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次减少;灌木和一年生草本的生物量则依次增加。缓冲区物种Patrick丰富度指数最高,且显著高于实验区和核心区(P0.05);与核心区相比,缓冲区Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

不同放牧强度上内蒙古短花针茅草原植物功能群水分和氮素利用效率相关分析

以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象,设置4个不同的放牧梯度:无牧区、轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧,载畜率依次为0、0.91、1.82和2.71 sheep·hm~(-2)·0.5 a~(-1);根据生活型划分植物功能群(多年生杂类草,多年生禾草,一年生草本,小半灌木),利用稳定性碳同位素测定植物叶片的碳同位素值,结合植物叶片C/N,探讨放牧对植物功能群水分及氮素利用效率的影响,分析不同植物功能群面对干扰时的生理生态应对策略,为放牧条件下荒漠草原植物资源利用对策的选择提供参考。结果表明:(1)随着放牧强度的增大,一年生草本植物的水分利用效率增大(P=0.000 7),而多年生杂草和多年生禾草水分利用效率降低(P=0.000 9,P=0.000 02),小半灌木的水分利用效率没有显著差异(P0.05);(2)随放牧强度的增大,植物功能群的N素含量普遍增大,而C/N普遍降低,植物的资源利用效率降低;(3)在一年生草本植物中,δ~(13)C与C/N呈极显著负相关(r=-0.865,P0.01),而在多年生禾草、杂类草和半灌木中,二者呈显著正相关(r=0.699,r=0.593,r=0.642,P0.05);δ~(13)C与C/N之间的关系因植物体内N的分配而异,不同植物具有不同的资源利用策略。     

三江平原湿地植物物种空间分异规律的探讨

研究了三江平原典型湿地在地形、水分等因素制约下的植物物种空间分异规律,包括垂直分异规律和水平分异规律。首先,按照地形和水分的分异组合特点,把湿地生境分为较干燥生境、季节积水生境和常年积水生境。然后,在各个生境内采用样方法和样线法调查植物物种。调查分为20世纪70年代、80年代和2003年3个时期,范围包括三江平原的典型湿地植物群落。数据分析时采用了生境组合法。即把3个不同的生境组合成一个水分(或地形)梯度带,根据频度和多度指标筛选出主要物种,然后按照其空间位置,列出主要植物物种沿水分梯度带的分布序列。研究发现:三江平原湿地不同生境的植物物种组合和垂直分异差别明显。较干燥生境的植被类型以岛状林群落为代表,乔木、灌木和草本植物层次分明。季节性积水生境的植被类型以小叶章群落为代表,是典型的湿草甸植物群落,垂直结构不明显。常年积水生境以毛果苔草群落为代表,植物群落层次也比较明显。植物物种水平分异规律,基本上可由植物物种空间分布序列图来代表。随着地势降低,水分增多,乔、灌植物,湿草甸植物,水生草本植物在特定的空间依次出现。     

古田山国家级自然保护区黄山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对黄山松群落特征及物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,古田山自然保护区黄山松群落植物种类较丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分较复杂。从属的地理成分来看,温带分布的属多于热带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地下芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小依次为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。     

宁夏盐池四儿滩湿地-干草原植被群落稳定性研究

以宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地-干草原为研究对象,根据四儿滩湿地植被特征,将其由湿地中心向外依次划分为湿生带、交错带、旱生带。通过2012年7—9月份的野外调查,利用改进的M.Godron稳定性测定方法,研究其植被群落的稳定性。结果表明：（1）3条样地带的植被群落稳定性交点坐标分别为(18.39,81.61)、(24.75,75.25)、(22.85,77.15),即湿生带植被群落稳定性最高(欧氏平方距离为5.1802),旱生带次之（欧氏平方距离为16.2677）,可见水分对植被群落稳定性有着正相关作用;而由于交错带位于湿生带和旱生带之间,同时湿地面积不断缩减,因而交错带处于不断演替的阶段,其植被群落稳定性最低。（2）3条样带的植被种类数量表现为,交错带数量最多（23种）,旱生带次之（21种）,湿生带的种类最少（12种）,主要与旱生带土壤含水量低,湿生带土壤盐碱化严重的现象密切相关,而交错带由于处于旱生带和湿生带之间,同时具备了土壤含水量适中,土壤盐碱化较弱的优点,故植被种类最多。整体上,四儿滩湿地植被群落趋于稳定,且植被种类较多。这与近年来盐池县实施的草场封育措施密切相关,大大降低了放牧对湿地植被的破坏,利于植被生长和恢复。此外,今年雨水较往年多,很大程度地提高了干旱半干旱区植被的覆盖率和多样性,提高其稳定性。     

高寒草甸不同类型草地群落特征及优势种植物生态位差异

为了解高寒草甸不同种群利用资源和占据生态空间的能力,结合野外试验和室内分析等手段对青藏高原杂类草草甸、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸的群落数量特征及主要优势种植物的生态位进行研究.结果表明,不同群落类型高寒草甸物种组成、Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均表现出杂类草草甸矮嵩草草甸小嵩草草甸藏嵩草沼泽化草甸;地上生物量为藏嵩草沼泽化草甸矮嵩草草甸杂类草草甸小嵩草草甸;不同群落类型优势种群所占的比例存在差异性.生态位宽度以及主要优势种植物生态位重叠值在不同植被类型差异明显,垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)在杂类草和矮嵩草草甸的生态位宽度最大,小嵩草和藏嵩草分别在小嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中最大,且生态位越大与其他植物的生态位重叠程度较高.但同一物种在不同群落类型所占的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值也不同,生态位宽度大的物种间生态位重叠值也越大.说明高寒草甸优势种群在资源利用能力或环境的生态适应能力方面有较大的差异性,环境资源的异质性是导致群落组成不同的关键因子.     

载畜率对荒漠草原群落及植物功能群生物量的影响

以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象,设置4个载畜率水平的随机区组实验,根据生活型和不同光合途径划分植物功能群,探讨载畜率对群落地上地下生物量和不同功能群生物量的影响。结果表明:群落地上生物量随载畜率的增大而显著降低(P0.05),且二者呈负相关关系,回归方程Y=281.54-53.47X;地下生物量呈"T"字型分布,约80%生物量集中分布在0~20 cm土层中,载畜率对地下生物量及分布无显著影响(P0.05);群落根冠比在7~12之间,随载畜率的增大而显著增大(P0.05)。载畜率对C4植物地上生物量无显著影响(P0.05),但其相对生物量随载畜率的增大而增大,C3植物地上生物量与相对生物量均随载畜率的增大而降低(P0.05)。多年生丛生禾草地上生物量相对稳定,受载畜率的影响差异不显著(P0.05);其相对生物量在群落中最高,且均随载畜率的增大而增大(P0.05);灌木、半灌木和小半灌木的地上生物量随载畜率的增大而减小(P0.05),但其相对生物量除重度放牧显著最低(P0.05)外,其他处理之间无显著差异(P0.05);多年生杂类草、多年生根茎禾草和一、二年生植物地上生物量与相对生物量均随载畜率的增大而显著降低(P0.05),多年生根茎禾草在轻度放牧下就几乎消失,而一、二年生植物在重度放牧下消失。     

洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落生活型构成及其环境影响因子

通过分析植物生活型可以了解植物群落结构及其环境的关系.采用样带法对洞庭湖湿地南荻、苔草、辣蓼和虉草4种植物群落物种多样性、植物生活型结构及环境因子开展调查研究.结果表明:洞庭湖湖湿地不同高程下典型植物群落物种多样性指数呈明显的规律性变化,表现为沿高程变化呈"V"型特征,即高、低程区高,中程区低,物种多样性指数的变化可能与地下水埋深及物种特性相关;植物群落生活型以一年生植物为主,其次为地下芽和地面芽植物,地上芽和高位芽植物分布较少;群落物种生活型类型及相同生活型植物在群落中的比例随高程的递增而增加;CCA分析表明,土壤物理性质的变化对植物群落生活型的构成影响极为重要,其中地下水位和高程的变化对植物生活型分布起着决定性作用.因此,地下水位和高程影响群落物种多样性指数,同时地下水位和高程的变化决定植物生活型的分布.     

陆地生态系统植物和土壤微生物群落多样性对全球变化的响应与适应研究进展

生态系统植物和土壤微生物群落多样性受氮沉降、气候变暖、大气CO_2浓度升高(eCO_2)、极端干旱等全球变化的强烈影响,深入认识和理解全球变化下植物群落-土壤微生物群落的关系对生物多样性保护至关重要。文章综述了陆地生态系统植物和土壤微生物群落多样性对以上4种全球变化单因子和多因子(双因子、三因子及四因子)交互作用的响应与适应规律。主要结论为,(1)氮沉降、气候变暖和极端干旱均改变了植物和土壤微生物的群落组成,呈现降低、增加和无影响3种效应,大多数研究结果是降低效应,例如高氮沉降和长期低水平氮沉降减少了植物多样性,微生物群落多样性的下降幅度随氮沉降时间和量的增加而加强;气候变暖改变了植物的物候,降低了植物多样性,促使土壤微生物群落的演替分异;极端干旱导致植物组成发生了方向性的变化,植物多样性降低并促进盐生植物的生长,土壤微生物量和活性降低并促使转向渗透胁迫型策略。(2)eCO_2增加促进植物光合作用从而刺激植物的生长,对植物多样性的影响取决于资源可利用性,一般增加根际细菌和土壤真菌的相对丰度以加快土壤的碳源利用。(3)全球变化多因子交互作用下植物-土壤微生物群落多样性的关联效应主要为协同、累加、抵消或非加性等,其中氮沉降×气候变暖为累加;氮沉降×eCO_2对植物生物量的影响为协同增效,而对植物群落可能是相反或抵消;气候变暖×eCO_2对土壤微生物群落为累加;三因子和四因子交互作用对植物和土壤微生物群落为非加性,较难预测。最后指出当前的研究不足和今后的发展方向:(1)加大不同时空尺度的植物和土壤微生物群落研究;(2)精确全球变化多因子交互作用对植物和土壤微生物群落多样性影响的估算。     

干旱区荒漠植物体内潜在水源差异及利用策略分析

水作为干旱区重要的环境因素之一,是荒漠植物生长发育的主要限制因子,故在荒漠区开展植物体内潜在水源差异及水分利用策略分析对综合理解生态水文过程具有重要意义。通过对艾比湖流域不同生活型荒漠植物的木质部及潜在水源(凝结水、地下水、河水和土壤水(0-40、40-70、70-100、100-150 cm))的稳定同位素值(δ~(18)O)进行统计学分析,利用多源线性混合模型(IsoSource)分析各潜在水源对植物体所吸收利用水分来源的贡献比率,并比较各潜在水源之间δ~(18)O值。结果表明,(1)土壤水的δ~(18)O变化范围为(-6.292‰--3.995‰),并且δ~(18)O随着土壤深度的加深,不同土层间的δ~(18)O表现为逐渐偏负;乔灌木与草本的δ~(18)O差异显著,而乔木与灌木的δ~(18)O差异不显著。(2)不同生活型的植物在对水分来源上存在明显差异,乔木对水分的利用主要集中于单一地下水资源;灌木除较多利用地下水外,也多元的利用其它水源;芦苇(Phragmites australis)与盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)主要利用地下水,其它草本植物将表层土壤水作为首要水源。(3)浅根系与中深根系植物在各水源利用方面,除对(100-150 cm)的土壤水的利用无显著差异外,对其它水源利用均存在极显著差异(P0.01)。在根系类型上表现出明显的垂直分布规律:中深根系植物将地下水作为第一水源,而浅根系植物主要利用表层土壤水(0-40 cm)。以上研究结果表明,干旱荒漠区,植物所需水分主要受生活型和根系类型影响,其中后者影响更甚。     

环境因子和火干扰因子对喀纳斯泰加林柳兰分布的影响

喀纳斯泰加林植被的生长和分布受火干扰和环境因子的共同作用,为了解喀纳斯泰加林林下柳兰分布与生态因子的关系,促进种群扩繁,共设置了35个样地进行调查和分析。建立柳兰重要值与生态因子矩阵,利用CCA分析法对不同火烧林分中柳兰的生长分布状况与林火烈度、火后时间、海拔、坡度、坡向、郁闭度、土壤pH值、速效钾、土壤有机质、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和草本层物种多样性指数等20个生态因子的关系进行了分析。结果显示,第一轴主要反映林火烈度、海拔、坡向,灌木层盖度、pH值、有机质、全钾和速效钾的变化;第二轴主要反映林火烈度、火后时间、草本层盖度、坡向、坡位、土壤容重、电导率、有机质、有效磷和全氮的变化。对柳兰分布有显著影响的生态因子是林火烈度、有机质、海拔、坡向、灌木层盖度、土壤容重、全钾和速效钾,前两轴的累计贡献率为72.48%。柳兰适合在土壤呈弱酸性、海拔低、阳坡、土壤容重小、土壤有机质、全钾和速效钾含量高的环境中生长。柳兰是阳性植物,是火烧后的先锋植物。对影响柳兰分布的生态因子进行定量分离,结果发现环境因子和火干扰因子对柳兰样地物种分布的解释能力为88.2%,显示出较好的排序效果。喀纳斯泰加林受人为干扰较少,柳兰所在植物群落与环境保持了良好的对应关系,生态因子与物种分布呈显著相关(P=0.003),表明CCA排序结果可以解释生态因子对物种分布的影响程度。     

Species diversity and leaf functional traits of understory vegetation one year after severe burning北大核心CSCD

以北京油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林为研究对象,采用独立样本T检验、冗余分析等方法,分析重度火烧1年后林下植被(灌木层和草本层)的物种多样性、叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.结果显示:(1)与对照样地相比,重度火烧后灌木层物种丰富度指数极显著降低(P <0.01),但Shannon指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou指数虽呈下降趋势但未达显著水平(P> 0.05);草本层除Pielou指数外,各物种多样性指数均显著增加(P <0.05).(2)重度火烧样地灌木层和草本层的叶厚度(LT)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶碳含量(LCC)、叶磷含量(LPC)均高于对照样地,而比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(LNC)、叶片氮磷比(N:P)、叶绿素含量(CHL)低于对照样地,除灌木层LPC和N:P及草本层SLA、LCC和LPC外,其他各叶功能性状在火烧与对照间差异均达显著水平.对于不同生活型而言,对照样地的LDMC、LNC、LCC、CHL存在显著差异,而在重度火烧后差异不显著;LT、SLA在重度火烧和对照样地上均呈现显著差异;而LPC、N:P在重度火烧与对照样地上均无显著差异.(3)重度火烧后1年,灌木层和草本层的叶功能性状均仅与土壤含水率、容重和非毛管孔隙度密切相关.本研究表明在油松人工林重度火烧后1年,灌木层物种多样性降低,而草本层物种多样性增加,灌草层的各叶功能性状主要受土壤物理性质的影响呈现不同的变化规律.(图4参45)     

Plant biomass allocation strategies of the dominant species in an alpine meadow of northwestern Sichuan,China北大核心CSCD

Plant biomass partitioning is an important driver of whole-plant net carbon gain, as biomass allocation could directly affect plant's future growth and reproduction. Alpine meadow in the northwestern Sichuan was impressed by the abundant community structure and species diversity. This study on biomass allocation pattern of different functional types and lifeforms might help understand plant life-history strategy of alpine meadow plants. We investigated 72 dominant herbaceous species for their compartments, biomass, and morphological traits during 2012-2014. These plants were sampled from natural grassland, disturbed grassland, and wintergreen grassland; they belonged to three functional types (grass, sedge, and forb) and two lifeforms (annual and perennial). The scaling relationships between functional traits of these plants were analyzed using Model type II regression method to estimate the parameters of the allometric equations. (1) Biomass allocation proportion of components significantly differed among grasses, sedges, and forbs owing to phylogeny: grasses had the highest stem biomass percentage, sedges had higher root biomass percentage, and forbs had higher leaf biomass percentage, but the scaling relationships were not significantly different, and isometric scaling was noted between biomass components for the three functional types. (2) Moreover, plant lifeforms affected the biomass allocation proportion of components, owing to the shorter or longer turnover rate and investment strategy between annual and perennial species. Annuals allocated more biomass to the stem and reproduction organs, but perennials invested more biomass to the leaves and roots. (3) In addition, plants from different grassland types differed in both biomass and morphology traits. Moreover, forbs from natural grassland and wintergreen grassland had higher leaf and reproductive biomass, but those from disturbed grasslands had higher stem biomass. Our results suggest that the functional type and lifeform decide the inherent scaling relationships between components of plants, but anthropogenic disturbance significantly impacted the quantity of component biomass. This study has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the response of alpine plants to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance as well as to help in the scientific management of alpine meadow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of initial irrigation,seeding date and directlyhauled topsoil on mined land community composition

This study was implemented to determine the effects of one, two, or three months of establishment irrigation, after spring or summer seeding on the long-term composition of mined land plant associations. While the treatment plots were seeded with the same diverse mixture of native species, floristic differences among treatment combinations were apparent after five growing seasons. Summer seeding enhanced the development of seeded warm-season grasses by retarding the initial development of seeded cool-season grasses and by limiting competitive effects of nonseeded species through seedbed tillage. Supplemental irrigation was substantially more important to the development of warm- than cool-season grasses. Seeded perennial forbs performed poorly on all treatments, presumably due to low seed viability, low germination, and/or competition from more water-responsive species. Despite drought conditions during plant establishment, supplemental irrigation was not critical to the ultimate development of nonseeded plant species when seedbed tillage occurred shortly after topsoil was applied. However, irrigation became more important to the long-term development of these species when tillage was delayed. Most forbs encountered were perennial natives that had volunteered from the direct-haul topsoil.Atriplex canescens was the only successful seeded shrub and performed particularly well on the summer seeded plot that received one month of initial irrigation.Authors are research plant ccologist and director of research. This contribution submitted as Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. J-1560. This study was funded entirely by the Western Energy Company, Butte, Montana. The authors express their appreciation to Bill Schwarzkoph and Joe Cocnenberg of Western Energy Company, and former Reclamation Research Unit members Ed DePuit, Chet Skilbred, and Steve Young for their participation in the early stages of this study.     

金沙江流域干热河谷上中下游草地植物群落结构与相似性

选择金沙江干流及支流小江干热河谷典型草地,采用标准样地调查法,对其上游、中游、下游以及支流干热河谷草地植物分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等开展研究,结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落结构自上游至下游,多年生草本植物种类的比例逐渐增加,灌木和一年生草本植物种类比例逐渐减少;金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主灌木为辅的群落结构类型;支流小江干热河谷群落中,多年生草本和灌木植物种类比例相同,一年生草本植物种类比例较低。（2）金沙江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随地理环境的改变而不同。（3）金沙江干热河谷存在种群扩散通道作用,但种群扩散通道作用受扩散距离的影响。（4）金沙江干热河谷草地植物种群的扩散、定居受到经向、纬向的影响。     

喀斯特山地草地植物群落结构与相似性特征

选择贵州典型喀斯特山地草地植物群落为研究对象,采用标准样地调查法,对不同海拔、坡向的植物群落结构、物种分布、种群习性等展开研究,结果表明,（1）喀斯特山地草地植物群落结构随海拔的升高,多年生草本植物种类比例逐渐降低,一年生草本植物和灌木植物没有明显的变化规律;喀斯特山地草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主,一年生草本和灌木为辅的植物群落结构类型。（2）喀斯特山地草地植物群落中,斑茅（Saccharum arundinaceum）、紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）、扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）、莠竹（Microstegium nudum）种群分别为不同海拔样点的优势种群,优势种群和次优种群以多年生草本植物主要。（3）喀斯特山地草地不同海拔间的植物群落相似性系数均在0~0.25之间,属于极不相似水平,海拔梯度间群落结构差异较大。喀斯特山地草地植物群落物种多样性较高,同时坡向对于植物群落相似性的影响较小,海拔是影响群落间差异的主要因素。     

Geochemical caper fingerprints as a tool for geographical origin identification

The identification of geographical origin of food products is important for both consumers and producers to ensure quality and avoid label falsifications. The caper plant (Capparis spinosa L., Brassicales Capparidaceae), a xerophytic shrub common in the Mediterranean area, produces buds and fruits that are commercialized in brine at high price. Those grown in Italy in the Aeolian Islands are renowned for their high quality. This study is aimed to establish a correlation between the geological and geochemical features of soil and the chemical composition of caper buds grown in two Aeolian Islands, Lipari and Salina. Major and trace elements were investigated by X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in soil and caper samples from three localities in Lipari and Salina, and data from the three sites were compared by a nonparametric test, a correlation test and multivariate statistics (principal component analysis). The results allowed to discriminate soils according to geolithological characteristics of each area and detect a statistically significant correspondence between soil and caper samples for the elements Co, Fe, Mg and Rb, identifying thus possible geochemical caper fingerprints of origin. These results may also be useful to protect the high quality of Aeolian caper products by a suitable “Made in Italy” trademark and avoid falsifications and frauds.     

三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

Vegetation pattern related tc grazing pressure in alpine meadows of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

The present study aims to analyze the interaction of prevailing biotic pressure on plant species diversity in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) which lies in northern part of Uttaranchal hills between 79 degrees 40'E to 80 degrees 05'E longitude and 30 degrees 17' N to 30 degrees 41'N latitude and covers an area of 2236.7 km2. A total of 75 species has been found which included the herbaceous plants viz., grasses, sedges and forbs. Generally, the plants have a short life span of 3-4 months. However, few species persist throughout the growth period i.e. May-October. Phytosociological study performed in plots of varying slope and grazing pressure intensity revealed that the dominant grasses were Danthonia cachemyriana and Poa annua and dominant forbs were Trachydium roylei and Geum elatum in all the plots. Grasses were abundant on west facing slopes while forbs preferred the even topography of east facing meadows. The grasses and sedges together had optimum density during July and August. In general, short lived species exhibited more diversity for one or two months whilst the long lived species exhibited optimum diversity althrough the snow free period. The species diversity is maximum (100%) in moderately grazed bughiyals i.e. Pacchu and minimum in intensively grazed bughiyals i.e. Martoli. The species distribution among the plots was 60-90% contagious and 11.2-38.0% randomirrespective of grazing pressure, thus highlighting the significance of grazing pressure in management of alpine meadows.     

Cattle Grazing Impacts on Annual Forbs and Vegetation Composition of Mesic Grasslands in California

Abstract:   Livestock grazing represents a major human alteration of natural disturbance regimes in grasslands throughout the world, and its impacts on plant communities have been highly debated. We investigated the impact of cattle grazing on the California coastal prairie plant community with a focus on native annual forbs, a number of which are of conservation concern. In spring 2000 and 2001, we surveyed the vegetation community composition, vegetation structure, and soil chemical parameters at 25 paired grazed and ungrazed sites over a 670-km range of the ecosystem. Native annual forb species richness and cover were higher in grazed sites, and this effect was concomitant with decreased vegetation height and litter depth. Soil properties explained less of the variation. Exotic annual grass and forb cover were higher in grazed sites. Native grass cover and species richness did not differ in grazed and ungrazed sites, but cover and species richness of native perennial forbs were higher in ungrazed sites. Our results suggest that cattle grazing may be a valuable management tool with which to conserve native annual forbs in the ecosystem we studied but that grazing differentially affects the various life-history guilds. Therefore, land managers must focus on creating a matrix of disturbance regimes to maintain the suite of species native to these mesic grasslands. The results of this and other studies highlight the importance of considering the adaptation of vegetation communities to disturbance in making recommendations for grazing management.