历山山核桃群落物种多样性特征

采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Alatalo指数等5个多样性指数,结合TWINSPAN分类,研究历山自然保护区山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的物种多样性与群落类型、结构及环境因子的关系.结果表明:TWINSPAN分类将35个样方分为7个群丛,各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也存在差异,山核桃群落物种多样性受其所处的坡向、坡度、土壤类型等物理微环境及群落物种组成、干扰等共同影响.方差分析结果表明:各群丛间丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也差异不显著,这说明山核桃群落生境异质性小,物种对地带性气候有相似的适应特征以及相似的资源利用方式.     

山西泽州自然保护区植物群落的数量分析

在野外样方调查基础上,采用TWINSPAN和DCA对泽州自然保护区植物群落进行了数量分类和排序研究.应用TWINSPAN方法将38个样方分为10组,根据植被分类的原则命名为10个群丛,并论述了各群丛的群落学特征.样方的DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境因子之间的关系,表明影响植物群落分布格局的生态因子主要有海拔高度、水分和温度,其中海拔高度是生态因子中对植物群落分布起决定性作用的因子.16个优势种的DCA排序的结果表明群落中优势种的分布格局所揭示的环境梯度与群落类型的分布梯度有很大的相似性,优势种的分布格局在很大程度上影响了植物群落的分布格局.排序结果与分类结果比较吻合,反映出植物群落类型和物种分布随环境因子梯度变化的趋势.     

锡林河流域草原植物群落分类及其多样性分析

研究锡林河流域草原群落的分类和群落多样性分布特征,可为寒旱区草原的合理利用和保护提供重要依据。基于流域植物群落的样方调查与TWINSPAN分类,得出锡林河流域主要植物群落类型以及影响群落类型和多样性变化的环境因子。结果表明,(1)锡林河流域草原可划分为5个群落类型,分别为大针茅Stipa grandis+羊草Leymus chinensis+黄囊苔草Carex korshinskyi群丛、羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa群丛、羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum群丛、羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群丛、糙隐子草+灰绿藜+猪毛菜Salsola collina群丛。(2)不同群落α多样性3种指数具有一致的变化趋势,而土壤类型、水分状况以及人类活动强度的差异导致了群落多样性的不同。(3)不同群落类型之间物种组成与更替速率不尽相同。从相异性指数来看,大针茅+羊草+黄囊苔草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最多,物种组成差异性最低,相似性最高,群落间变异程度最小;在羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最少,物种组成差异性最大,相似性最低,群落间变异程度最大。从Cody指数来看,羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群落物种的更替速率最慢,而羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落的更替速率最快。     

藏东地区植物群落分布格局与环境因子的关系

认识山地植物群落分布及其与环境因子的关系,掌握物种多样性随环境因子的变化规律,能够为山地生物多样性保护和生态恢复提供科学依据.以藏东昌都地区植物群落为研究对象,在野外调查的基础上,通过层次聚类分析和冗余分析（RDA）对植物群落进行分类,分析群落分布与环境因子的关系,并通过线性回归分析物种多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,层次聚类将105个植物调查样方划分为7个群丛;RDA排序结果较好反映了藏东植物群落分布与环境因子之间的关系,决定区域植物群落分布的主要环境因子为海拔、坡向、坡度、土壤pH值和土壤速效磷含量（P <0.001）;海拔、坡向和坡度对群落物种多样性有显著影响（P <0.01）,而土壤pH值、土壤速效磷含量与植物群落物种多样性无显著相关关系（P> 0.05）.本研究表明藏东地区植物群落分布格局主要受地形和土壤因子的驱动,而影响物种多样性的关键因子是地形因子;上述研究成果有助于提高对区域生物多样性分布规律及驱动机制的认识,对藏东地区不同环境条件下生物多样性保护和受损植被的生态修复具有重要意义.（图4表1参55）     

太行山中段植物群落物种多样性与环境的关系

通过丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合TWINSPAN、DCCA排序及相关分析,研究了物种多样性及其变化机制,把植物群落分为8个群落类型;物种多样性指数变化的总体趋势是随着海拔的降低(从群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅷ)而降低(Simpson指数除外),对于某一个群落,这些指数都反映出基本一致的趋势;物种多样性指数的DCCA第一轴基本上反映了海拔变化引起的土壤水分的变化,第二轴基本上反映了人类对群落的干扰程度,物种多样性指数随土壤水分的增加而增大,随人类干扰程度的增加而减小.环境因子中,氮、有机质、海拔与第一轴呈负相关,其余因子与第一轴呈正相关,而铜、pH值与第一轴夹角很小,说明它们和水分梯度有显著的正相关,而锰、电导率与第二轴夹角小,说明它们与第二轴相关性大,而磷和第二轴却呈显著负相关.图3表1参12     

喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落数量分类与排序

划分泰加林火成演替群落类型,定量分析其分布与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。以新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区泰加林火成演替群落为研究对象,基于369个森林群落样方及其历史火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(Two-wayindicatorspeciesanalysis,TWINSPAN)方法对科学实验区处于不同火成演替阶段的森林群落进行类型划分,并采用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落和主要物种进行排序,分析群落和物种分布与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落分布的影响。结果表明,(1)TWINSPAN将369个森林群落调查样方划分为8种群落类型。(2)RDA较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落分布与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔对火成演替群落的分布起较大的作用,其中:海拔、土壤体积含水量、土壤pH值和土壤全钾(K)、镁(Mg)含量与RDA第一排序轴存在极显著相关性(P0.01),土壤电导率、土壤有机质和土壤铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量与RDA第一排序轴存在显著相关性(P0.05),火干扰因子中的火后时间对森林群落分布也起较大的作用,火后时间与RDA第一排序轴存在显著相关性(P0.05);坡度与RDA第二排序轴存在极显著相关性(P0.01),坡位、土壤钙(Ca)、锰(Mn)含量与RDA第二排序轴存在显著相关性(P0.05)。(3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林火成演替群落分布的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占41.5%,火干扰因子解释的部分占3.4%,二者交互作用解释的部分占42.6%,未能解释的部分占12.5%。喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有8种火成演替森林群落类型,其分布受环境因子和火干扰因子的双重控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。     

山西吕梁山南段植物群落的数量分类和排序研究

运用TWINSPAN和DCA相结合的数量生态学方法对吕梁山南段云邱山的植物群落进行分类和排序.结果表明,TWINSPAN分类将74个样方划分为18个群丛;分类结果较好地反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证;对74个样方和优势种的DCA排序表明影响吕梁山南段植物群落分布的主导生态因子是水分和土壤,而认为干扰加剧了该区域植被的退化.图2表1参13     

阳泉矿区煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落生态关系

为揭示煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落与环境因子的关系,采用TWINSPAN分类、DCA排序和物种多样性分析方法,对阳泉矿区五矿2座不同复垦年限(2003年、2013年)煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落60个植物样方的数据进行分类、排序与物种多样性研究.结果显示:(1)TWINSPAN分类将该复垦地不同植被下草本植物群落分为12个群丛类型,群丛Ⅰ-Ⅴ位于复垦年限(2013)较短的矸石山,群丛Ⅵ-Ⅻ位于复垦年限(2003)较长的矸石山;(2)样方的DCA排序第一轴反映了复垦年限变化,沿DCA排序第一轴从左往右煤矸石山复垦年限逐渐缩短;DCA第二轴反映了复垦地地形的变化,沿DCA排序第二轴从上到下煤矸石山复垦地由平台→边坡;(3)不同植被下草本植物群丛的物种多样性表现为平台边坡(即群丛Ⅴ群丛Ⅱ、群丛Ⅻ群丛Ⅶ),乔木林下灌草丛下(群丛Ⅻ群丛Ⅵ),复垦年限较长的群丛Ⅻ复垦年限较短的群丛Ⅴ.本研究表明植被类型、复垦年限、地形对煤矸石山复垦地不同植被下草本植物群丛物种多样性影响明显;随着复垦年限的增长,群丛向更加稳定、多样的方向更替.     

念青唐古拉山东南坡植被群落数量生态分析及群落多样性

研究沿海拔梯度对植被群落的影响,有助于人们进一步理解未来气候变化背景下,高寒生态系统结构和功能的响应模式。选择念青唐古拉山东南坡的典型生境,包括从海拔4 775 m到5 305 m全部范围内的植物群落。沿着海拔梯度每隔约30m设置1个样带,并在各个样带上随机设置样方,调查样方内物种数、物种高度、物种盖度、物种频度。采用群落多样性指数、应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)等方法,对西藏念青唐古拉山东南坡高山草甸植物群落进行了分析。TWINSPAN将所有植物群落划分为5种类型,分别为:香柏(Sabina pingii var.wilsonii)+高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)灌丛草甸群落;高山嵩草+圆穗蓼(Polygonum macrophyllum)草甸群落;高山嵩草+矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸群落;高山嵩草草甸群落;流石滩冰缘植被群落。这些群落分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型分布与地形、海拔的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。念青唐古拉山东南坡草地植物群落多样性在高海拔、低海拔地区较低,中间海拔高度地区较高。植物群落多样性指数呈现出草本层灌丛层流石滩冰缘的特征。多样性指数与海拔高度之间的趋势模拟均呈负二次函数关系,单峰式函数关系能较好地表达不同海拔梯度植物群落多样性和均匀度与海拔之间的分布格局。     

渝北不同模式水源涵养林植物多样性及其与土壤特征的关系

以重庆缙云山8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林及林地土壤为研究对象,用物种多样性指数(simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pieiou指数)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)以及用土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量12个指标表征土壤的物理性状和养分特征,分析了8种群落的植物多样性、土壤特征及二者的相互关系.结果表明:物种多样性以广东山胡椒(Lindera kwangtungensis)×杉木((7unninghamia anceolata)混交林最高.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×广东山胡椒混交林次之,马尾松×柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk)混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)纯林最低.各模式林地土壤特征差异显著,以毛竹纯林土壤质量最差.在该地区针阔混交林对提高物种多样性和改良土壤作用显著,针叶林及纯林则较差.物种多样性指数与土壤特征因子的相关性分析表明,不同模式水源林群落植物多样性与土壤特征因子存在一定相关性,其中与土壤物理性状特征关系不显著,与养分特征关系显著.全N与全K与四个多样性指数呈显著或极显著的正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和有机质、阳离子交换量、速效P呈显著的正相关,特别是有机质和全N两因子与物种多样性关系最密切.     

金沙江流域干热河谷上中下游草地植物群落结构与相似性

选择金沙江干流及支流小江干热河谷典型草地,采用标准样地调查法,对其上游、中游、下游以及支流干热河谷草地植物分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等开展研究,结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落结构自上游至下游,多年生草本植物种类的比例逐渐增加,灌木和一年生草本植物种类比例逐渐减少;金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主灌木为辅的群落结构类型;支流小江干热河谷群落中,多年生草本和灌木植物种类比例相同,一年生草本植物种类比例较低。（2）金沙江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随地理环境的改变而不同。（3）金沙江干热河谷存在种群扩散通道作用,但种群扩散通道作用受扩散距离的影响。（4）金沙江干热河谷草地植物种群的扩散、定居受到经向、纬向的影响。     

The width of riparian habitats for understory birds in an Amazonian forest

Riparian habitats are important for the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Many studies have compared bird distributions between riparian and non-riparian habitats but have not established how wide riparian habitats used by birds are, as measured by distance from the nearest stream. We investigated the distribution of understory birds along gradients of distance from streams, soil clay content, and slope in a central Amazonian forest, by mist-netting birds three times in 45 plots. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to reduce the dimensionality of species quantitative (abundance) and qualitative (presence-absence) composition to one multivariate axis. Estimates of the width of riparian habitats as indicated by understory birds depended on the community attribute considered, measuring 90 m for species quantitative composition and 140 m for species qualitative composition. Species distributions were correlated with clay content but were independent of slope, while distance from streams was positively correlated with clay content but independent of slope. Clay content affects plant species composition, which in turn, may influence bird species composition. However, distribution patterns of birds in relation to distance from streams are consistent among studies carried out in many different temperate and tropical regions, indicating an effect of distance from streams itself. Protection of riparian habitats is one of the most widely used conservation strategies, and Brazilian environmental legislation mandates the protection of a 30 m wide strip of riparian vegetation on either side of small streams. We show that the protected strip should be much wider and recommend strategies to place other forms of land protection contiguous with riparian areas so that Brazilian environmental legislation better fulfills its role of protecting biodiversity associated with riparian habitats.     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

Forest age influences oak insect herbivore community structure, richness, and density.

Plant succession is one of many factors that may affect the composition and structure of herbivorous insect communities. However, few studies have examined the effect of forest age on the diversity and abundance of insect communities. If forest age influences insect diversity, then the schedule of timber harvest rotation may have consequent effects on biodiversity. The insect herbivore community on Quercus alba (white oak) in the Missouri Ozarks was sampled in a chronoseries, from recently harvested (2 yr) to old-growth (approximately 313 yr) forests. A total of nine sites and 39 stands within those sites were sampled in May and August 2003. Unique communities of plants and insects were found in the oldest forests (122-313 yr). Density and species richness of herbivores were positively correlated with increasing forest age in August but not in May. August insect density was negatively correlated with heat load index; in addition, insect density and richness increased over the chronoseries, but not on the sunniest slopes. Forest structural diversity (number of size classes) was positively correlated with forest age, but woody plant species richness was not. In sum, richness, density, and community structure of white oak insect herbivores are influenced by variation in forest age, forest structure, relative abundance of plant species, and abiotic conditions. These results suggest that time between harvests of large, long-lived, tree species such as white oak should be longer than current practice in order to maintain insect community diversity.     

Abiotic constraints eclipse biotic resistance in determining invasibility along experimental vernal pool gradients.

Effective management of invasive species requires that we understand the mechanisms determining community invasibility. Successful invaders must tolerate abiotic conditions and overcome resistance from native species in invaded habitats. Biotic resistance to invasions may reflect the diversity, abundance, or identity of species in a community. Few studies, however, have examined the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors determining community invasibility. In a greenhouse experiment, we simulated the abiotic and biotic gradients typically found in vernal pools to better understand their impacts on invasibility. Specifically, we invaded plant communities differing in richness, identity, and abundance of native plants (the "plant neighborhood") and depth of inundation to measure their effects on growth, reproduction, and survival of five exotic plant species. Inundation reduced growth, reproduction, and survival of the five exotic species more than did plant neighborhood. Inundation reduced survival of three species and growth and reproduction of all five species. Neighboring plants reduced growth and reproduction of three species but generally did not affect survival. Brassica rapa, Centaurea solstitialis, and Vicia villosa all suffered high mortality due to inundation but were generally unaffected by neighboring plants. In contrast, Hordeum marinum and Lolium multiflorum, whose survival was unaffected by inundation, were more impacted by neighboring plants. However, the four measures describing plant neighborhood differed in their effects. Neighbor abundance impacted growth and reproduction more than did neighbor richness or identity, with growth and reproduction generally decreasing with increasing density and mass of neighbors. Collectively, these results suggest that abiotic constraints play the dominant role in determining invasibility along vernal pool and similar gradients. By reducing survival, abiotic constraints allow only species with the appropriate morphological and physiological traits to invade. In contrast, biotic resistance reduces invasibility only in more benign environments and is best predicted by the abundance, rather than diversity, of neighbors. These results suggest that stressful environments are not likely to be invaded by most exotic species. However, species, such as H. marinum, that are able to invade these habitats require careful management, especially since these environments often harbor rare species and communities.     

Comparative species composition and relative abundance of decapod crustaceans in marine habitats of Panamá

The community structure of the decapod crustacean fauna of 7 tropical, shallowwater, marine habitats (sandy beaches, mangrove swamps and rocky intertidal habitats on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama, and Pocillopora damicornis coral habitat of the Bay of Panama) were examined and analyzed for species composition and relative abundances. Collections from the 7 habitats yielded 4361 individuals, representing 236 species. The number of species per habitat was (Pacific, Caribbean): sandy beach (16, 7); mangrove (20, 17); P. damicornis (53); rocky intertidal (78, 67). There were more species represented by more individuals in the Pacific habitats. An index of faunal similarity was calculated for each pair (Pacific-Caribbean) of habitats. This index is the number of ecologically similar congeneric species which occurred in both habitats expressed as a percentage of the total number of species present in the pair of habitats. For the sandy beach communities there were three Pacific species which were similar to three Caribbean species, a similarity of 6/23 or 26%. The index of similarity for the mangrove communities is 54% and for the rocky intertidal communities it is 37%. The P. damicornis community has affinities with the Pacific rocky intertidal community (18%), with that of the Caribbean rocky intertidal (16%) and with that of Indo-West Pacific pocilloporid corals (20%). A few specialized species dominated each of the communities. The habitats and the number of species accounting for over half of the individuals present are (Pacific, Caribbean): sandy beach (1, 1); mangrove (4, 4); P. damicornis (5); and rocky intertidal (3, 6). Most of the species in each community were represented by one or a few individuals.     

Traits, not origin, explain impacts of plants on larval amphibians

Managing habitats for the benefit of native fauna is a priority for many government and private agencies. Often, these agencies view nonnative plants as a threat to wildlife habitat, and they seek to control or eradicate nonnative plant populations. However, little is known about how nonnative plant invasions impact native fauna, and it is unclear whether managing these plants actually improves habitat quality for resident animals. Here, we compared the impacts of native and nonnative wetland plants on three species of native larval amphibians; we also examined whether plant traits explain the observed impacts. Specifically, we measured plant litter quality (carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios, and percentages of lignin and soluble phenolics) and biomass, along with a suite of environmental conditions known to affect larval amphibians (hydroperiod, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH). Hydroperiod and plant traits, notably soluble phenolics, litter C:N ratio, and litter N:P ratio, impacted the likelihood that animals metamorphosed, the number of animals that metamorphosed, and the length of larval period. As hydroperiod decreased, the likelihood that amphibians achieved metamorphosis and the percentage of tadpoles that successfully metamorphosed also decreased. Increases in soluble phenolics, litter N:P ratio, and litter C:N ratio decreased the likelihood that tadpoles achieved metamorphosis, decreased the percentage of tadpoles metamorphosing, decreased metamorph production (total metamorph biomass), and increased the length of larval period. Interestingly, we found no difference in metamorphosis rates and length of larval period between habitats dominated by native and nonnative plants. Our findings have important implications for habitat management. We suggest that to improve habitats for native fauna, managers should focus on assembling a plant community with desirable traits rather than focusing only on plant origin.     

Plant defense, growth, and habitat: a comparative assessment of constitutive and induced resistance

The growth rate (GR) hypothesis relates the evolution of plant defense to resource availability and predicts that plants that have evolved in abiotically stressful environments grow inherently more slowly and are more constitutively resistant to herbivory than plants from more productive habitats. Stress-adapted plants are also predicted to have reduced inducibility, but this prediction has not been previously tested. To evaluate this hypothesis, I compared the growth of nine species of herbaceous plants from Missouri glade habitats to congeners from more productive non-glade habitats. I also conducted bioassays using larvae of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua to estimate constitutive and inducible resistance in these congeners. Glade congeners tended to grow more slowly and have higher constitutive resistance and lower inducibility than non-glade species. However, none of these comparisons was statistically significant due to the conflicting response of one congeneric pair (Salvia azurea and S. lyrata). Analyses without this genus were consistent with the GR hypothesis, as were analyses that categorized congeners by relative growth rate. These results highlight the complexity in searching for factors that determine plant growth rates and resistance traits across multiple genera and support the hypothesis that both constitutive and induced resistance may be influenced by selection on traits that alter plant growth rates. Future studies should attempt to determine whether variation in inducibility is better explained by habitat or relative plant growth rates.     

三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

Tissue nutrient concentrations in aquatic macrophytes: comparison across biophysical zones,surface water habitats and plant life forms

Aquatic plant tissue (nitrogen) N and phosphorus (P) concentrations, together with the N:P ratio in general, respond poorly to ambient nutrient supply. The variability in plant tissue nutrient concentrations appears to be highly conditioned by taxonomic (mostly species) effects. The significant role that other attributes of the surrounding environment may have in modifying the degree of taxonomic dependence on plant nutrient concentration is yet to be tested with a broader characterisation of plant life forms (bryophytes, helophytes, hydrophytes), so as to investigate implications for ecosystem processes. Plant samples (378) were collected across 65 sites spanning a wide range of aquatic habitats (lotic and lentic) and biophysical zones (floodplain, glacial terraces, mountains) located in NE Scotland. Significant differences in plant tissues N, P and the N:P were found after grouping sampling sites by either habitat or biophysical zones; the latter even after removing the largest taxonomic effect. The range in plant tissue N and P was relatively wide within habitats and zones, reflecting the high species diversity of the studied area. As a group, bryophytes had smaller N and P concentrations, and consequently wider biomass C:N and C:P ratios, a situation which may impose constraints on the flow of energy through food-webs of the mountain and bog areas where they dominate.