丹江口水库表层沉积物有色可溶性有机物空间分布特征及其来源分析

利用三维荧光光谱(Excitation-emission matrices,EEMs)与平行因子分析模型(Parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC)技术研究丹江口水库表层沉积物有色可溶性有机物(Chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)荧光组分、空间分布特征和来源,以及不同组分荧光强度与其它沉积物指标的相关性.结果表明,丹江口水库37个采样点CDOM由3类5个荧光组分组成,即类蛋白组分C1(285/345 nm)和C2(225,270/335 nm);陆源类腐殖质组分C3(260/450 nm)和C4(360/450 nm)及自生源类腐殖质组分C5(225,310/405 nm).其中代表类蛋白组分的C1和C2占较高比例,占总荧光强度的百分比的平均值为46.37%,C3与C4和C5占总组分的比例平均值分别为34.33%和19.31%.空间分布上3种荧光峰高值都集中在汉江的入湖河口处及丹江库区居民较多的城镇处,且呈现河流大于库区的趋势.荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)和生物源指数(BIX)都表明丹江口水库沉积物CDOM的来源具有陆源及生物源的双重特征,陆源主要来源于汉江干流和周边城市居民的活动,以及部分区域农业畜禽养殖;生物源主要来自微生物及藻类的降解.相关性分析说明沉积物CDOM与N、P元素的迁移和转化有密切的关系.     

太湖不同湖区生态系统健康评价方法研究

基于长期的监测资料,计算了表征湖泊生态系统健康的系统能(Ex)、系统能结构(Exst)和生态缓冲容量(|β|)指标,以及湖泊营养状态指数(Its)。结果表明,太湖不同湖区生态系统健康状况差异明显,1998—2001年太湖典型湖区健康状况由好到差的相对顺序为:东太湖、贡湖和湖心区、梅梁湾、五里湖。在此基础上,提出了富营养化浅水湖泊生态系统健康指标阈值和湖泊系统能量健康指数(IEx)及其健康状况分级。经2002、2003年太湖不同湖区实测检验表明,所提出的湖泊系统能量健康指数及其健康状况分级适用于评价太湖不同湖区生态系统健康的区域分异状况。     

海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价

在分析海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区海域生态系统现状及特点基础上,构建了包含环境、结构、稳定性3个方面24个指标的海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价指标体系,并采用熵权综合指数模型和模糊综合评价模型对保护区的生态系统健康状况进行评价及对比分析。熵权综合指数法评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康趋向亚健康的状态;熵权模糊综合模型评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康状态。由于模糊综合评价模型能反映保护区各生态要素的健康状况,其评价结论更趋近于保护区客观现状,更适用于海洋保护区健康评价。     

城镇地区生态安全评价及对策——以上海崇明岛为例

从区域生态安全内涵出发,基于可持续发展理论、自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论和压力(pressure)—状态(state)—响应(response)概念模型,从资源环境负荷、生态环境状态、人类社会响应3方面构建城镇生态安全评价指标体系。选择上海崇明岛处于核心地位且代表着不同城镇化水平(较高、中等、较低)的城桥镇、堡镇、陈家镇为研究对象,通过实地调研、监测、实验分析等方式获取指标数据,应用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,并通过综合指数模型进行安全评价。评价结果表明:3个城镇生态安全综合评价结果为城桥镇(0.773 3)>陈家镇(0.762 8)>堡镇(0.749 0),社会经济的发展对资源环境的负荷较小,生态环境现状水平良好,但人类响应措施滞后;随着城镇化进程的加快,部分生态环境要素可能有恶化趋势,现已进入预警状态。     

应用鱼类生物完整性指数评价荔浦河河流健康

生物完整性指数是河流生态系统健康评价主要方法之一。为评价荔浦河河流健康状况,选择鱼类作为指示生物,构建了基于鱼类生物完整性指标体系。2017年1月、4月、7月和10月对荔浦河4次采样共采集到鱼类21 192尾,经鉴定共计94种,隶属于6目17科62属。以S1(修仁镇)、S10(马岭镇)、S11(双江镇)作为参考点,经过分布范围分析、箱体图判别能力分析及相关性分析等指标筛选过程从25个候选指标筛选出5个指标,即鱼类总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、肉食性鱼类数量百分比、敏感性鱼类数量百分比、产漂浮型卵鱼类数量百分比。将荔浦河河流健康等级分为"健康"、"一般"、"较差"、"极差"和"无鱼"5个等级。结果表明,荔浦河青山镇、荔浦县及蒲芦乡河段健康状态为"一般"水平,东昌镇、龙怀乡、杜莫镇及新坪镇河段健康状态为"较差"水平,茶城乡河段健康状态为"极差"水平。筑坝工程、架桥工程和修路工程等人类活动导致荔浦河支流上的健康状况比干流更差。上述研究结果可为荔浦河的河流管理和保护提供理论依据和技术支持。     

应用遥感、GIS对稻田生态系统健康程度的监测评价研究——以长江下游平原为例

稻田生态系统是在一定时间和地区内由作物、动物、微生物和环境因素共同构成的农业生产体系,具有时空动态性,受人工调控性和环境影响很大.由于稻谷是我国最主要的粮食作物,因此稻田生态系统健康程度直接关系着稻谷产出水平和国家粮食安全.开展我国稻田生态系统健康程度的动态监测,具有十分重要的现实意义.该研究利用遥感、GIS技术快速获取和分析区域尺度范围内的地表时空信息数据的优势,建立一套能够客观全面地监测评价稻田生态系统运行状态的指标体系和评价方法.该方法主要是根据稻田生态系统的构成要素,分别建立作物长势指数(CGI)、稻田环境指数(EI)、病虫害指数(PIDI)三个指数表征这些要素.最后,确定各个指数的权重,建立生态系统健康程度综合指数(EHDCI),客观、全面地反映稻田生态系统的健康状况.这里,作物长势指数指示作物长势,通过EVI归一化计算得到.稻田环境指数分为温度指数(TI)和降水指数(PI)分别指代水、热条件对生态系统的胁迫.病虫害指数主要通过官方农业网站发布的病虫害信息确定得到.本文以长江下游平原稻田为例,对孕穗期、抽穗期、黄熟期等水稻生长     

基于底栖动物完整性指数B-IBI的淮河流域水系生态健康评价

依据2010年7—8月淮河流域的43个底栖动物样点(7个参照点和36个受损点)数据,对17个候选生物学指数值的分布范围、相关关系和判别能力进行分析,从中筛选出总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、敏感类群比例和生物指数构成淮河流域的底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)指标体系。分别用3分制、4分制以及比值法统一各参数量纲,B-IBI指数值即为各构成指数分值的加和。箱线图法分析表明,上述3种方法计算出的B-IBI值均具有较高的判别能力(QI=3),且三者之间具有高相关性(r0.90)。分别依据参照点B-IBI值分布的25%分位数和所有样点B-IBI值分布的95%分位数法建立健康评价标准,并比较3种方法的评价结果准确性,结果表明采用3分制和4分制法统一各参数量纲并依据所有样点的B-IBI值建立的健康评价标准优于比值法。选取较常用的3分制法建立了适合淮河流域生态系统的健康评价标准:B-IBI值19.2,健康;14.4~19.2,亚健康;9.6~14.4,一般;4.8~9.6,差;≤4.8,极差。评价结果表明,淮河流域43个样点中,6个处于健康状态,5个处于亚健康状态,其余样点均处于不健康状态。     

神农架林区河流生态系统健康评价

为监测神农架林区河流健康状况及人为活动对其水体理化特征和生物群落的影响,基于水质类别、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及BMWP记分系统(Biological Monitoring Working Party Score System)对神农架林区河流生态系统健康进行评价.结果显示,水质、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及BMWP记分系统评价为健康的样点比例分别为36.67%、63.30%和50%.大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和BMWP记分系统2种评价方法的结果存在极显著的相关性(P0.01),具有较好的一致性.3种评价方法均显示亚健康或健康状态的样点比例达到了66.67%,表明神农架林区河流生态系统总体健康状况良好,但部分样点受到了一定程度的污染与干扰.     

辽河口湿地生态系统健康诊断与评价

综合考虑生态系统健康标准及河口湿地的生态特征,借鉴压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)模型,从压力、环境状态以及生物响应3方面构建辽河口湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,并引入突变级数法,对1996年和2000年辽河口湿地生态系统健康状况进行了评价和分析。结果表明,1996年辽河口湿地生态系统健康度为0.979 1,2000年则降至0.961 8,即由健康状态转为亚健康状态,其主要原因为水资源不足和石油类污染加剧。应加强对辽河口湿地区域石油开采的管理,并合理分配利用水资源,保障湿地生态用水,促进辽河口湿地的生态系统健康。     

河流健康综合评价指数法的改进及其在昌江的应用

目前普遍采用的河流健康综合评价指数法中水生生物指标相对简单,不能准确度量复杂河流生态系统的健康状态.通过增加蜉蝣目、襀翅目和鞘翅目相对丰富度以及科级生物指数2项指标,改进水生生物指标中的二级指标,并采用改进前后的河流健康综合评价指数法对鄱阳湖人湖支流——昌江进行评价对比.结果表明,昌江总体健康状况较好,各样点均处于健康或亚健康状态;从河流上游至下游,昌江干流及主要支流东河健康状况明显下降,得分最低的3个样点都位于昌江于流,而健康样点大都接近源头;改进后的河流健康综合评价指数法可更好地区分昌江不同样点的水体健康状态.     

A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to eco-environmental vulnerability assessment for the danjiangkou reservoir area,China

The Danjiangkou reservoir lies in the upper Hanjiang basin and is the source of water for the Middle Route Project (MRP) under the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (SNWT) in China. The eco-environment of water resource areas plays an important role in water conservation and purification and would have significant implications for the economic prosperity in Hanjiang basin as well as for the SNWT. Focusing on the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area (DRA), this study established an environmental information system database. Based on the database, an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment method using integrated fuzzy AHP (FAHP) and GIS was developed for the DRA. According to eco-environmental conditions and anthropic effects, vulnerability was classified into five levels: potential, light, medium, heavy and very heavy. The eco-environmental vulnerability distribution and major problems of the eco-environment were analysed and discussed. The results indicated that eco-environmental vulnerability in the DRA was moderate overall. Regions with lower eco-environmental vulnerability were located in Qinling Mountain area in the northwest, Daba Mountain area in the south and the area immediately surrounding Danjiangkou Reservoir in the east. Two regions with very high eco-environmental vulnerability were located in the north of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan province and in the western part of Shanxi province. On the basis of analysis of distribution of the different factors of eco-environmental vulnerability, different environmental protection measures were proposed for different areas. This study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective approach for the assessment of environmental vulnerability. The results gained closely reflected the reality of the eco-environmental vulnerability of the DRA.     

三峡水库浮游植物群落特征及水体富营养化评价

基于2003—2017年三峡水库浮游植物群落结构、优势种群的变化和2017年水库干支流水质数据,全面分析浮游植物群落结构和演替特征,并运用综合营养状态指数法对水体富营养化程度进行评价。结果表明,三峡水库浮游植物种类丰富,监测期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门62属,细胞密度在7.5×10~4~2.8×10~7cell/L之间变化,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.0~3.0,在α-中污带和β-中污带之间,说明三峡水库水生态环境健康状况相对较好;三峡水库浮游植物季节性演替特征呈硅藻和甲藻向蓝藻和绿藻演替的趋势,年际变化特征分析发现浮游植物密度在2008年175 m实验蓄水后大量增长,且优势藻类由河道型藻类向湖泊型藻类转化。通过监测数据分析,得出三峡水库干流处于中营养状态,支流在春季主要处于轻度富营养状态,秋季支流比春季支流的富营养化程度低,主要处于中营养状态,总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)和透明度(transparency,SD)为水质主要影响因子。     

丹江口水库底栖动物群落次级生产力空间分布

于2007年7月—2008年5月,分季度对丹江口水库底栖动物群落及水环境进行为期一年的调查。运用经验公式估算丹江口水库大型底栖动物群落的生产力,并分析底栖动物密度、生物量、生产力及P/B系数的空间分布,探讨环境因子与底栖动物群落生产力空间分布的关系。结果显示,丹江口水库底栖动物年平均密度、生物量及生产力分别为4 761 ind·m~(-2)、1.61 g DM·m~(-2)和35.45 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),P/B系数为22.0 y~(-1)。不同区域生产力差异很大,湖泊区达61.80 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),而支流区仅有5.48 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1)。P/B系数同样在湖泊区达到最大,为34.0 y~(-1);在丹江过渡区最低,为13.1 y~(-1)。颤蚓是生产力的主要贡献者,周年生产力为31.85 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),占总生产力的90%。湖泊区由于其稳定的水动力条件,为颤蚓提供了非常适宜的生境,因此具有很高的生产力水平。与之相反,支流区由于水体扰动较大,底栖动物生物量及生产力水平均较低。从生产力的角度研究丹江口水库底栖动物群落的空间分布规律及影响因子,对丹江口水库的生态管理具有参考价值。     

基于属性理论的长株潭城市群生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一种高度人工化的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统,其健康状况直接影响到城市的可持续发展。针对城市生态系统健康评价标准的不确定性问题,在构建评价指标体系的基础上,提出了基于属性理论的城市生态系统健康评价模型及评价方法。以长株潭城市群为研究区域,运用该模型和方法对其生态系统健康进行了综合评价。评价结果表明：长株潭城市群的生态系统现状属于一般健康类,其中自然生态子系统对区域整体健康状况有较大影响,评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。通过对各子系统层的健康度分析,识别了健康限制因素,并提出了相应的调控措施。采用属性理论方法开展城市生态系统健康评价,能较好地识别系统层综合健康状况和子系统层的健康状况,具有一定的实用价值,其评价结果为促进城市生态建设,有效实施生态系统健康管理提供了科学依据。     

基于RS和GIS的生态系统健康评价

生态系统健康评价可以认识区域生态系统健康状况、识别生态环境问题,为制定科学的生态保护对策提供依据,对提高可持续发展和环境管理具有重要的指导作用。文章由压力-状态-响应（P-S-R）概念模型建立了生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价模型,运用RS和GIS技术及统计学分析法,形成程序化、系统化的生态系统健康评价技术方法体系,并以高平市为案例,运用定量的方法对其生态系统健康进行综合评价及分级研究,通过对压力、状态、响应评价结果及健康综合评价结果的分析,结合高平市生态系统健康的自然条件状况与人类活动影响,探讨了影响区域健康的因素,为高平市资源的合理利用与保护提供科学依据。结果表明该技术对生态系统健康评价是切实可行的。     

Integrative trophic network assessments of a lentic ecosystem by key ecological approaches of water chemistry, trophic guilds, and ecosystem health assessments along with an ECOPATH model

The objective of this study was to describe the trophic structure and energy flow in a lentic ecosystem in South Korea. Physicochemical water conditions were evaluated along with the reservoir ecosystem health using a multimetric IBI model. Nutrient analyses of the reservoir showed a nutrient rich and hypereutrophic system. Guild analysis revealed that tolerant and omnivorous species dominated the ecosystem. Tolerant fish, as a proportion of the number of individuals, were associated (R² > 0.90, p < 0.01) with TN and TP, the key indicators of trophic state in lentic ecosystems. The mean Reservoir Ecosystem Health Assessment (REHA) score was 19.3 during the study, which was judged as in ‘fair to poor’ condition. A trophic analysis of the reservoir estimated by the ECOPATH model shows that most activity in terms of energy flow occurred in the lower part of the trophic web, where there was intensive use of primary producers as a food source. Consequently, of the 10 consumer groups, nine fell within trophic levels <2.8. Trophic levels (TL) estimated from the weighted average of prey trophic levels varied from 1.0 for phytoplankton, macrophytes, and detritus to 3.25 for the top predator, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Our integrated approach to trophic network analysis may provide a key tool for determining the effects of nutrient influx on energy flow pathways in lentic ecosystems.     

Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Manage- ment Strategies （CHEMS-1） approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach accord- ing to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half （53%） of the high- ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons （PAHs）, with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10-7 to 104, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.     

Trophic state,ecosystem efficiency and biodiversity of transitional aquatic ecosystems: analysis of environmental quality based on different benthic indicators

Estuaries and coastal lagoons are characterized by a strong spatial and temporal variability of physicochemical characteristics and productivity patterns. In these environments, the magnitude and direction of the ecological responses to inorganic nutrient increase (i.e. eutrophication) are difficult to predict. In the framework of the project, New Indicators of Trophic state and environmental quality of marine coastal ecosystems and transitional environments (NITIDA), we analysed benthic indicators of trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and environmental quality in four different transitional environments. The trophic state of the sediments was assessed in terms of quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic C pools; ecosystem efficiency was determined in terms of the prokaryote efficiency in exploiting enzymatycally degraded organic C; environmental quality was determined in terms of meiofaunal diversity. Here, we provide a synopsis of the results obtained and a meta-analysis of the scores assessments obtained using the different ecological indicators of environmental quality and demonstrate that trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and biodiversity in transitional ecosystems are closely linked. We conclude that the assessment of the environmental quality of transitional ecosystems should be based upon a battery of trophic state indicators and ‘sensors’ of ecosystem functioning, efficiency, and quality.     

Trophic state, ecosystem efficiency and biodiversity of transitional aquatic ecosystems: analysis of environmental quality based on different benthic indicators

Estuaries and coastal lagoons are characterized by a strong spatial and temporal variability of physicochemical characteristics and productivity patterns. In these environments, the magnitude and direction of the ecological responses to inorganic nutrient increase (i.e. eutrophication) are difficult to predict. In the framework of the project, New Indicators of Trophic state and environmental quality of marine coastal ecosystems and transitional environments (NITIDA), we analysed benthic indicators of trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and environmental quality in four different transitional environments. The trophic state of the sediments was assessed in terms of quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic C pools; ecosystem efficiency was determined in terms of the prokaryote efficiency in exploiting enzymatycally degraded organic C; environmental quality was determined in terms of meiofaunal diversity. Here, we provide a synopsis of the results obtained and a meta-analysis of the scores assessments obtained using the different ecological indicators of environmental quality and demonstrate that trophic state, ecosystem efficiency, and biodiversity in transitional ecosystems are closely linked. We conclude that the assessment of the environmental quality of transitional ecosystems should be based upon a battery of trophic state indicators and 'sensors' of ecosystem functioning, efficiency, and quality.