2株石油降解菌生长和降解石油条件的优化

对2株石油降解菌DH-5和DH-9生长的最适培养基成分以及降解石油的最佳环境条件进行了筛选。结果表明,DH-5的最佳培养基成分为ρ(原油)1 g.L-1、ρ(氮源)400 mg.L-1、ρ(磷源)200 mg.L-1、ρ(酵母浸出液)20 mg.L-1,最有效利用的氨基酸为精氨酸,最适环境条件为pH 7.0、盐度20、温度15～30℃;DH-9的最佳培养基成分为ρ(原油)1 g.L-1、ρ(氮源)400 mg.L-1、ρ(磷源)100 mg.L-1、ρ(酵母浸出液)20 mg.L-1,最有效利用的氨基酸为天冬氨酸,最适环境条件为pH 7.5、盐度20、温度30℃。当ρ(原油)为20 g.L-1时,DH-9的生物量和原油降解率分别是DH-5的2.58倍和2.29倍。研究表明,DH-9对高浓度原油的耐受性明显强于DH-5,而DH-5对低温的适应性优于DH-9,2个菌株对高盐度的适应性均较强。     

菌株Rhodococcus sp.Chr-9和Exiguobacterium sp.Chr-43的除铬(VI)特性

为了解环境因素对生物除铬(VI)的影响,并为铬(VI)污染环境的生物强化治理提供高效菌株,采用选择培养的方法从制革废水污泥样品中分离到2株革兰氏阳性铬(VI)去除菌——Rhodococcus sp.Chr-9和Exiguobacterium sp.Chr-43.菌株Chr-9和Chr-43在25~40℃内均能够较好生长,并高效去除铬(VI),菌株Chr-9和Chr-43的最适生长pH均为7.0~9.0,菌株在pH 7.0的培养基中去除铬(VI)的效率最高.加入0.2~0.5 mol/L的NO3-、SO42-和Cl-能够促进Chr-9和Chr-43的生长以及去除铬(VI)的效率.在含铬(VI)培养基中同时接种Chr-9和Chr-43时,Chr-9促进菌株Chr-43的生长,并提高菌株去除铬(VI)的效率.研究表明,pH、温度、阴离子和环境中的其它生物对铬(VI)的去除有明显影响.     

乙羧氟草醚降解菌Reudomonas sp.YF1的分离、鉴定与降解特性

从生产乙羧氟草醚工厂的污水处理池污泥中分离到一株乙羧氟草醚降解细菌,命名为YF1.根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,将其鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).接种量为5%时,菌株YF1在含200 mg/L乙羧氟草醚的基础盐液体培养基中降解乙羧氟草醚,7 d后降解率约80%.加大接种量和外加营养碳氮源可以促进乙羧氟草醚的降解.该菌株降解乙羧氟草醚的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为30℃.菌株YF1能利用苯酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、苯甲酸、龙胆酸、对硝基苯酚和邻氯苯酚为底物生长,不能利用3-苯氧基苯甲酸为碳源生长,菌株YF1细胞内邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶受到乙羧氟草醚或其代谢产物的诱导.图5表1参25     

耐盐苯酚降解菌Staphylococcus sp.的分离及降解特性

从巴丹吉林沙漠盐湖表层沉积物中筛选到一株高效耐盐苯酚降解菌CL.测定了菌株CL的生理生化指标、16S rRNA基因序列,通过动力学模型探究了该菌株的生长和苯酚降解特性,同时考察了固定化对其耐受及降解苯酚能力的影响.结果表明,菌株CL属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.),在温度30℃、pH 7.0—8.0、盐度0—10%和苯酚浓度100—200 mg·L~(-1)条件下,该菌株能高效降解苯酚,其降解率均在85%以上.菌株CL对不同浓度苯酚的降解符合Haldane模型,其最大比降解速率和抑制常数分别为0.32 h~(-1)和351.70 mg·L~(-1),同时该菌株在不同盐度下对苯酚的降解符合Ghose and Tyagi模型.固定化可以明显增加菌株CL对苯酚的降解和耐受能力.菌株CL在高盐环境下能够高效降解苯酚,具有生物处理高盐含酚废水的潜力.     

一株高浓度苯胺、苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从某生活污水厂活性污泥中分离到一株能够以苯胺或苯酚为唯一碳源、能源生长的高效降解菌菌株ANP.经形态特征、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Delftia sp.进一步研究表明,该菌株利用苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和6.0,最适降解浓度为2000mgL-1;利用苯酚生长的最适温度和pH分别为35℃和8.0,最适降解浓度为1500mgL-1.苯胺、苯酚混合培养时该菌株对苯酚的降解过程要滞后于对苯胺的降解过程,但经过42h均能彻底降解.研究了ANP降解苯胺和苯酚的开环途径,苯胺芳环通过间位途径裂解,苯酚芳环则是通过邻位途径裂解.图4表1参18     

罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6对三氯吡啶醇污染土壤的修复及能完全矿化毒死蜱工程菌株的构建

以毒死蜱降解中间代谢产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)高效降解菌罗尔斯顿菌(Ralstonia sp.)T6为材料,研究其在土壤中对TCP的降解特性。结果表明,温度、接菌量和初始底物浓度对TCP的降解都有影响,T6菌株降解TCP的最适温度为30℃,当土壤含菌量〔以菌落形成单位(CFU)计〕小于10×108kg-1时,降解率随着含菌量的增加而提高,当含菌量超过10×108kg-1时,降解率不再提高。降解率随着TCP初始浓度的增加而降低,当TCP初始浓度为50~100 mg·kg-1时,6 d内可将50 mg·kg-1TCP降解80%。利用基因工程手段,将来源于寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)DSP-1的甲基对硫磷水解酶基因(mpd)插入菌株T6基因组16S rRNA基因中,成功构建一株可彻底矿化毒死蜱的重组工程菌株T6-mpd。生长试验结果表明罗尔斯顿菌T6-mpd和T6的生长特性基本一致。对T6-mpd菌株降解毒死蜱的特性研究结果表明,在LB培养基中,T6-mpd对毒死蜱的水解效率与DSP-1基本一致,但在基础盐(MSM)培养基中,T6-mpd在60 h内对50 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仅为36%,显著低于DSP-1。模拟土壤原位修复试验结果表明,在含菌量为108kg-1条件下,T6-mpd在2 d内可将50mg·kg-1毒死蜱降解64%。认为T6-mpd菌株在毒死蜱残留污染环境修复中具有潜在的应用前景。     

一株吡啶高效降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性

对山西省长治市一家煤焦化厂经活性污泥处理后的废水中的吡啶降解菌进行了分离,并对其中一株吡啶高效降解菌JB27进行了分类鉴定及其吡啶降解特性分析。通过菌落形态观察、菌体显微观察、生理生化测定和16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株JB27进行菌种分类;利用紫外分光光度计和可见光分光光度计分别测定培养基中吡啶质量浓度和菌液OD_(600)值;分别测定菌株JB27在不同pH、温度、葡萄糖添加量以及初始吡啶质量浓度条件下的菌液OD_(600)值和吡啶降解率。结果表明,菌株JB27为Shinella zoogloeoides;该菌株能利用吡啶作为唯一碳源;菌株JB27在pH 5.0~9.0条件下均能发挥较强的吡啶降解能力,其降解吡啶的最适pH为8.0或9.0;菌株JB27降解吡啶的最适温度为30℃;葡萄糖的添加会降低菌株JB27的吡啶降解速率,不利于该菌株对吡啶的降解;菌株JB27对吡啶的降解程度与菌液OD600值成正比,在吡啶初始浓度分别为500、1 000、1 500、2 500和3 000 mg·L~(-1)的培养基中,可分别在3、4、4、5和6 d内降解掉99%以上的吡啶。菌株JB27的吡啶降解能力高于多数已报道吡啶降解菌,是一株吡啶高效降解菌,可作为煤化工废水中吡啶类化合物的生物降解的优良菌种资源。该研究可为该菌种的进一步应用提供理论依据。     

乐果降解菌LGX1的筛选及其降解特性研究

通过富集培养,从连续施用农药乐果的土壤中分离得到一株具有较强降解有机磷农药乐果能力的细菌菌株LGX1,通过菌落形态观察及细菌的16SrDNA测序,对其进行了鉴定,同时初步研究了其降解性能。结果表明：该菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,在接种量为20%,乐果初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1,外加碳源葡萄糖质量分数为2%,温度为35℃,初始pH值为4时该菌株对乐果的降解能力最强;并且能在以辛硫磷、毒死蜱和三唑磷为唯一碳源的基础盐培养基中生长,且均比在以乐果为唯一碳源的基础盐培养基中生长的OD600值要高,初步推断菌株LGX1对有机磷农药的降解有一定的广谱性。     

稳定混合菌协同降解咔唑研究

以咔唑(Carbazole,CAR)作为唯一碳源和氮源,从某炼油厂废水中筛选获得稳定的咔唑降解混合菌株.对该混合菌株进行分离和纯化,获得两株细菌,经生物化学和分子进化特征分析后,初步鉴定为Chryseobacterium sp.NCY和Achromobacter sp.NCW.扫描电镜显示,两株菌在含咔唑的无机盐培养基和肉膏培养基上生长时,细胞形态发生显著的变化.这两株细菌形成的稳定复合体存24 h内对咔唑(500 mg L-1)的降解率为80%,64 h内降解率可达到99%以上,并释放出氨氮22.69 mg L-1.纯化后的两株细菌单独以咔唑为唯一碳源和氮源,均不能生长,推测两株菌通过协同代谢作用降解咔唑.     

两株吡啶降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,该研究选择吡啶作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到260株降解吡啶污染物的高效降解菌株,选择降解效率最高的2株吡啶降解菌命名为菌株4-11和2-13,进行种属鉴定、细菌的生长情况和吡啶降解性能的考察.实验证明,60 h菌株4-11和2-13对质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1吡啶的降解率分别达到65.5%和64.1%.通过形态学、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列比对分析,确定菌株4-11属于产硫酸杆菌(Thiobacillus)与Thiobacillus intermediu 同源性最高,为99.8 %,菌株2-13属屈挠杆菌(Flexibacter)与 Flexibacter giganteus同源性最高,为99.9 %.     

Isolation and characterization of an Arthrobacter sp. strain HB-5 that transforms atrazine

A bacterial strain (HB-5) capable of utilizing atrazine as sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth was isolated from an industrial wastewater sample by enrichment culture. The isolate was identified as Arthrobacter sp. according to its phenotypic features, physiologic and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. The strain exhibited faster atrazine degradation rates in atrazine-containing mineral media than the well-characterized atrazine-degrading bacteria Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The broad optimum pH and temperature ranges observed for strain HB-5 indicate that it has potential for remediation of atrazine-contaminated sites. Strain HB-5 first metabolizes atrazine to yield hydroxyatrazine. Then, the bacterium metabolizes hydroxyatrazine to cyanuric acid, but could not mineralize atrazine.     

一株耐盐嗜热菌Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus H7的分离及其油脂降解特性

针对高盐、高油餐厨垃圾高温堆肥功能菌株缺乏的问题,以大豆油为唯一碳源,通过测定生物量、脂肪酶活性和油脂降解率,从餐厨垃圾堆积处的土壤样品中分离筛选出一株嗜热油脂降解菌H7.通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,对筛选的菌株进行鉴定,考察其耐盐能力、油脂降解和生长特性.结果表明,菌株H7为嗜热嗜气解硫胺素芽孢杆菌(Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus),最高耐盐浓度为30 g/L.菌株H7在油脂浓度为15 g/L的发酵培养基中发酵72 h,油脂降解率为60.11%,菌体浓度OD600为1.88,脂肪酶活性为11.65 U/mL.菌株H7可生长的温度为40-60℃,pH值为5-8,摇床转速为120-240 r/min,最适生长的温度为50℃,pH值为6,摇床转速为220 r/min.本研究获得了具有耐盐性和能降解高浓度油脂的嗜热菌株H7,可为高盐高油脂含量的餐厨垃圾堆肥提供微生物菌种资源.(图8表2参34)     

Extracellular amylase(s) production by fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus oryzae grown on cassava starch residue

The fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus oryzae produce extracellular amylase when grown on a liquid medium containing 2% (WN) soluble starch or cassava starch residue(CSR) (as starch equivalent), a waste generated after extraction of starch from cassava, as the sole carbon source. Using CSR as the sole carbon source, the highest amylase activity of 3.25 and 3.8 units (mg, glucose released x ml(-1) x h(-1)) were obtained in shake flask cultures during the late stationary phase of growth of B. theobromae and R. oryzae, respectively. These values were slightly lower than the values obtained using soluble starch as the carbon source. Maximum enzyme synthesis in CSR incorporated medium occurred at the growth temperature of 30 degrees C and pH 6.0. Presence of inorganic NH4+ salts like ammonium acetate and ammonium nitrate in culture medium yielded more amylase than the other nitrogen sources. Amylase(s) production in the controlled environment of a Table-Top glass Jar Fermenter (2-L capacity) was 4.8 and 5.1 units for B. theobromae and R. oryzae, respectively using CSR as the carbon substrate. It is concluded that CSR, a cheap agricultural waste obtained after starch extraction from cassava could replace soluble starch as carbon substrate for commercial production of fungal amylase(s).     

Assessment of phenol-degrading ability of Acinetobacter sp. B9 for its application in bioremediation of phenol-contaminated industrial effluents

Successful bioremediation of a phenol-contaminated environment requires application of those microbial strains that have acquired phenol tolerance and phenol-degrading abilities. A newly isolated strain B9 of Acinetobacter sp. was adapted to a high phenol concentration by growing sequentially from low- to high-strength phenol. The acclimatised strain was able to grow and completely degrade up to 14?mM of phenol in 136?h. The degradation rates were found to increase with an increase in the phenol concentration from 2.0 to 7.5?mM. The strain preferred neutral to alkaline pH range for growth and phenol degradation, with the optimum being pH 8.0. The optimum temperature for phenol degradation was found to be in the range of 30–35°C. Transmission electron micrographs showed a disorganised and convoluted cell membrane in the case of phenol-stressed cells, showing a major effect of phenol on the membrane. Enzymatic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies show the presence of an ortho-cleavage pathway for phenol degradation. Efficient phenol degradation was observed even in the presence of pyridine and heavy metals as co-toxicants showing the potential of strain in bioremediation of industrial wastes. Application of strain B9 to real tannery wastewater showed 100% removal of initial 0.5?mM phenol within 48?h of treatment.     

硝基苯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从化工厂污水处理池污泥中分离到一株能高效降解硝基苯的菌株XY-1,通过形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列同源性分析,将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株能以硝基苯为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长,硝基苯初始浓度为200 mg/L时,20 h降解率可达97%.该菌在温度25～35℃、pH 7.0～9.0范围内均能高效降解硝基苯,并且对对氯硝基苯、对氯苯胺也有良好的降解效果.测序分析表明,克隆到了该菌中的硝基苯还原酶基因,推测该菌的降解途径是硝基苯部分还原途径.图6参19     

菲高效降解菌的降解特性及其受蒙脱石的影响研究

通过选择性富集培养与纯化,从广州油制气厂附近的污染土壤中分离获得一株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源,快速生长的优势菌株（编号为YZ-1）。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,YZ-1菌株为琼氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacter junii）。当无机盐培养液中菲初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1时,45h内该菌株对菲的降解率可达到99.5%。YZ-1菌株的最佳生长条件为pH7.4,温度30℃,摇床转速160r·min-1。加入蒙脱石矿物之后,在降解的初期（前16h）表现为促进菲的生物降解作用,但随着时间的延长,菲的降解速率逐渐低于不加蒙脱石体系,并随蒙脱石含量或菲质量浓度的增加,此抑制延缓现象愈加明显。矿物对高浓度的菲具有吸附分散作用,而对低浓度的菲具有吸附保护作用。     

一株能产生聚乙烯醇降解酶的委内瑞拉链霉菌

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为唯一碳源,从土壤中筛选到1株能产生胞外PVA降解酶的放线菌GY1.根据扩增出的该菌株的16SrDNA全序列在GenBank中的比较结果,结合生理生化实验、细胞化学成分及菌落形态分析,确定该菌为委内瑞拉链霉菌(Stretopmycesvenezuelae).GY1菌株以PVA为唯一碳源时,产生的PVA降解酶活性达到120UL-1,是以葡萄糖或可溶性淀粉为唯一碳源时的10倍.当在PVA培养基中添加1gL-1至3gL-1的葡萄糖时,该菌株细胞量和PVA降解酶总酶活随着葡萄糖添加量的增加而增加,最大细胞量是未添加葡萄糖时的2.4倍,最高总酶活是未添加葡萄糖时的2.6倍,而单位质量细胞产生PVA降解酶的能力提高不大.但当添加的葡萄糖浓度从3gL-1增至10gL-1时,总酶活随着细胞量的增加出现下降趋势,同时单位质量细胞产生PVA降解酶的能力也大大降低.在相同PVA聚合度下,高醇解度PVA比低醇解度PVA更有利于GY1菌株的生长及产生PVA降解酶.图5表1参16     

丁草胺高效降解细菌的分离

通过瓶培养法富集培养，从肥东县一块单晚稻田土中分离出一株丁草胺高效降解细菌ＷＹ３０６，经鉴定，该菌为节杆菌属菌Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６．Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６降解丁草胺的影响因素研究表明：丁草胺降解半衰期与初始菌量近似成反比；当丁草胺添加浓度为５、９ｍｇ／Ｌ时，其降解半衰期分别为０．９７ｈ和１．８６ｈ，随浓度的增大而增大，而当丁草胺添加浓度为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ或其     

Isolation of a strain that degrades 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and characterization of its degradative plasmid

The genetic information encoding metabolic pathways for xenobiotic compounds in bacteria often resides on catabolic plasmids. The aim of the present work was to know the location of the genes for degrading 1,2,4-trichlorobenzen. In this paper a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-degrading strain THSL-1 was isolated from the soil of Tianjin Chemical Plant using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri through morphologic survey and 16S rDNA sequence determination. A plasmid was discovered from strain THSL-1 by using the alkali lysis method. When the plasmid was transformed into E. coli. JM109 by the CaCl2 method, the transformant could grow using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source and had the degradation function of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Therefore, it could be deemed that the plasmid carried the degradative genes of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The average size of the plasmid was finally determined to be 40.2 Kb using selectively three kinds of restricted inscribed enzymes (HindIII, BamHI, and XholI) for single cutting and double cutting the plasmid pTHSL-1, respectively.