岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。     

岷江流域面临的困境与建议

正岷江流域的生态环境危机并不是任何单一因素所造成的。因而,对岷江流域的环境保护也需要采取多种方式并行,才可能获得良好的保护效果。岷江是长江水量最大的一级支流。近年来,随着高强度的水电开发、城市扩张等人为活动影响,叠加原本不稳定的地质状况、自然灾害等,岷江流域的生态脆弱性表现日趋明显,周遭的生态环境和人们的生产生活也开始受到显著影响。一、人为活动对岷江的影响(一)岷江流域水电过度开发1.岷江上游干流开发情况岷江上游多为峡谷地段,水流湍急,自然落差大,水力资源丰富,是长江上游水电开发最超前的支流,也是我国水电开发起步最早的流域。据不完全统     

岷江干旱河谷甜樱桃发展优势及栽培技术研究

岷江上游干旱河谷特有的生态环境条件适宜发展优质特色水果.甜樱桃作为该区域新兴特色水果之一,近5年来发展面积已超过了400hm2.甜樱桃的引种和规模化栽培表明,岷江上游干旱河谷区发展优质、高产甜樱桃具有独特的优势.总结了岷江干旱河谷栽培甜樱桃的成熟技术和管理措施,探讨了发展甜樱桃的巨大潜力,同时对存在的问题进行了分析,以期为汶川地震灾害农业产业的恢复重建和结构调整提出新的思路.     

岷江上游干旱河谷地区生态环境需水量探讨

探讨了生态环境需水量的概念,将人类需水量纳入了生态环境需水量,进而初步探讨了岷江上游干旱河谷地区的生态环境需水量。分别估算了岷江上游干旱河谷地区河道内生态环境需水量、植被需水量及人类(生活和生产)需水量,得出当地生态环境需水总量为34.81×108m3,并提出在岷江上游干旱河谷地区应根据现在和将来有效供水量和生态环境年需水量综合考虑,确定适当的经济社会发展结构和规模,以维系和提高生态环境质量。     

大渡河流域干冷河谷特征植被调查分析——以某水电站为例

水电开发建设促进经济发展、增加清洁能源的同时,势必会对当地生态环境造成一定影响。特别是对于地处干冷河谷地区工程建设后的植被恢复工作一直是工程实践的难题。选取大渡河流域上游电站施工区作为研究对象,对该区域典型的干冷河谷植被特征进行调查分析,以气候地形、植被特征和植物种类为调查重点,分析了不同立地条件下的植被分布特征及影响要素,成果可为干冷河谷区域水电开发建设中的植被恢复技术的可行性论证和植被恢复工程方案提供参考。     

大通河流域水电资源开发对生态环境影响及管理对策

文章结合大通河流域水电资源开发现状，对该流域水电资源开发中存在的生态环境影响进行了论述分析，提出今后水电资源开发中环境保护工作的具体对策与建议。     

岷江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

岷江是长江上游的一个重要支流，其水质安全对维持成都平原正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法，对岷江流域14个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价。结果表明：在14个监测断面中，处于清洁和未污染程度的断面占50％，主要位于岷江流域的上游和下游，其水质状况较好；处于重污染的断面占29％，主要位于岷江流域的中游，水质状况较差。因此，需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对岷江中游的治理，以确保岷江流域的水质安全。     

河流年径流量周期变化的分析：以长江上游主要河流为例

一、河流的基本情况金沙江、岷江、沱江、嘉陵江和乌江是长江上游的几条主要河流。其中金沙江的流域面积最大,达48余万km~2,流域内大部分面积为高原和山地;流域内的降水主要来自印度洋,年降水量约750mm,河水除大部分为降雨径流直接补给外,还有少部分冰雪融水补给。岷江是长江上游产水量最大的一级支     

茂汶干旱河谷灌丛草地的特点和利用

一、环境概况茂汶县位于阿坝藏族自治州的东南部,岷江上游。该地区的气候主要受西风南支急流、东南季风两大气团的影响。5～9月受温湿的东南季风的制约,形成雨季。但因河谷深切,高耸的山峰阻碍了来自东南的水气,加之焚风效应的影响,致使河谷增温、空气干燥,形成特殊的干旱河谷景观。10月至翌     

基于AHP的巴河水电梯级开发累积环境影响评价研究

流域开发对环境的累积影响日渐受到关注。文中以西藏巴河流域水电开发为例，从累积影响环境因素的指标层和指标分析入手，提出运用AHP对累积影响程度进行估算，初步研究发现：巴河流域水电梯级开发必须建立在生态系统的稳定和土地、森林、草地资源适度开发及合理规划布局的基础上，才能实现水资源的高效开发利用。     

MULTIOBJECTIVE REAL‐TIME RESERVOIR OPERATION WITH A NETWORK FLOW ALGORITHM1

ABSTRACT: A network flow algorithm has been developed for the optimization of real‐time operation of a multiple reservoir system. Two purposes have been considered in the operation: flood control and hydropower generation. A special network structure was developed which allows the consideration of river routing. A multiobjective formulation is utilized thus allowing generation of a non‐dominated curve. The effect of imperfect forecast on the performance of the real‐time operation model is also evaluated. An application is made to a subsystem of the Brazilian hydroelectric system, located in the Paranapanema river basin. In this case study, the model showed good performance under the largest flood of the historical records.     

Organizational and Political Considerations in the Municipal Development of Small Hydropower1

ABSTRACT: The potential for hydroelectric power development at existing dams is great in oil dependent New England where there are over 10,000 dams presently in existence. Over 400 developments have been proposed in the region, the majority of which are small scale, and do not have major environmental impacts. Nevertheless, a variety of constraints may hinder development. A study of three efforts by municipalities in unique positions to develop hydropower reveals that organizational and political considerations are significant factors affecting development. Successful hydropower development requires: (1) the cooperation and interaction of citizens, government, and the private sector; (2) community interest and education; and (3) strong resolve.     

乌江干流梯级电站生态调度现状分析

乌江是我国十三大水电基地之一,主要的开发任务为发电,其次为航运,兼顾防洪及其他。本研究在乌江干流上选取了4个具有代表性的断面,运用修正的Tennant法和综合法计算了维持乌江干流各代表性河段基本健康所需的生态需水量。研究表明,目前乌江干流梯级电站采取的调度措施能够满足各代表性河段所需的最小生态需水量。但目前的调度措施仍是建立在发电效益最大化基础上的,未能从干流生态环境系统的特殊要求进行调度,给干流生态环境造成了一定影响。本文最后提出了从多方面开展乌江干流梯级电站生态调度研究工作的建议。     

去学水电站生态流量泄放措施优化研究

水电站的建设会造成坝址下游河段减水,对水环境和水生生物造成不利影响,因此电站生态流量的确定和泄放措施的可行性对于维护河流生态环境至关重要。以硕曲河去学水电站为例,基于可行性研究阶段提出的生态流量泄放措施方案,采用数学模型和理论分析方法,从生态流量取水水温、泄洪洞事故条件下生态流量保证率以及水资源的合理高效利用等方面进一步对生态流量泄放方案进行了优化比选。提出的优化方案提高了生态流量取水口的布置高程,在泄洪洞之外单独布置生态泄放系统,并增设生态流量发电机组等。对比分析表明,该优化方案在改善生态流量的下泄水温、提高生态流量泄放保证率、合理高效利用水能资源等方面具有较大优势。本研究为水电工程中生态流量泄放措施保障等方面提供了科学依据和技术参考。     

Determination of optimum minimum flow from a dam by using energy analysis

The proposed restoration of an abandoned hydroelectric dam on the Quinebaug River, Connecticut, is studied using energy analysis. The analysis considers the effects of alternative minimum flow releases, ranging from 0 to 34 cubic meters per second (cms), on the total energy flow of the affected system. The principal system components affected by differing minimum flows are hydroelectric power generation, aquatic habitat, and gross aquatic ecosystem productivity.The minimum flow alternative resulting in the highest annual energy flow in the affected system is considered optimal. From this purely analytical point of view, the optimum minimum flow is 0 cms, due to the short length and low productivity of the regulated reach, and the lack of floodplain interactions.Simulations of longer and more productive river reaches were conducted. For very short, unproductive reaches, in the absence of a floodplain, the contribution of aquatic community productivity to total system energy flow is negligible compared to hydroelectric generation. Optimum minimum flows are higher for longer and more productive reaches. For such cases the operation of hydroelectric dams could reduce total system energy flow because the energy supplied by hydroelectric generation may be offset by losses in aquatic productivity due to diminished riverine habitat.     

Biodiversity and present status of freshwater fishes in Lohit river basin of India

Lohit is a major tributary of the river Brahmaputra in India and is famous for its rich and diverse fish fauna. The river has a difficult terrain, but has high hydropower potential. A large number of storage-based hydropower plants are envisaged on this river in the near-future. This study aims at presenting the existing diverse fish fauna in Lohit river basin. A total of 74 fish species are identified in this river basin and can be classified into seven orders, 20 families, and 52 genera. Further, it has been highlighted that there are seven species which have been categorized as endangered, 12 species are categorized to be vulnerable, three species have been categorized as data-deficient, and the remaining species are in the least concern category. It is expected that the construction of proposed storage-based power plants in this basin will affect the flow and storage characteristics, as well as the temperature of the water, which, in turn, will affect the rich fish fauna. This study emphasizes the need for preparing a comprehensive plan for the adoption of appropriate in situ conservation measures, as well as an awareness program, so as to save the rich and diverse fish fauna of Lohit river basin.     

四川省水电行业环境监理试点工作实践与探讨

长期以来,我国对水电工程建设的环境管理实行环境影响评价和"三同时"制度,主抓环保审批和竣工验收两个环节,在工程施工阶段的环境管理相对薄弱,因此在水电资源开发的同时,也带来了一定程度的环境污染和生态破坏。为实现水电开发与环境保护的协调可持续发展,本文作者以某梯级电站为例,结合所参与的水电建设项目,对水电建设环境监理进行梳理和探讨,以期为水电建设项目环境监理的发展提供一定的理论及技术支持。     

闽江支流梯级电站开发对生态环境的影响及防治措施

采用现场调查监测，并结合收集的水电、渔业等方面资料，对闽江上游渔塘溪支流上的布上、碧州、马坪三级电站开发对植被、水土保持、水生植物、浮游生物、底栖动物、鱼类、水质的影响作了分析。结果表明，电站开发造成库区污染严重、富营养化、河段断流并产生一定的不利影响等。提出其环境减缓补救措施及今后闽江支流梯级电站开发生态环境保护的防治措施。     

THE IMPACTS OF WATERWAY USER FEES ON GRAIN TRANSPORTATION ON THE SNAKE-COLUMBIA RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Grain transportation is a major economic activity on the multiple use Snake-Columbia River System. Congress is currently considering increased transportation user fees aimed at recapturing federal expenditures for waterway operations and maintenance. Three types of fee structure and four levels of cost recovery are evaluated using a network program model. In each case traffic is diverted away from the river to other Puget Sound ports via truck and rail transport modes. Grain shippers in the region will be adversely affected by a higher transport bill. The Lower Columbia River port economic activities will be negatively affected; however, competitive uses of the river, recreation, and hydroelectric generation will likely benefit modestly.     

赠曲河流域开发规划的环境影响优化调整方案研究

针对四川省甘孜州白玉县赠曲河流域开发规划进行了分析,发现在该流域实施梯级电站建设,存在淹没实物指标较大、破坏保护鱼类栖息地和淹没尾矿库等问题。论文结合当地环境条件和防护要求,从环境保护角度提出了调整规划河段范围、放弃支沟引水、调整梯级正常蓄水位和枢纽布置以及搬迁尾矿库等优化调整方案,为规划的合理实施和规划环评的开展提供了可资借鉴的参考。