家具涂料的挥发性有机物排放特征及致癌风险估算

采用顶空实验装置采集家具涂料挥发蒸汽,通过不锈钢采样罐-气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)分析系统测量了溶剂型和水型涂料的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征。结果表明,溶剂型涂料排放的总VOCs平均质量浓度为7.6mg/m3,远高于水型涂料的2.6mg/m3。溶剂型和水型涂料排放的VOCs主要以芳香烃和烷烃为主。溶剂型涂料和水型涂料排放的特征VOCs组分为甲苯、2-甲基戊烷、苯、正辛烷,分别占两种涂料总VOCs排放的41.8%(质量分数,下同)和31.2%、21.2%和9.6%、6.5%和5.6%、6.0%和4.8%。溶剂型涂料排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP)明显高于水型涂料,OFP和SOAP的主要贡献组分均为芳香烃物质。溶剂型涂料排放的苯的长期致癌风险是水型涂料的2.6~4.6倍,均远远高于可接受的暴露风险值1×10-6。     

基于二次有机气溶胶和臭氧生成潜势的河北挥发性有机物优控物种研究

为研究河北大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对臭氧(O₃)及二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成的影响,利用2021年4—10月河北11个地市VOCs的监测数据,对河北VOCs污染特征及其关键活性组分进行分析研究。结果表明,观测期间河北VOCs平均体积分数为36.16×10^-9,低碳的醛酮类和低碳的烷烃是河北VOCs的主要构成物种。VOCs高值区主要集中在河北中南部沧州、衡水、邯郸、石家庄等地,北部城市秦皇岛、张家口VOCs浓度较低。监测期间,河北O₃生成潜势(OFP)为259.67μg/m³,SOA生成潜势为0.61μg/m³,其中衡水OFP最高,达302.96μg/m³,石家庄SOA生成潜势最高,达0.92μg/m³。甲苯、间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯对OFP及SOA生成潜势的贡献均较大,是O₃和大气颗粒物协同控制的优控VOCs物种。     

活性炭纤维净化印刷过程产生的VOCs废气

介绍了应用局部排气的方法,收集印刷过程的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)废气,应用活性炭纤维(ACF)吸附脱附有机废气回收净化装置,进行印刷厂VOCs废气的回收与治理,详细描述了印刷车间VOCs废气的收集与处理工艺过程及其效果.测试结果表明,应用此工艺和设备可以有效地进行印刷过程大风量的VOCs废气的回收和治理.     

台州不同功能区秋季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

于2020年秋季对台州不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行在线监测，分析了VOCs浓度水平和组成特征；利用O₃生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs对O₃污染的影响；运用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析VOCs的主要来源。结果表明，台州5个监测站点总挥发性有机物(TVOC)体积分数日均值在30.0×10^-9～52.9×10^-9,均以烷烃和含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)为主；VOCs来源主要包括机动车尾气源、工业排放源、燃烧源、油品挥发源、溶剂使用源和植物源，其对VOCs的贡献率分别为27.42%、19.37%、17.36%、17.25%、11.18%、7.41%,其中城区和郊区机动车尾气源的贡献最大，而工业园区则是工业排放源贡献最大；对OFP贡献最大的源类是溶剂使用源(贡献率31.12%),其次是工业排放源、机动车尾气源、油品挥发源、燃烧源，贡献率分别为20.69%、16.37%、15.70%、10.99%,植物源对OFP贡献率最低，仅为5.13%。台州城区和郊区需重点关注溶剂使用源管控，工业园...     

绍兴城区夏季大气挥发性有机物特征、来源及大气反应活性

研究了2019年夏季(8月)绍兴城区的烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳烃、卤代烃、含氧挥发性有机物(VOCs)、腈7类共98种VOCs的特征、来源及大气反应活性。结果表明,7类VOCs的平均质量浓度由大到小依次为烷烃(24.29μg/m3)卤代烃(17.17μg/m3)芳烃(15.89μg/m3)含氧VOCs(14.72μg/m3)烯烃(4.06μg/m3)炔烃(1.23μg/m3)腈(0.27μg/m3)。烃、腈和卤代烃白天浓度低,夜间浓度高,含氧VOCs基本上终日保持稳定。白天交通排放的贡献较为显著;夜间除交通排放外,挥发性有机溶剂的使用对绍兴城区夏季VOCs也有重要影响。此外,VOCs在一定程度上受到了长距离气团传输的影响,也存在一定的老化现象。烯烃、芳烃是绍兴城区夏季最具大气反应活性的VOCs。     

中山市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

为深入了解中山市挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源及对臭氧的影响,基于2021年1—12月VOCs在线监测数据,对大气VOCs体积分数、组分特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源情况进行了研究。结果表明：中山市大气VOCs体积分数日均值为2.61×10^-9～1.14×10^-7,年均值为2.18×10^-8,其中,烷烃是占比最大的组分,占60.0%,其次是芳香烃和烯烃,分别占25.9%和9.3%。除乙烯外,臭氧污染日前十物种体积分数较非污染日上升6%～49%。中山市OFP平均值为228.43μg/m³,其中,芳香烃和烯烃是贡献率较高的组分,间/对二甲苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯和异戊二烯等是关键活性物种。VOCs主要来源有机动车排放源、油气挥发源、工业源、燃烧源、溶剂使用源、天然源。溶剂使用源和工业源是OFP贡献率最高的污染源,贡献率分别为25.5%和24.0%,燃烧源、油气挥发源、天然源和机动车排放源贡献率分别为14.1%、13.3%、11.6%和11.5%。     

山西省典型炼焦企业化产工段挥发性有机物排放特征及臭氧生成潜势

选取山西省某典型焦化企业化产工段的冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序,采样监测其挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征,并运用等效丙烯浓度法和最大增量反应活性(MIR)法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。结果表明:(1)冷鼓工序、洗脱苯工序、脱硫工序、压滤车间4个工序共检测出32种VOCs,各工序的总VOCs分别为64 809.50、4 933.80、4 610.20、6 346.90μg/m~3。(2)4个工序检出的VOCs物种均以芳香烃和卤代烃为主,其中芳香烃以苯、甲苯、二甲苯为主,卤代烃以1,2-二氯乙烷为主。(3)芳香烃为4个工序中化学反应活性最大的污染物质,且各工序中1,2,4-三甲苯和1,3,5-三甲苯均有较高的化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势。(4)在排放浓度和臭氧生成潜势方面,冷鼓工序的贡献均为最大,是化产工段需要进行VOCs治理的重点工序。     

香烟、电子烟自由燃烧烟雾中挥发性有机物的排放特征

采用密闭实验箱开展香烟、电子烟的自由燃烧实验,利用Tenax吸附管采集箱内烟气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品,采用热解吸—气相色谱/质谱方法测定108种VOCs化合物,定量研究香烟、电子烟自由燃烧烟雾中VOCs的浓度、种类、特征物及排放率,结果表明:(1)香烟自由燃烧烟雾108种VOCs中臭氧前体物(PAMs)、空气毒...     

天津市滨海新区夏季挥发性有机物的污染特征分析

对天津市滨海新区夏季挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行在线观测,分析其夏季污染特征。结果表明:83种检出VOCs平均质量浓度为288.14μg/m3,各类化合物浓度贡献排序为烷烃(39.8%)卤代链烃(26.5%)芳香烃(13.9%)烯烃(13.1%)炔烃(4.4%)卤代芳香烃(2.3%),各组分中浓度最高的为正丁烷和正戊烷,占VOCs比例高达8.1%和7.0%;苯和甲苯也有相当含量,平均质量浓度均超过7μg/m3,分别占VOCs的2.5%和2.4%。天津市滨海新区VOCs日变化呈单谷型,与交通早晚高峰关系不大,苯/甲苯(体积比)为1.32,说明化石工业排放等对天津市滨海新区大气中VOCs影响较机动车尾气显著。聚类分析发现,天津市滨海新区VOCs来源分为3类,一类是汽油挥发和液化石油气、天然气泄漏,一类是化石工业和其他工业生产过程排放,一类是机动车尾气及植物排放,其中前两类为主要来源。     

基于受体模型和排放清单的杭州市挥发性有机物来源解析及其对臭氧生成的影响分析

为了解杭州市挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征及其对臭氧生成的影响,利用2020年9月至2021年8月的VOCs在线监测数据,全面分析了杭州市VOCs污染特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分析(PMF)和排放清单对VOCs进行来源解析,分析不同组分的臭氧生成能力。结果显示,杭州市VOCs逐月变化呈现“冬高夏低”的特征,烷烃在总VOCs中的占比最高。根据PMF解析,对杭州市VOCs浓度贡献最大的为机动车尾气排放源和溶剂使用排放源。排放清单中,溶剂使用排放源和工业排放源为贡献最大的来源。与排放清单结果相比,PMF结果中机动车尾气排放源和汽油挥发排放源贡献率偏高,与监测点位于城区环境、距离工业园区较远有关,因此VOCs污染防控应针对不同区域精准施策。从各组分对臭氧生成潜势的贡献来看,烯烃和芳香烃是贡献最大的组分。     

Source profiles of volatile organic compounds associated with solvent use in Beijing,China

Compositions of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from painting applications and printing processes were sampled and measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC–MS/FID) in Beijing. Toluene and C8 aromatics were the most abundant species, accounting for 76% of the total VOCs emitted from paint applications. The major species in printing emissions included heavier alkanes and aromatics, such as n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, toluene, and m/p-xylene. Measurements of VOCs obtained from furniture paint emissions in 2003 and 2007 suggest a quick decline in benzene levels associated with formulation changes in furniture paints during these years. A comparison of VOC source profiles for painting and printing between Beijing and other parts of the world showed significant region-specific discrepancies, probably because of different market demands and environmental standards. We conducted the evaluation of the source reactivities for various VOC emission sources. The ozone formation potential (OFP) for unit mass of VOCs source emissions is the highest for paint applications. Substituting solvent-based paints by water-based in Beijing will lead to an OFP reduction of 152,000 tons per year, which is more than 1/4 of the OFPs for VOCs emissions from vehicle exhaust in the city.     

A study on dynamic volatile organic compound emission characterization of water-based paints

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from surface coatings have caused growing public concern for air quality. Even the low-emitted VOC impact from water-based paints on indoor air quality in urban areas has caused concern. This paper presents experimental data using a mathematical model to simulate dynamic VOC emissions from water-based paints that is based on mass transfer and molecular diffusion theories. A series of field-analogous experiments were carried out to continuously measure the VOCs emitted from two typical water-based paints using a gas chromatography-flame-ionization detector monitor in an artificial wind tunnel system. In the study cases, the mass flux of VOCs emitted from the water-based paints was up to 50 microg/m2sec. It was found that the time needed to completely emit VOCs from water-based paints is just hundreds of seconds. However, the order of magnitude of the VOC emission rate from water-based paints is not lower than that from some dry building materials and solvent-based paints. The experimental data were used to produce a useful semiempirical correlation to estimate the VOC emission rates for water-based paints. This correlation is valid under appropriate conditions as suggested by this work with a statistical deviation of +/- 7.6%. With this correlation, it seems feasible to predict the dynamic emission rates for VOCs during a painting process. This correlation is applicable for assessing the hazardous air pollutant impact on indoor air quality or for environmental risk assessment. Associated with the dynamic VOC emission characterization, the air-exchange rate effect on the VOC emission rates is also discussed.     

天津市挥发性有机物污染特征与来源及其O3生成潜势

为深入了解天津市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源及对O3的影响,基于2020年天津市VOCs在线监测数据,统计分析了VOCs污染特征,用主成分分析法对天津市VOCs的来源进行解析,用最大增量反应活性法分析VOCs的O3生成潜势(OFP).结果表明:2020年天津市VOCs的年均质量浓度总和为56.56μg/m3,其中,...     

Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Catalytic Oxidation

Catalytic oxidation is an air pollution control technique in which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and vapor-phase air toxics in an air emission stream are oxidized with the help of a catalyst Design of catalytic systems for control of point source emissions is based on stream-specific characteristics and desired control efficiency. This paper discusses the key emission stream characteristics and VOC characteristics that affect the applicability of catalytic oxidation. The application of catalytic oxidation technology to four types of air emission sources is discussed: (1) groundwater stripping operations; (2) graphic arts facilities; (3) flexographic printing plants; and (4) latex monomer production. The characteristics of each of these emissions are discussed along with the catalytic technology used to control these emissions.     

Assessment of control strategies for reducing volatile organic compound emissions from the polyvinyl chloride wallpaper production industry in Taiwan

This study attempts to assess the effectiveness of control strategies for reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emission from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper production industry. In Taiwan, methyl ethyl ketone, TOL, and cyclohexanone have comprised the major content of solvents, accounting for approximately 113,000 t/yr to avoid excessive viscosity of plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and to increase facility in working. Emissions of these VOCs from solvents have caused serious odor and worse air quality problems. In this study, 80 stacks in five factories were tested to evaluate emission characteristics at each VOC source. After examining the VOC concentrations in the flue gases and contents, the VOC emission rate before treatment and from fugitive sources was 93,000 and 800 t/yr, respectively. In this study, the semiwet electrostatic precipitator is recommended for use as cost-effective control equipment.     

Assessment of Control Strategies for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from the Polyvinyl Chloride Wallpaper Production Industry in Taiwan

Abstract

This study attempts to assess the effectiveness of control strategies for reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emission from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper production industry. In Taiwan, methyl ethyl ketone, TOL, and cyclohexanone have comprised the major content of solvents, accounting for ～113,000 t/yr to avoid excessive viscosity of plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and to increase facility in working. Emissions of these VOCs from solvents have caused serious odor and worse air quality problems. In this study, 80 stacks in five factories were tested to evaluate emission characteristics at each VOC source. After examining the VOC concentrations in the flue gases and contents, the VOC emission rate before treatment and from fugitive sources was 93,000 and 800 t/yr, respectively. In this study, the semiwet electrostatic precipitator is recommended for use as cost-effective control equipment.     

Near surface soil vapor clusters for monitoring emissions of volatile organic compounds from soils

The overall objective of this research was to develop and test a method of determining emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases from soil surfaces. Soil vapor clusters (SVCs) were designed as a low dead volume, robust sampling system to obtain vertically resolved profiles of soil gas contaminant concentrations in the near surface zone. The concentration profiles, when combined with a mathematical model of porous media mass transport, were used to calculate the contaminant flux from the soil surface. Initial experiments were conducted using a mesoscale soil remediation system under a range of experimental conditions. Helium was used as a tracer and trichloroethene was used as a model VOC. Flux estimations using the SVCs were within 25% of independent surface flux estimates and were comparable to measurements made using a surface isolation flux chamber (SIFC). In addition, method detection limits for the SVC were an order of magnitude lower than detection limits with the SIFC. Field trials, conducted with the SVCs at a bioventing site, indicated that the SVC method could be easily used in the field to estimate fugitive VOC emission rates. Major advantages of the SVC method were its low detection limits, lack of required auxiliary equipment, and ability to obtain real-time estimates of fugitive VOC emission rates.     

Near Surface Soil Vapor Clusters for Monitoring Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Soils

ABSTRACT

The overall objective of this research was to develop and test a method of determining emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gases from soil surfaces. Soil vapor clusters (SVCs) were designed as a low dead volume, robust sampling system to obtain vertically resolved profiles of soil gas contaminant concentrations in the near surface zone. The concentration profiles, when combined with a mathematical model of porous media mass transport, were used to calculate the contaminant flux from the soil surface. Initial experiments were conducted using a mesoscale soil remediation system under a range of experimental conditions. Helium was used as a tracer and trichloroethene was used as a model VOC. Flux estimations using the SVCs were within 25% of independent surface flux estimates and were comparable to measurements made using a surface isolation flux chamber (SIFC). In addition, method detection limits for the SVC were an order of magnitude lower than detection limits with the SIFC. Field trials, conducted with the SVCs at a bioventing site, indicated that the SVC method could be easily used in the field to estimate fugitive VOC emission rates. Major advantages of the SVC method were its low detection limits, lack of required auxiliary equipment, and ability to obtain realtime estimates of fugitive VOC emission rates.     

Air Levels and Mutagenicity of PM-10 in an Indoor Ice Arena

Abstract

Hazardous waste sites and industrial facilities contain area sources of fugitive emissions. Emission rate measurements or estimates are necessary for air pathway assessments for these sources. Emission rate data can be useful for the design of emission control and remediation strategies as well as for predictive modeling for population exposure assessments. This paper describes the use of a direct emission measurement approach – the enclosure approach using an emission isolation flux chamber – to measure emission rates of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated soil and water. A variety of flux chamber equipment designs and operating procedures have been employed by various researchers. This paper contains a review of the design and operational variables that affect the accuracy and precision of the method. Guidance is given as to the optimum flux chamber design and operating conditions for various types of emission sources. Also presented is a generic quality control program that gives the minimum number of duplicate, blank, background, and repeat samples that should be performed.