《地面水质量标准(GB3838—88)》中非离子氨浓度的计算方法

本文分析了《地面水质量标准》(GB3838—88)中非离子及氨查表换算法可能的缺点,介绍了一种仅用计算式可快速、准确计算5—30℃水温,pH=6.0～10.0范围内任意温度、任意pH值时非离子氨百分比、允许总氨浓度,非离子氨浓度的方法,并具体计算与文献值比较,结果表明此计算式是正确和简便实用的。     

地面水中的非离子氨及其数学计算法

非离子氨的换算工作在我国才刚开始,由于存在不少问题,给标准执行中带来一定困难。本文从水化学实际出发,根据化学平衡原理,导出了水体中非离子氨分布系数(或百分率)的计算公式及其浓度的换算公式。既引入了水温,pH,还引入了离子强度,且介绍了两个水中离子强度的经验计算公式,使计算手续大为简化。本文提出的计算公式,不仅能满足淡水水体的需要,也能满足其它水体,如海水的需要。     

秋雨绵绵走平遥

正豆叶黄,谷又熟。中秋节刚过,连绵的秋雨就至,被雨雾笼罩的乡野,无边无际地寂静,唯有雨脚在沙沙行走。戴着一顶斗笠,背着一个背篓,拿着一把银镰,从繁华的初秋走来,走过丰硕的中秋,向萧瑟的深秋走去,像一株老腰了的高粱。那秋雨的身影,伴随着我一路前行,直至消失在了那乡野的尽头。前方出现一座静穆的古城,雄浑壮阔的城垣,肃立挺拔的马面,绵延凸凹的女墙,昂扬高亢的城楼,一如既往的雄姿,哦,让我又见平遥。     

如果我是一只鸟

抬起头看灰蒙蒙的天空,浓厚的尘埃遮蔽了洁白的云彩。听说,在遥远的太古时代,天空也经常是灰蒙蒙的,可那是因为成群的飞鸟,阻挡了太阳的光线。而现在,寥寥无几的鸟儿,偶尔飞过天空,也是在急切的寻找巢穴。如果我是一只鸟,看到不再纯洁的天空,我会流下悲伤的眼泪。那曾经是我们天然的乐园,我和兄弟姐妹们在那里游荡嬉闹,有时会追着轻飘飘的云彩飞出好远,回来的     

携卷《诗经》走四方

在苇丛坐下,打开随身携带的《诗经》,翻到《秦风·蒹葭》。蒹葭丛中读《蒹葭》,真是亲切,就觉得是回到了诗的故乡,回到那个遥远而古老的年代。一有时候,就觉得,假日行走,若是随身携带一卷《诗经》,也许常常会在不经意间,就撞醒一个沉睡千年的美丽意象,闯进一片久蕴心头的奇妙意境,让你的旅行多一种诗意的愉悦和难以言表的快感。呱呱——唧啾,呱呱一一唧啾,……一串清脆的鸟呜,将您从酣睡中唤醒。睁开眼,窗前已是阳光灿烂。这是一个春天的假日,原计划要读读《诗经》的,何不到室外去读呢?于是操书出门,乘着和风,循着鸟声,不知不觉间,已来到一条河边。河心沙洲上,正有一对美丽的小鸟,相对而鸣。呱     

让美丽与我们同住

碧绿的草,巍峨的山,秀丽的河,五颜六色的花朵,洁白的云朵。与我们同行,与我们同住。怎么才能留住身边的美丽呢?首先,我们要植树造林。现在社会经济发展起来,就开始砍伐树木,盖高大的楼房。楼房虽然高大美丽,但还是不如树木重要,树为我们遮荫,为我们净化空气,为我们绿化世界。众所周知,以前翠绿的树林是鸟儿们安心的小窝,可这几年的树木越来越少,鸟儿也越来越少,新鲜的空气一去不复返了。     

小溪

在我童年的时候,家乡有一条长长的小溪,向南不知从何处流来,向北不知流向何处。就这样日日夜夜的流着。春秋冬夏,日出日落,唱着那只永不疲倦的歌。小溪边,留下了我童年的足迹,小溪里,洒下了我们童年的歌声,洒下了我们无尽的欢乐,我们无尽的情趣,我们无限的向往……     

过去 现在 未来

地球,曾经是多么美丽的地方:群山环绕,无数棵苍翠挺拔的大树驻守在这片广阔的土地上,小鸟在歌唱,鱼儿在嬉戏,成双成对的蝴蝶翩翩起舞,蜜蜂也在争奇斗艳的花朵中辛勤劳动。一切都是那么美好,充满活力,充满生机。当然,这是过去的地球。现在的地球,因为科技越来越发达,万丈高楼随着棵棵大树的倾倒拔地而起,小鸟没有了家园;波光     

珍惜

我的家乡处在群山环抱之中,山,在这儿并不大,小小的山,一座接一座,犹如温柔的水波起伏不止,构成了一道美丽的风景线,有了山,自然缺不了水,大凌河的水充满了灵性,有了大凌河的滋润,家乡更是充满生机,但是,不知为什么,我常常担心这样美好的环境会消失,因为,目前一些人的做法实在令人担忧。看看吧,多少昨天的绿色已被今日的一座座高楼大厦     

一剪春韭香

"夜雨剪春韭,新炊间黄粱"。沐浴着淅淅沥沥的春雨,剪下春天的第一茬韭菜,氤氲香色中鲜嫩无比,沁人心脾。杜甫的这首广为人知的诗句恬淡自然,清新隽永,既有生活的本真,亦有闲适的意趣,细细体味,我童年美食的味道跃然眼前。韭菜四季常绿,但春天的韭菜最为脆嫩鲜美,有"春菜第一美食"的美誉。每年的阳春时节,嫩嫩的韭菜,就成为我家餐桌上必不可少的美食。我爱吃韭菜,尤爱吃早春时割下的头刀韭菜,其味醇香馥郁,无论是焯水后凉拌,还是做春卷,炒鸡蛋,烙盒子,包饺子,都是香味怡人,     

三维电极法深度处理环保发电厂垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用氨吹脱--三维电极法对广东某环保发电厂经混凝--生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,实验结果表明:在渗滤液pH为11,温度60℃,吹脱时间50min时脱氨率达95%;脱氨后的渗滤液经三维电极电解处理,COD去除率达81%,颜色清澈,可达《生活垃圾渗滤液排放限值》(GB16889-1997)的二级排放标准。     

Experimental measurement and modeling of the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia

In this work, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent has been studied by applying a newly built wetted wall column. The absorption rate in aqueous ammonia was measured at temperatures from 279 to 304 K for 1 to 10 wt% aqueous ammonia with loadings varying from 0 to 0.8 mol CO₂/mol NH₃. The absorption rate in 30 wt% aqueous mono-ethanolamine (MEA) was measured at 294 and 314 K with loadings varying from 0 to 0.4 as comparison.It was found that at 304 K, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by 10 wt% NH₃ solvent was comparable to the rates for 30 wt% MEA at 294 and 314 K (a typical absorption temperature for this process). The absorption rate using ammonia was however significantly lower at temperatures of 294 K and lower as applied in the Chilled Ammonia Process. However, at these low temperatures, the rate of absorption in ammonia has only a small temperature dependency.The rate of absorption decreases strongly with decreasing ammonia concentrations and increasing CO₂ loadings.The rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent was modeled using the measurements of the unloaded solutions and the zwitter-ion mechanism. The model could successfully predict the experimental measurements of the absorption rate of CO₂ in loaded ammonia solutions.     

降低聚丙烯酰胺尾气氨含量的可行性研究

在聚丙烯酰胺生产过程中,利用硫酸吸收含氨的工艺尾气所产生的废液不具有利用价值。改进后的治理措施为:水解工艺尾气从塔底部经过循环被吸收液吸收,吸收液直接与含氨气体逆向接触,含氨污染物进入液相,被吸收液吸收、中和并从气体中除去,然后进入塔上部除雾段,除去气体中携带的雾沫,以确保气体净化效率。经除氨处理后的气体被加工成成品。该工艺可以减小处理气体量,并降低了处理难度。     

天然硅藻土作为吸附材料处理渗滤液的效果研究

利用天然硅藻土在静态条件下对垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮和COD的吸附效果进行了研究。结果表明：天然硅藻土对于氨氮的去除效率只有14．1％;但对COD的去除效率可以达到70．1％;天然硅藻土对于COD的饱和吸附量和吸附速度明显高于其对氨氮的饱和吸附量及吸附速度;在平衡浓度相当高的情况下,每克硅藻土具有吸附65．31mg COD的极限潜力。     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

流动分析法测定空气和废气中氨的研究

建立流动分析法测定吸收液中氨的方法,用稀硫酸溶液吸收空气中的氨气,吸收液作为样品进入流动分析系统,采用在线蒸馏,实行自动分析,与国家标准方法比对,无明显差异,可用于空气中氨的定量检测。     

两种水源的水质及其混凝效果对比

针对一年中长江原水和黄浦江原水的水质情况,进行了两种原水几种水质指标的对比分析,混凝沉淀后两种原水氨氮和CODMn的达标情况对比,以及不同水温对于两大原水浊度、氨氮和CODMn混凝效果的影响。结果表明,黄浦江原水的浊度、氨氮和CODMn一般比长江原水高,pH比长江原水低,经过混凝沉淀处理后长江原水氨氮和CODMn的达标率比黄浦江原水高,两种原水的浊度、氨氮和CODMn的去除率随水温的升高有增大的趋势,若两种原水进行混合,为保证其处理后水质达标,则黄浦江和长江原水的配比最好不能超过2∶8。     

Environmental assessment of two home composts with high and low gaseous emissions of the composting process

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two home composts with low and high gaseous emissions of the composting process is presented. The study focused on the gaseous emissions of the composting process. Gaseous emissions of methane, nitrous oxides, ammonia and volatic organic compounds of the composting process were experimentally measured in field real trials. The results showed that the differences in gaseous emissions between the two home composts were 4.5, 5.8 and 52 for methane, nitrous oxides and ammonia, respectively. Higher emissions of nitrous oxides and methane affected significantly the category of global warming potential, while higher emissions of ammonia affected mainly the categories of acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidation. The differences found in the compost emissions were attributable to the composting production management (quality and composition of waste stream, frequency mixing of waste, humidity and temperature monitoring, among others) as well as weather conditions (temperature and humidity).     

Chilled ammonia process for CO2 capture

The chilled ammonia process absorbs the CO₂ at low temperature (2–10 °C). The heat of absorption of carbon dioxide by ammonia is significantly lower than for amines. In addition, degradation problems can be avoided and a high carbon dioxide capacity is achieved. Hence, this process shows good perspectives for decreasing the heat requirement. However, a scientific understanding of the processes is required. The thermodynamic properties of the NH₃–CO₂–H₂O system were described using the extended UNIQUAC electrolyte model developed by Thomsen and Rasmussen in a temperature range from 0 to 110 °C and pressure up to 100 bars. The results show that solid phases consisting of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate are formed in the absorber. The heat requirements in the absorber and in the desorber have been studied. The enthalpy calculations show that a heat requirement for the desorber lower than 2 GJ/ton CO₂ can be reached.