改变垫水层沸点的薄层睛扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定.在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度.在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并...     

不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸现象燃烧特性研究

利用自行研发的小尺寸薄层扬沸燃烧特性测量平台,开展了不同垫水层厚度下薄层扬沸燃烧特性的实验研究。测试油料的品种为:柴油(0)和航空煤油(Jet A);油盆尺寸为15cm,18cm,30cm和40cm;实验工况中油层厚度为1.0cm,水层厚度选取了与油层厚度数量级相同的三种厚度:1.0cm,1.5cm和2.0cm。结果表明:随着油盆尺寸增大或垫水层厚度上升,扬沸阶段特性从突变型向持续型转变,首次扬沸发生时间缩短,扬沸强度降低。     

油品火灾扬沸前兆现象的实验研究

本文研究典型油品扬沸前兆期的火行为。应用火焰显示技术观察扬沸前兆期的火焰结构；测量扬沸过程中油、水层的温度——时间历程；在时域、频域上分析扬沸前兆的微爆噪声特性；并在原理上提出诊断，预报油品火灾扬沸发生的新途径。     

垫水层对油池火燃烧特性影响的试验研究

研究垫水层对小尺度油池火燃烧特性的影响.分别测量在有、无垫水层情况下,正庚烷和航空煤油(RP-5)池火燃烧过程中质量损失速率及温度分布随时间的变化特征,同时通过摄像机记录油池燃烧过程中发生的现象.结果表明,垫水层对不同沸点燃料池火的燃烧发展过程及质量损失速率的影响截然不同.当无垫水层时,由于池壁温度超过燃料沸点,庚烷池火发生沸腾燃烧现象;而航空煤油沸点较高,燃烧过程中没有发生沸腾现象.当有垫水层存在时,由于油水界面温度超过水的沸点,沸点较高的航空煤油池火发生薄层喷溅现象;由于庚烷沸点低于水,庚烷垫水池火燃烧过程比较平稳,只发生了局部溅射现象.     

油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验研究

分析扬沸火灾形成的3个基本物理条件,给出扬沸三角形的概念,提出通过破坏3个基本条件中任一条件来抑制扬沸火灾发生的构想。为解决其防治问题建立小尺度油罐扬沸火灾防治模拟实验台,用沸石和双列盘管式冷却法对扬沸火灾防治进行了实验研究;通过对比两种方法施加前后的油层、油水界面、水层温度和火焰辐射,发现双列盘管式冷却法和沸石能有效地抑制扬沸的形成和降低扬沸的危害程度。从机理上分析,小尺度油罐扬沸火灾的防治方法可为扬沸火灾的防治提供一定的理论依据。     

原油储罐火灾扬沸形成时间预测模型研究

扬沸火灾是一种突变性火害现象，其发生能导致巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失，其形成时间预测问题一直备受关注。根据能量守恒定律，把原油层内的热量传递看作无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题，建晓热量传递模型，通过预测油层内的温度分布，结合小尺度油罐扬沸火灾实验结果，推导出扬沸形成时间预测模型。并对其可靠性进行了案例验证，结果表明模型准确，误筹较小。实验发现随着罐径的增大，水层厚度对扬沸形成时间的影响逐渐减小。通过预测模型计算得到：扬沸形成时间与初始油层厚度和罐径的比值存在正比例关系。     

油罐扬沸火灾热辐射危害研究

针对油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度难以计算的问题,采用分阶段法计算油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度.采用圆柱火焰模型计算油罐扬沸火灾中准稳态燃烧阶段的热辐射强度,结果与试验值一致.建立油罐扬沸阶段的油品沸溢半径计算模型,并结合点源模型计算扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.计算油罐扬沸火灾油品沸溢半径和热辐射强度,特别是扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,可为降低油罐扬沸火灾的热辐射危害提供理论依据.     

扬沸火灾发生时间预测模型的建立与应用分析

原油储罐扬沸火灾由池火灾发展而成,是一种危害性极大的事故.准确预测扬沸事故发生的时间,是扬沸机理研究中的难题之一.现有扬沸时间计算的通用模型由于没有考虑油品的粘性作用,计算结果误差较大.把扬沸火灾简化为无内热源的非稳态传热问题,在此基础上进行传热分析,进而推导出扬沸事故时间计算模型.设定了6组不同尺寸和不同充装水平的原油储罐池火灾,利用推导模型计算出了相应的扬沸事故发生时间.将计算结果与通用模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比:该模型的准确性由于通用模型,计算结果与实验值误差较小,较为合理.研究结果对于扬沸火灾事故下消防人员的灭火救援的安全保障具有重要意义.     

小尺度油品扬沸火灾火行为的实验研究

扬沸火灾作为原油油罐火灾中的一种特殊火灾现象,一旦发生将会造成巨大的灾害.扬沸时的火行为,特别是火焰的突变是造成危害的主要原因之一.采用红外热像仪对小尺度油罐油品扬沸火灾火焰温度场和火焰高度突变现象进行了实时研究,分析了火焰温度场突变的原因和火焰突变高度与油罐直径的关系.结果表明,油品扬沸时火焰的突变程度随油品黏度的增大而增大,扬沸时无量纲火焰高度随着油罐直径的增大而减小.可为研究大尺度的油罐扬沸火灾火行为提供一定的理论基础.     

细水雾扑灭油池火过程中火焰强化现象的实验研究

在细水雾扑灭油池火的初期,某些油池火焰会有一个突然强化、剧烈燃烧的情况发生。通过实验研究证明,酒精等与水互溶的液体不会发生强化现象,汽油和柴油等不溶于水的液体则有明显的强化现象;同时,发生强化现象的根本原因是共沸使得细水雾到达燃料表面后急剧沸腾而强化燃烧。     

Small scale thin-layer boilover experiments: Physical understanding and modeling of the water sub-layer boiling and the flame enlargement

Boilover is defined as a violent ejection of fuel due to the vaporization of a water sub-layer, resulting in an enormous fire enlargement and formation of fireball and ground fire. This paper focuses on the physical principles behind the thin-layer boilover phenomenon, and on the improvement of the thin-layer boilover modeling. Small scale field and laboratory experiments, with a mixture of diesel and oil, and reservoirs ranging from 0.08 to 0.3 m, have been performed. High-speed visualizations and image processing, in parallel to temperature and mass loss measurements allows to better understand the water boiling, and the consequent flame enlargement. The modeling of the boilover period is done through the calculation of the pre-boilover burnt mass ratio and the boilover intensity based on the mass loss and on the flame enlargement.     

Small scale boilover and visualization of hot zone

Experimental studies of boilover were conducted in small scale rig at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia and Loughborough University, United Kingdom. The study at UTP was aimed to demonstrate the ability of conducting tests at a smaller scale to simulate the boilover phenomenon. At Loughborough University, a novel laboratory scale rig was designed and built in order to obtain visual records of fuels' behaviour in a pool fire. The ultimate objective of these studies is to develop a greater understanding of boilover pertaining to fires involving the contents of storage tanks. Fuel mixtures containing light and heavy components were burnt as to study the feasibility of reproducing hot zone formation and boilover in a smaller scale and a safe environment. Boilover occurred after certain period of burning. It is found that thickness of the hot zone changed with time. It is also found that the time needed to start boilover increased when fuel thickness increased. The visualization of the fuel behaviour during the experiments was obtained to better understand the formation and growth of hot zone, the boiling of water layer and hence the boilover occurrence. Based on the data analysis and the photographs recorded from the experiments, the laboratory scale experimental rig could be used to simulate the hot zone formation mechanism and the boilover event safely and successfully. Such information are important for the understanding towards boilover phenomenon.     

油品燃烧时油罐壁温的实验研究

应用ＴＶＳ－２０００ＳＴ型红外热象仪对在１３５ｍｍ×７８ｍｍ×１２０ｍｍ的长方罐中含水油品的燃烧过程进行了动态壁温的测量。实验结果表明：对小尺度油罐，一维热传导的理论是可行的。另外，发现在扬沸前夕油层的温度梯度并不下降，而总的温度值下降，这有助于理解扬沸形成的物理过程和正确地预报扬沸。     

Impact of wind on in-situ burning behavior of spilled oil on open water

Spilled oil may cause serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Thus, an efficient oil spill response is essential to reduce and minimize the impacts seen from an oil spill. In-situ burning (ISB) has been proven to be one of the most convenient and efficient treatment methods for oil spills on sea. When in-situ burning operation is carried out on sea, the wind is usually available. Spilled oil pool fire flame will be blown to tilt with an angle from the vertical direction and the flame length will be stretched. This effect of flame on downstream will be significantly enhanced. It may even cause the burning of spilled oil out of control or hazard the operators near site. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the burning behavior of oil pool fire on open water under wind.A small-scale oil pool fire on open water experiment system was designed, which could simulate the boundary conditions of sea surface ISB. A series of experiments were carried out to study the effects of oil pool diameter, oil layer thickness and wind speed on fire flame length and flame tilt angle. Flame characteristics and temperature of burning system were recorded. This study observes burning behavior to evolve from short pool fire to long declining phase which transient through boilover stage. Dimensionless flame length in pool fire stage increases with wind speed. As expected the flame tilt is strongly influenced by wind speed, tilt angle increase with wind speed. The observed experimental behavior is captured as improvement in the flame length and flame tilt angle models.This study helped better understanding fire behavior in evolving environmental conditions, and the most importantly developed model would help guide better assessment of fire mitigation strategies.     

插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

Floating roof storage tank boilover

Storage tanks are important facilities for the major hazard installations (MHIs) to store large quantity of crude oil. There is several fire types can occur with large diameter open top floating roof storage tanks. Boilover is considered one of the most dangerous fires in large-scale oil tank. The world has witnessed many incidents due to boilover in floating roof storage tank. Boilover problem has been studied in experiments and by models to understand how to control the boilover phenomena. An experimental study has been carried out in Jebel Dhanna (JD) terminal area by Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) with support of Resource Protection International (RPI) consultant. 2.4 m diameter and 4.5 m diameters pans have been used to study the characteristics of the large oil-tank fires (i) to gain more knowledge of the boilover phenomenon of crude oil (ii) verify if the crude oil stored by ADCO would boilover (ii) estimation of rate of hot-zone growth and the period needed from ignition to boilover (iii) estimation of radiant heat and consequences of boilover. This paper presents an overview on the floating roof storage tank boilover. The paper also presents briefly boilover experimental research study carried out by ADCO.