灰霾天气城市空气污染程度判据指标体系建立的探讨

灰霾天气加重空气污染程度,是空气污染呈现区域性、复合型污染的重要天气污染现象,对视觉空气质量以及人体健康造成很大影响与危害.针对灰霾天气下城市空气污染加重程度判据系统建立,对灰霾天气下空气污染程度评估方法及建立污染程度与能见度量化相关关系进行了初步探讨.     

AlphaCount 2000藻密度自动检测仪与人工比对及适用性探究

于2021年11月—2022年11月,对洱海流域的藻类开展仪器检测和人工检测比对实验,通过分析比对数据,探讨和验证了仪器的准确性、一致性及适用范围。结果表明,仪器检测在藻细胞密度和种属数上较人工检测偏高,但变化趋势总体一致,在一定程度上可以反映藻类的变化情况;仪器检测须调整藻细胞密度,最宜测定的藻细胞密度为1 000～3 000万个/L;仪器检测与人工检测的相对偏差为±40%,仪器2次计数结果的相对偏差为±20%,适用于对数据精度要求不高的趋势性研究监测;仪器在样品浓缩5倍时的方法检出限为2.4×10⁴ 个/L,空白实验验证的检出限高于方法检出限;含杂质或植物碎屑多的样品,仪器检测容易产生错误结果,因此应采用人工检测;样品藻细胞密度＜500万个/L或＞10 000万个/L时,仪器检测偏高或偏低较多,误差相对较大,须进行稀释处理后再检测或进行人工检测。     

玄武湖菹草种群的发生与水环境变化

于2005年11月-2006年4月对玄武湖菹草种群进行了采样分析,并对其发生过程中的水环境质量进行了跟踪监测.结果表明,玄武湖菹草种群发生过程中,湖区水质有明显改善,湖水透明度增加,主要监测指标TN、TP质量浓度值下降.指出,在湖区维持一定量的菹草,对湖泊在冬春季的水环境质量的改善以及生态系统的平衡与健康方面具有重要意义.提出解决湖泊环境问题的根本途径是修复重建健康水生态系统.     

韶关市3座供水水库蓝藻种群及微囊藻毒素的季节变化

为了解供水水库的蓝藻种群和微囊藻毒素的季节变化,于2012年1—12月对韶关的苍村、瀑布和花山3座供水水库进行了采样分析。结果表明,3座水库为中营养型水库,监测蓝藻共9属(种),优势种为鱼腥藻和微囊藻,蓝藻最高丰度为5.67×107L-1;降水导致营养盐物质带入水库和水体不稳定性是蓝藻种群和优势种在夏秋两季季节变化和占优势的主要影响因子。3座水库ρ(微囊藻毒素)为0.1~0.9μg/L,最高值接近世界卫生组织对饮用水中MC-LR的指导性限制值(1μg/L)标准。微囊藻与微囊藻毒素呈显著正相关性(R=0.871,P0.01),表明产微囊藻毒素的蓝藻主要为微囊藻,当水库发生微囊藻水华时有发生微囊藻毒素的风险。     

室内燃煤取暖与烟雾程度对呼吸道健康的影响研究

在儿童家庭调查问卷的基础上 ,报告室内燃煤取暖与烟雾污染程度对呼吸系统病症的影响。结果表明家庭燃煤取暖与否、室内空气烟雾程度对儿童及其父母的呼吸系统健康有不利的影响     

生物监测中叶绿素a浓度与藻类密度的关联性研究

通过测定叶绿素a浓度、藻类密度和藻类分类计数等,获取\"水华\"水体生物监测数据。统计分析结果表明,叶绿素a浓度和藻类密度在蓝藻\"水华\"(微囊藻为优势种)暴发期间存在显著相关,并拟合出了回归直线。且叶绿素a浓度和藻类密度的自然对数比值也与藻类发生和兴衰存在着规律性联系。     

不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞的相互影响

通过设置模拟摄食试验,使用铜绿微囊藻藻液及滤液对大型溞同时进行急性毒理试验,探讨了不同藻密度条件下铜绿微囊藻与大型溞之间的相互影响。结果表明,大型溞的摄食行为对铜绿微囊藻的生长有抑制,抑制作用随藻密度升高而下降,中、低藻密度(1.01×108mL~(-1)、1.01×107mL~(-1))下的抑制率分别为54.6%、65.7%,高密度(1.01×109mL~(-1))下的抑制率为29.7%。同时,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞有毒性作用,在毒理试验中,藻液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为0.455×107mL~(-1)和0.036×107mL~(-1),滤液组24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为1.299×107mL~(-1)和0.179×107mL~(-1)。藻液组的LC50值明显低于滤液组,结合镜检表明,大型溞摄食铜绿微囊藻,铜绿微囊藻对大型溞的毒性影响以胞内毒素为主。在藻-溞微生态系统中,当藻密度低时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果显著,藻细胞被摄食殆尽后大型溞迅速死亡;当藻密度适中时,大型溞种群对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果良好,存活时间最长;当藻密度高时,大型溞种群受藻毒素强烈影响,短时间内死亡殆尽,对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果差。     

滇池宝丰湾疏浚区底泥污染程度评价及环保疏浚深度的确定

根据滇池外海主要入湖河口及重点区域底泥疏浚工程,宝丰湾疏浚区设计阶段勘察结果,采用内梅罗污染指数法及Lars Hakanson的重金属潜在生态风险指数法对疏浚区底泥进行了污染程度评价。针对底泥污染空间分布特征,确定疏浚深度,为环保施工提供依据。     

鸭绿江丹东段水体TOC与高锰酸盐指数相关性及应用探讨

通过对2007年~2009年鸭绿江丹东段地表水中TOC和高锰酸盐指数进行枯、丰、平三个水期109组数据同步监测的结果表明,两者之间存在密切的相关关系,经一元线性回归得出三个水期的回归方程。经相关系数显著水平检验,表明在99.9%的置信水平下,TOC和高锰酸盐指数线性相关非常显著。     

环境空气质量分析的实践与探讨

以丹东市环境空气质量分析为例对当前采用的环境空气质量分析方法的优缺点进行了评述,指出采用全市多点位平均值分析环境空气质量具有一定缺欠,它们的均值会平滑掉重污染点的监测峰值,反映不出城市应有的污染来;应把对重污染点的监测值的分析作为重点,辅以全市多点位的平均值,分析环境空气污染特征、变化规律,进而查找其污染原因,提出可行的减少或消除环境空气污染的措施和办法。     

银川市城市生态服务功能价值的变化分析

生态系统服务价值的研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一。本文基于生态系统服务功能价值理论,根据银川市土地利用变化的情况,定量估算了其土地生态系统为人类提供服务的经济价值。结果表明,1996—2006年银川市生态系统服务价值变化的总态势是先增后减,生态系统服务功能在城市化过程中受到较大的影响。     

CODCr测定中空白试验值的影响因素分析

对CODCr测定中空白试验值的影响因素进行了探讨,结果表明,实验中的硫酸质量对测定影响最大。     

Trace Level Determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in Drinking Water Samples

The concentration of uranium has been assessed in drinking water samples collected from different locations in Bathinda district, Punjab, India. The water samples are taken from hand pumps and tube wells. Uranium is determined using fission track technique. Uranium concentration in the water samples varies from 2.23± 0.05 to 87.05± 0.29 μg/L. These values are compared with safe limit values recommended for drinking water. The uranium concentration in almost all drinking water samples is found to be more than the safe limit. Analysis of some heavy metals viz. Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in water is made. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and total hardness along with the pH value and conductivity of the water samples are measured. Some of the samples show stunningly high values of these parameters.     

An evaluation of selenium concentrations in water, sediment, invertebrates, and fish from the Solomon River Basin

The Solomon River Basin is located in north-central Kansas in an area underlain by marine geologic shales. Selenium is an indigenous constituent of these shales and is readily leached into the surrounding groundwater. Portions of the Basin are irrigated primarily through the pumping of selenium-contaminated groundwater from wells onto fields in agricultural production. Water, sediment, macroinvertebrates, and fish were collected from various sites in the Basin in 1998 and analyzed for selenium. Selenium concentrations were analyzed spatially and temporally and compared to reported selenium toxic effect thresholds for specific ecosystem components: water, sediments, food-chain organisms, and wholebody fish. A selenium aquatic hazard assessment for the Basin was determined based on protocol established by Lemly. Throughout the Basin, water, macroinvertebrate, and whole fish samples exceeded levels suspected of causing reproductive impairment in fish. Population structures of several fish species implied that successful reproduction was occurring; however, the influence of immigration of fish from low-selenium habitats could not be discounted. Site-specific fish reproduction studies are needed to determine the true impact of selenium on fishery resources in the Basin. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评估浅析——以陕西省不同区域三条高速公路为例

以陕西省3个典型区域的3条高速公路为例,在构建高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评价体系并确定各评价指标计算方法的基础上,全面分析了高速公路水土保持的生态服务功能价值。旨在相互交流的基础上,为后期同类工程水土保持投资预算设计和资金管理使用提供理论依据。     

南京市机动车尾气污染现状调查及其对人群健康的影响

机动车尾气排是影响城市大气环境质量的重要因素，监测表明：南京市道路环境污染来重，尤其是隧道及交通繁忙的路段。通过对２２０人作问卷调查，发现机动车尾气污染已对经常接触的人群产生很大的影响。     

Application of a Larval Medaka Assay to Evaluate the Fish Safety Level in Sagami River, Japan

Physico-chemical characteristics of some river and hand-dug well waters used for drinking and domestic purposes in the oil rich Niger Delta area of Nigeria were assessed using standard methods. The concentrations of the parameters in the river water samples ranged in the following order: pH (5.6–6.9), temperature (26.90–28.60°C), turbidity (23–63 NTU), electrical conductivity (52–184 μs/cm), DO (5.4–7.2 mg/l), BOD (21–57 mg/l), TDS (6.0–217 mg/l), PO₄ ³⁻ (0.19–1.72 mg/l), SO₄ ²⁻ (25–36.8 mg/l), NO₃ ⁻ (20.3–28 mg/l), Fe (6.07–15.71 mg/l), Zn (0.04–0.24 mg/l), Pb (0.01–0.17 mg/l), Ni (0.01–0.13 mg/l), Vn (0.01–0.20 mg/l) and Hg (0.001–0.002 mg/l). The concentrations of these parameters in the hand-dug well water ranged in the following order: pH (5.7–6.8) temperature (26–30°C), turbidity (134–171 NTU), electrical conductivity (160–340 μs/cm), DO (5.4–6.4 mg/l), BOD (13–34 mg/l), TDS (110–190 mg/l), PO₄ ³⁻ (0.84–1.84 mg/l), SO₄ ²⁻ (10.6–28.1 mg/l), NO₃ ⁻ (11.3–23 mg/l), Fe (13.17–16.31 mg/l), Ni (0.01–0.02 mg/l), Vn (0.01–0.04 mg/l) and Hg (0.001–0.004 mg/l). The concentrations of BOD, turbidity, NO₃ ⁻ and Fe in the water samples were above WHO and FMENV permissible limits for safe drinking water. The results suggest that the use of such waters for drinking and domestic purposes pose a serious threat to the health of the users and calls for the intervention of government agencies.     

学习先进理念、促进环境监测管理水平提升

通过在意大利的考察学习,对学习考察的收获和感受进行了总结,并结合意大利现行环境政策和环境监测先进经验提出了我国在环境保护和监测管理方面的设想和建议,供同行参考。     

Comparative Metal Distribution in Hair of Pakistani and Libyan Population and Source Identification by Multivariate Analysis

Using nitric acid-perchloric acid wet digestion based FAAS method ten selected metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the scalp hair of male Pakistani and Libyan donors (n = 62), between 3–54 years age and residing in typical urban areas. The study was taken up to identify sources of metal distribution in two diverse population segments exposed to different environments. Sodium emerged with the highest mean hair concentration of 511.0 μg/g and 496.9 μg/g for Libyan and Pakistani donors respectively, followed by K, at 266.2 μg/g and 242.4 μg/g for the two donor categories. Cadmium showed the lowest mean hair concentration for both Pakistani (0.380 μg/g) and Libyan (0.530 μg/g) donors. Levels of Na, K, Pb, Cr and Cd were higher in hair of Libyan donors compared with Pakistani counterparts which showed higher comparative levels of Zn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mn. Strong metal-to-metal correlations were found between Na–K (r = 0.638) and Cd–Co (r = 0.574) for Pakistani donors, while for Libyan donors, Na–K (r = 0.680) and Fe–Mn (r = 0.624) correlations emerged as strongly significant. Only K was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.611) with age for Pakistani donors while this correlation was significantly negative (r = −0.500) for Libyan donors, probably arising from individual food habits. Other metals showed no viable relationship with age. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of the data evidenced food, industrial emissions and automobile emissions as possible sources of metal distribution. The results of the present study are compared with those reported for subjects from other regions of the world.     

A Comparison of Aerial and Ground Level Measurements of 137Cs in the Marshall Islands

The purpose of this paper is to present and compare two independent sets of environmental gamma spectrometry measurements of¹³⁷ Cs collected nearly 14 years apart. One set of data was collected in 1978 by a contractor of the U.S. Department of Energy during an aerial radiological survey of the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands. That program used helicopter mounted sodium-iodide scintillation detectors; measurements were made from an altitude of 38 m. The second measurement program was conducted from early 1990 through late 1994 by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Government in a survey of the entire nation. This latter program used ground level in situ gamma spectrometry with high-purity germanium detectors. In this comparison, we highlight differences between the findings of the two studies and probable reasons for those differences, though we also discuss the effectiveness of the two techniques for monitoring the ionizing radiation environment. In the comparison of exposure rates from ¹³⁷Cs, fair agreement was noted after accounting for radioactive decay during the intervening years. Though the distributions were statistically different over their entire range, they were nearly identical above 1 R h^-1. There was considerable difference in the estimates of¹³⁷ Cs inventory; the difference was greater at low activity levels with the NaI measurements consistently larger than the in situ measurements. Reasons for this difference is attributed to three factors which differed between the two studies: (1) the assumed penetration of the cesium into the soil column, (2) the assumption of soil density, and (3) differences in the ability of the two different detector systems to reject interfering spectral contributions. Precise measurement of the lowest levels has implications for determining those atolls that exceeded the deposition of ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout. This issue is discussed in addition to a comparison of the findings from the two measurement programs.