Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

Development of environmental management system in China's financial sector

The establishment of the environmental management system in the financial sector can be effectively promoted through the introduction of the environmental protection concept and its implementation by the financial sector. The impact of a sustainable development system on the sector is analyzed in this article from three aspects: environmental risk assessment, financing support for environmental protection projects, and financial services to environmentally friendly corporations and individuals. Influential factors on the development of the environmental management system in China’s financial sector are discussed from the perspective of various entities such as financial institutions, financial regulation authorities, environmental protection departments, corporations, and the public. It is pointed out that China’s financial sector is now in the transitional phase from a defensive attitude to a preventive attitude. Strengthening governmental guidance, the supervision of regulators as well as public awareness of environmental protection should be used to enhance the initiative in the development of the environmental management system in the Chinese financial sector.     

Contributing institutional factors of rural environmental pollution in the process of modernization in China —In the perspective of the efficiency of environmental management system

With the development of rural pollution, its characteristic and institutional factor should be studied for pollution control through economics and sociology. Based on the data gathered from investigations by several government sectors, rural environmental pollution can be divided into two types by its sources: internal source type and external source type. The internal source type is the main component of rural pollution at present, which can be further divided into three types. Research shows that the contributing institutional factors of rural pollution issues and the effectiveness of environmental management system over rural pollution can be summarized as distinctiveness. In essence, the rural pollution issue results from the dualism of rural and urban areas’ inadaptability to rural modernization. In detail, the contributing factors can be summed up on three institutional levels. There are obvious loopholes in rural environmental management system which, in the meantime, is incapable and inadaptable to rural pollution control. There exist similar questions in the related public service system, which are intensified by inappropriate reform which brought about incompatible incentive in the recent years. However, in the eleventh five-year plan period, there are advantageous trends in the three institutional levels. Main data sources in this paper: ➀ the surveys on TVEs (township and village enterprises) conducted by Township Enterprise Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture of China in 1997 and 2002; ➁ the partial survey on rural environmental conditions by EPA (environmental protection administration) of Zhejiang Province in 2002; ➂ the survey on the pollution of IPLFs (livestock and poultry farms) in 23 provinces, municipalities, and directly administered cities by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China in 2002; ➃ the research report on Mechanism of Investment and Financing for Environmental Protection by China Council for International Environment and Development Cooperation in 2003; ➄ the third investigation on national hygiene service in 2003; ➅ the regular monitoring of safe quality of agricultural products by the Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2005; ➆ the investigation arranged by the Ministry of Health which finished in 2007 and showed the total situation of rural environmental health and drinking water security of the whole country.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: what role for policy-makers, society and scientists?

In developing countries where economies and livelihoods depend largely on ecosystem services, policies for adaptation to climate change should take into account the role of these services in increasing the resilience of society. This ecosystem-based approach to adaptation was the focus of an international workshop on “Adaptation to Climate Change: the role of Ecosystem Services” held in November 2008 in Costa Rica. This article presents the key messages from the workshop.     

粤东揭阳市环境污染控制对策研究

当前,粤东揭阳市生态环境问题突出,主要表现为水体污染和固体废物污染严重、局部空气质量差、生态系统可持续发展能力较差、环境能力建设薄弱和潜在的环境危害日趋严重,未来环境保护工作面临巨大压力,解决地区环境污染的控制对策应主要从以下五方面着手：产业布局及污染控制、清洁生产与循环经济、饮用水源地保护、生态环境保护与完善环境管理能力建设。     

淮河流域姜堰市段河流水质状况、成因分析及防治对策研究

分析了姜堰市里下河地区河流水质状况和导致里下河地区河流水质污染的原因,提出了预防和治理河流水质污染的对策和措施,供政府和环境保护行政主管部门环境综合决策参考。     

浅谈产业基地规划建设过程的环境保护措施

产业基地的开发建设必须遵循循环经济理念,从源头控制污染的产生,优化产业结构,推行清洁生产,采取污染集中控制措施,制定相应的环境管理制度及工程防治措施,为入驻企业提供完善的基础设施,将其对周围的环境影响降至最小,从而获得经济发展和环境保护"双赢"。     

Control division of agricultural non-point source pollution at medium-sized watershed scale in Southeast China

This paper presents the study carried out for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution (NSP) in a medium-sized watershed covering 1.47 × 10⁴ km² in Southeast China using quantitative analysis coupled with geographic information system (GIS), universal soil loss equation (USLE), soil conservation service-curve number (SCS-CN), nutrient loss equations, and annualized agricultural nonpoint source model (AnnAGNPS). Based on the quantitative results derived from GIS and environmental models, five control division units were generated for NSP control in Jiulong River watershed, namely, controlling unit for soil losses, controlling unit for livestock breeding and soil losses, controlling unit for excessive fertilizer use and livestock breeding, controlling unit for soil losses and fertilizer use, and controlling unit for excessive fertilizer use and soil losses. This study proved that integrating GIS with environmental models can be adopted to efficiently evaluate major sources and contributors of NSP, and identify the critical source areas of NSP, which enables adjusting measures to local conditions by further control division units developed through such study for control and management of water quality degradation induced by NSP in the Jiulong River watershed. __________ Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(4): 119–124 [译自: 环境科学研究]     

湖泊缓冲带功能、建设与管理

湖泊缓冲带在湖泊保护和流域管理中的作用日益受到重视. 湖泊缓冲带是保护湖泊的隔离生境,是缓解或减轻湖泊水生态系统受流域内各种人类活动或自然过程的破坏、干扰和污染的空间. 湖泊缓冲带应具备缓冲隔离、促进生态环境改善、实施特殊的环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个主要功能,其宽度需考虑生态环境目标和环境准入标准、生态环境现状、技术经济约束和社会与管理制度制约等4个影响因素. 湖泊缓冲带的生态环境建设一般遵循控源与生态修复相结合、自然恢复与人工强化相结合、生态建设与管理相结合的原则,主要技术体系包括湖泊缓冲带内的农村面源污染控制技术和湖泊缓冲带缓冲体系改善技术. 湖泊缓冲带的管理主要涉及通过环境管理优化经济发展、生态工程长效运行管理和环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个方面. 未来湖泊缓冲带的研究方应包湖泊缓冲带范围的合理设置、相关生态学模型的引入、缓冲带建设的长效运行和管理机制的建立.      

Air pollution and its control in China

The rapid growth of China’s economy has led to severe air pollution characterized by acid rain, severe pollution in cities, and regional air pollution. High concentrations are found for various pollutants such as sulfur dioxides (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulates. Great efforts have thus been undertaken for the control of air pollution in the country. This paper discusses the development and application of appropriate technologies for reducing the major pollutants produced by coal and vehicles, and investigates air quality modeling as an important support for policy-making.     

A new post-Kyoto climate regime based on per-capita cumulative CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-emission rights—rationale,architecture and quantitative assessment of the implication for the CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-emissions from China,India and the Annex-I countries by 2050

Climate change is one of the most severe global problems in the 21st century. Main drivers are the combustion of fossil fuels, the emissions of industrial gases, emissions from agricultural sites and animal husbandry as well as deforestation. A new cooperative climate regime is necessary to meet the World’s energy and environmental problems against the background of China’s and India’s energy consumption growth. For the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012, a successor regime has to be agreed on. The current approaches, however, have a common weakness. They at the same time (a) do not acknowledge the historical responsibilities of the industrialized countries for the historical greenhouse gas emissions and the responsibility of developing countries for a large fraction of the current future emissions, and (b) do not provide for a fair distribution of emission rights. Against this background, this article aims at forecasting China’s and India's CO₂-emissions up to 2050 and developing a new suggestion for a post Kyoto climate regime based on a cumulated per capita CO₂-emission rights taking the weaknesses of the currently discussed post Kyoto approaches into account.     

美国清洁空气战略规划

为维护和改善空气质量,2003年美国EPA制定了未来5年的清洁空气战略规划,包括室外空气、室内空气、大气改善、辐射防护以及科学研究5个组成部分.EPA的战略规划措施为:①强调与州、地方、部落之间的紧密合作,加大与非政府组织和专业团体间交流;②采取创新的方法制定出有关政策、规章和非规章性措施,包括绩效方法、激励与自愿计划、环境管理系统、提高环境工作者积极性措施等;③继续加大国际间协作,减少越境污染的发生.      

A review of the contributions of Albert Einstein to Earth Sciences—in commemoration of the World Year of Physics

The World Year of Physics (2005) is an international celebration to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Einstein’s “Annus Mirabilis.” The United Nations has officially declared 2005 as the International Year of Physics. However, the impact of Einstein’s ideas was not restricted to physics. Among numerous other disciplines, Einstein also made significant and specific contributions to Earth Sciences. His geosciences-related letters, comments, and scientific articles are dispersed, not easily accessible, and are poorly known. The present review attempts to integrate them as a tribute to Einstein in commemoration of this centenary. These contributions can be classified into three basic areas: geodynamics, geological (planetary) catastrophism, and fluvial geomorphology. Regarding geodynamics, Einstein essentially supported Hapgood’s very controversial theory called Earth Crust Displacement. With respect to geological (planetary) catastrophism, it is shown how the ideas of Einstein about Velikovsky’s proposals evolved from 1946 to 1955. Finally, in relation to fluvial geodynamics, the review incorporates the elegant work in which Einstein explains the formation of meandering rivers. A general analysis of his contributions is also carried out from today’s perspective. Given the interdisciplinarity and implications of Einstein’s achievements to multiple fields of knowledge, we propose that the year 2005 serve, rather than to confine his universal figure within a specific scientific area, to broaden it for a better appreciation of this brilliant scientist in all of his dimensions.     

四川省农村面源污染状况与治理对策研究

四川省农村面源主要分为农田面源、畜禽养殖粪便污染面源和农村生活污染面源,研究根据排放因子法计算了两种主要考核污染物化学需氧量和氨氮的排放量.根据四川省农村面源污染状况特征提出了面源治理对策措施,其中农田面源治理措施包括:推广测土配方施肥、农田面源生态拦截技术等;畜禽养殖污染治理措施包括:加强小型畜禽养殖污染治理,推广农牧结合、干清粪、发酵床处理工艺等;农村生活污染治理措施包括:推进农村生活污水收集及小型污水处理设施等.     

Controlling water pollution from animal wastes: A reconsideration of economic and legislative approaches

Practical approaches to pollution control have involved the determination of an environmental quality standard and the use of various policy instruments, market or non-market, to achieve this desired standard. These ideas have been developed to deal with point source pollution, polluter and pollutant being identifiable. However, environmental problems arising from agriculture tend to involve nonpoint source and, often, indirect pollution. Animal wastes, in particular, have certain characteristics which pose especial problems for pollution control, both in determining and in achieving an environmental standard.In this study, a basis for a standard is suggested, and an animal waste management scheme is proposed which, it is hoped, could be effective in achieving this standard. A linear programming framework is explained for comparing this scheme with alternative pollution control policies in terms of efficiency and changed patterns of agricultural production.     

A bee in the corridor: centering and wall-following

In an attempt to better understand the mechanism underlying lateral collision avoidance in flying insects, we trained honeybees (Apis mellifera) to fly through a large (95-cm wide) flight tunnel. We found that, depending on the entrance and feeder positions, honeybees would either center along the corridor midline or fly along one wall. Bees kept following one wall even when a major (150-cm long) part of the opposite wall was removed. These findings cannot be accounted for by the “optic flow balance” hypothesis that has been put forward to explain the typical bees’ “centering response” observed in narrower corridors. Both centering and wall-following behaviors are well accounted for, however, by a control scheme called the lateral optic flow regulator, i.e., a feedback system that strives to maintain the unilateral optic flow constant. The power of this control scheme is that it would allow the bee to guide itself visually in a corridor without having to measure its speed or distance from the walls.     

工业VOCs经济手段和工程技术减排对比性分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染已经同二氧化硫、氮氧化物和颗粒物等成为目前我国重点城市群的主要大气污染物.工业领域是挥发性有机物的主要排放部门,工程技术减排是重要的控制措施之一."十二五"期间,我国计划投资400亿元建设重点行业挥发性有机物污染治理项目,年减排量计划为60.5万t·a-1.技术减排被提到了一个新的高度,表明了国家对工程技术减排的重视.本研究采用宏观经济学可计算的一般均衡模型,对工程技术减排与经济手段(环境税)进行政策模拟,进行比对性分析,探讨了两种减排方法的优劣.研究认为,当前经济条件下,相同减排量下,考虑宏观经济损失,环境税减排的成本远高于技术减排.结合目前我国实际情况,为鼓励工程技术减排,建议政府给予企业约为7 500元·t-1的财政补贴.     

旅游风景区大型体育赛事的环境保护措施研究

结合旅游风景区举办大型体育赛事对环境的危害性,从减少污染排放源、从源头治理污染、加大管理层的监管力度等三方面进行环境污染监控管理。采用统计分析方法对环保治理效果进行量化评估,分析旅游风景区举办大型体育赛事期间的空气污染指数、废弃物排放数量以及水质污染情况,结合分组样本检验方法进行环保措施的有效性评价,并根据实际情况制定最优的环保措施,实现对旅游风景区的全方面环境治理,确保举办体育赛事对旅游景区的生态环境污染影响降到最低。     

A review and evaluation of nonroad diesel mobile machinery emission control in China

China’s emission control for nonroad diesel mobile machinery (NDMM) must deal with a fast increase in stock as well as regulations that are two decades behind those for on-road vehicles.This study provides the first large-scale review and evaluation of China’s NDMM policies,along with emission measurements and an investigation on diesel fuel quality.The sulfur contents of the investigated diesel declined from 430 ppm (median value) in 2011 to6-8 ppm during the 2017-2018 period.The emission contr...