西藏八-镇-邛多江公路沙害成因与治理

八-镇-邛多江公路是西藏东南部的重要国防交通线，也是藏东公路南环线的主要环节，在全长438km里程中约有400km穿行于雅鲁藏布江河谷。公路自1972年投入运营以来，因雅鲁藏布江两岸的河流相沙质沉积物和河谷风场的综合作用，导致风沙活动十分活跃，沙害路段多达25处，严重阻碍了公路的畅通。对公路两侧固定沙丘研究发现，风沙活动最晚始于约3万年前，目前的沙害是公路选线欠合理，以及施工破坏边坡和植被情况下风沙再次活跃的结果。为了有利于实施治理工程，依据沙害路段所处的地貌位置、形成沙害的沙源和风场特征，将公路沙害划分为边滩沙源型、阶地沙源型和滑塌沙源型3类。通过对典型沙害路段治理试验研究，确定治理工程体系以乔、灌木为主体，适当增加草本植物，辅之以阻沙、固沙和导沙3种应急性机械措施。     

中国北方沙区城市风沙灾害危险度评价——基于遥感、地理信息系统和模型的研究

开展风沙灾害危险度评价研究,对促进中国北方沙区城市的安全与可持续发展具有重要意义。基于灾害系统理论,构建了城市风沙灾害系统动力学模型,对中国北方沙区城市风沙灾害危险度进行了评价。结果表明：中国北方沙区风沙灾害高危城市主要分布在新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠周边和古尔班通特沙漠南缘、甘肃省以及宁-陕-蒙3省区接壤区。重度危险以上的城市共计35个,占参评城市的51％,其中,极度危险的城市有12个,由西向东依次为乌鲁木齐、和田、中卫、乌海、包头、榆林、通辽等。近邻沙源是城市风沙灾害的主要诱因,应该加以重点治理;经济发达城市应该重点保护。减轻土壤风蚀的城市周边沙化土地利用格局优化的方法与技术应是防治城市风沙灾害的研究重点。     

岷江上游干旱河谷区龙洞沟泥石流及其防治

龙洞沟发育于岷江上游四川茂县境内,沟口地带属干旱河谷区.该沟流域面积14.52 km2,沟长9.15 km,相对高度2 534m,沟床比降23.7%,沟内滑坡发育,形成泥石流的地形和松散固体物质条件充分;偶尔出现的高强度、短历时暴雨是泥石流形成的水源条件和激发因素.该沟主沟为低频率泥石流沟,以中-大规模和特大规模泥石流为主,中-大规模泥石流约30～50 a一次,大-特大规模泥石流约50～100a一次;支沟泥石流活动频繁,但多为小规模.泥石流流体性质,支沟的几乎均为粘性,重度可达2.0～2.3 t/m3,而主沟的则以稀性为主,重度一般为1.3～1.6 t/m3.泥石流治理采用土木和生物工程相结合的综合措施,土木工程包括谷坊17座,拦砂坝5座,主沟排导槽1 054 m,支沟排导槽198 m;生物工程按流域生态功能分区进行,在分出的5个生态区实施造林398 hm2,退耕还林还草40hm2,林地封禁、抚育779 hm2,果园改造、更新40 hm2,生物谷坊10座.     

318国道沿线芦山地震的震害特征与烈度区划探讨

针对318国道雅安市政府路段向西一直到二郎山隧道东端沿线两侧的芦山地震震害特征进行总结,并按照《中国地震烈度表》进行地震烈度区划,确定不同地震烈度圈的分界线。同时,将调查结果和中国地震局发布的四川省芦山"4·20"7.0级强烈地震烈度图进行比较。研究表明:318国道沿线地震烈度全部低于Ⅸ度,Ⅷ度区的边界以天全县始阳镇为界即往东约偏移3 km,Ⅶ度区的边界以天全县紫石乡为界即往东偏移约2 km,Ⅵ度区的边界以二郎山隧道东端为界即往东偏移约8 km。同时,根据不同地震烈度圈的分界线,结合微观震中的位置,采用椭圆拟合芦山地震各烈度的等值线,探讨不同地震烈度圈的长半轴、短半轴和面积等。     

恢复生态学理论在西南重大水电工程区生态修复中的应用探讨

干旱河谷生态环境十分脆弱，其生态修复技术是目前国内最困难的。而近年来我国金沙江流域大规模的水电建设使原本脆弱的生态环境进一步退化，造成泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害的活动更加活跃。在大规模的工程建设区，如不进行以恢复生态功能为目标的植被修复与重建，将会导致巨大的生态安全风险，因而工程扰动区生态修复重建技术是国家急需解决的关键问题。结合恢复生态学理论，对西南水电工程所在区的生态恢复问题进行探讨，确立了恢复生态学理论在干旱河谷生态恢复中的地位，为今后的研究工作提供理论依据。     

西藏自治区雅鲁藏布江中游地区环境灾害成因分析

西藏自治区雅鲁藏布江中游地区生态环境脆弱,由于人类活动的干扰,局部地段生态环境已遭到破坏,并演变与环境灾害。本文通过对调查研究,对区内洪水、风沙、山地灾害等主要灾种的危害、形成原因进行了论述,希望能引起重视,加强对西藏自治区生态环境的保护。     

黄河源区土地沙漠化成因机制分析

土地沙漠化成因机制的研究具有非常重要的理论与实践意义.根据黄河源区的自然环境条件、社会经济发展状况,在GIS的支持下对沙漠化发生发展的物质条件、气候条件以及人类活动等影响因子的空间格局特征、规律和变化趋势进行了定量分析.在此基础上,结合沙漠化遥感监测的时空数据,就黄河源区沙漠化成因机制进行了探讨.研究表明,黄河源区高寒干旱的气候条件,决定了该区域生态环境的脆弱性,沙漠化内在危险性高.同时气候作为本区最为活跃的生态环境因素,20世纪80年代以来气候干暖化加剧了风沙活动,使自然沙漠化过程得以增强.黄河源区以超载过牧为主的土地资源的过度利用以及由此造成的鼠害泛滥,人为造成了广大范围草地退化、风沙活动强度的增强,从而导致人为沙漠化过程的发生与发展.黄河源区自然因素与人为因素共同作用,互相激发,最终导致沙漠化的不断扩展及其程度的日益加重.在本区沙漠化的治理、生态环境恢复中,既要认识到生态环境的脆弱性,更要重视人为因素的负面影响.     

高速公路沿线黄土滑坡群(带)的利导与整治

岢(岚)—临(县)高速公路地处黄土高原腹地的吕梁山脉中北段,沿线近80 km范围内有百余个成带或成群分布的黄土滑坡。初勘和详勘查明了沿线滑坡群产生的地质环境条件和诱发因素,论证了滑坡群的成因机理与活动特征针对不同路段滑坡群(带)的发育特征和活动性,提出了相应的利导建议与防治措施:对滑坡危害特别严重且有备选路线的路段,建议采取选线避让措施;对滑体小、滑坡相对稳定的路段,提出了公路建设与沿线土地利用有效结合的削方减载回填压脚的措施;对稳定性差且无备选线路避让的滑坡,采用线路微调结合一定的支挡措施;对滑坡间存在相互牵制,或规模较大、稳定性差的滑坡,需开展专项治理设计。所得结论为科学、经济地整治沿线滑坡灾害提供了技术支撑。     

京津塘高速公路秋冬季低能见度及应对措施

利用2007年10-12月沿路布设的气象自动站相对湿度资料和能见度资料,初步分析了京津塘高速公路各路段低能见度事件的分布特点,指出秋冬季的低能见度天气分布及成因呈现明显的区域特征:低于1 km的低能见度事件,以塘沽局路段出现的概率最大,达到20%;小于200 m的低能见度事件,以泗村店路段出现概率最大,塘沽局次之;马驹桥路段出现不同视程低能见度事件的概率均为最小.当能见度小于1 km时,各路段车辆须减速;当能见度小于200 m时,建议马驹桥路段限速,塘沽西和泗村店路段在对车辆严格限速的同时,要密切关注能见度变化,随时准备封路,而塘沽局路段最好立即封路.进一步讨论了低能见度事件中相对湿度的分布特征,指出各路段不同视程的能见度事件主要是由雾、霾及其混合物等不同天气现象影响造成的.     

强震区小流域泥石流发育特征研究——以四川省绵竹市罗家沟泥石流为例

小流域泥石流因流域面积小,常被人们忽略或未引起足够的重视,却往往造成较大灾害损失;2010年8月13日绵竹市清平乡罗家沟暴发泥石流,一次冲出量约30万m3,而该沟流域面积仅1.4 km2;此次泥石流造成主沟沟口民房被掩埋,1.5 km的道路被毁,3座涵洞、一座小桥被冲毁,并使绵远河改道约200 m左右,直接经济损失约500万.根据现场调查和航空图像解译,分析了泥石流成因,讨论了泥石流形成、运动和堆积过程,并计算了泥石流的力学参数;罗家沟泥石流的实例表明汶川震区小流域泥石流具有较强的隐蔽性和破坏力.因此,在对汶川震区泥石流开展调查和评估工作时,尤其应注意小流域泥石流调查工作,必要时应进行相应的工程治理措施.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.