城市饮用水消毒副产物及前体物的处理技术

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的前体物的控制和消除的策略与处理工艺,消毒副产物的前体物处理技术及近年发展起来的饮用水生物处理技术及其发展前景.     

城市饮用水消毒副产物及前体物的处理技术

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的前体物的控制和消除的策略与处理工艺，消毒副产物的前体物处理技术及近年发展起来的饮用水生物处理技术及其发展前景。     

活性无烟煤滤池对消毒副产物前体物的去除特性

以东江下游季节性污染原水为对象,研究了活性无烟煤生物过滤工艺及其与混凝沉淀组合工艺对消毒副产物前体物的去除特性。建立了液相色谱—串联质谱技术分析水中9种卤乙酸同时定量检测方法,9种卤乙酸检测限为0.016².3μg/L,空白加标回收率为90.52.3μg/L,空白加标回收率为90.5¹09.8%,相对标准偏差为3.12109.8%,相对标准偏差为3.12⁹.04%。实验结果表明,活性无烟煤滤池生物过滤对消毒副产物前体物的去除效果显著,对三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和水合三氯乙醛前体物的去除率分别为40.2%、39.2%和34%,其中三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸前体物的去除率分别是48.2%、41.1%和38.0%,而传统石英砂滤池对应的去除率则为-10.0%9.04%。实验结果表明,活性无烟煤滤池生物过滤对消毒副产物前体物的去除效果显著,对三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和水合三氯乙醛前体物的去除率分别为40.2%、39.2%和34%,其中三氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸前体物的去除率分别是48.2%、41.1%和38.0%,而传统石英砂滤池对应的去除率则为-10.0%³.6%。活性无烟煤生物滤池对二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸前体物降解效果相当,而混凝沉淀的则对前者去除效果较三氯乙酸前体物更为显著。     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.     

饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术研究进展

依据新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》对饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术进行了具体的论述,介绍了替代消毒剂、前体物去除和副产物去除等控制技术的应用效果和局限性,分析了安全高效的多级屏障组合消毒工艺在控制消毒副产物中的应用前景。     

臭氧对生物活性炭中微生物及出水消毒副产物的影响

为探究饮用水处理过程中臭氧(O_3)对生物活性炭(BAC)中微生物及出水消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,以饮用水小试装置的O_3-BAC工段开展研究,系统分析在不同O_3浓度下的水质变化,溶解性有机物(DOM)特征,微生物活性和DBPs产生情况.结果表明,O_3对BAC过滤的影响主要表现为提升微生物对DOM的利用效率,但O_3浓度过高会导致出水中蛋白质和微生物代谢产物(SMPs)等有机物增加.当O_3浓度从0 mg·L~(-1)提升到2. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,BAC中微生物存活率从95. 10%降至62. 60%,但O_3将出水中难降解有机物转变为易生物降解物质,使得微生物活性提高了62. 52%,BAC的生物过滤得到强化;当O_3浓度增加到4. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,微生物存活率降至49. 90%,同时微生物产生的蛋白质和SMPs增加,导致含碳消毒副产物(CDBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的生成浓度与不通O_3相比分别上升41. 93%和7. 18%,大大增加水体潜在危险.综上,合适O_3浓度有利于O_3-BAC对DOM的去除,O_3浓度过高会导致BAC过滤效果变差并产生新的DBPs前体物.     

高藻期控制消毒副产物及其前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现在控制藻类的同时减少副产物生成量,比较了预氧化＋常规工艺、预氧化＋常规＋深度处理2类共7种组合工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.试验结果表明,藻类是重要的前体物,在本试验原水中,藻类贡献了20%左右的卤乙酸和三卤甲烷前体物.气浮工艺是高藻期除藻的核心工艺,同时也可以去除一部分消毒副产物前体物.臭氧、高锰酸钾也有很好的杀藻效果和前体物去除效果.采用臭氧或高锰酸钾预氧化＋常规＋臭氧-活性炭工艺的组合对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除效果最佳.顺序氯化工艺比游离氯消毒减少卤乙酸生成量42.0%～45.9%,减少三卤甲烷生成量22.5%～71.4%.     

污水再生过程中消毒副产物前体物转化规律

采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中的消毒副产物(DBP)前体物分离为亲水性物质(HPI)、强疏水性物质(HPO)和弱疏水性物质(TPI)这3个组分,通过三维荧光光谱、傅里叶红外光谱和核磁共振对再生水处理各沿程前体物进行表征,并测定各沿程出水的消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP).结果表明,生活污水中DBPs前体物主要组分为腐殖质和脂肪烃,以HPI为主.一级处理(沉淀)基于HPO与水互斥的物理性能对疏水性腐殖质有较好的去除效果,腐殖质的去除会导致含碳消毒副产物生成势(CDBPFP)的降低.此外由于DON/DOC的增加,含氮消毒副产物生成势(N-DBPFP)有所增加.二级处理(生物处理)对腐殖质和脂类均有较好的去除效果,但会产生大量疏水性的溶解性微生物产物(SMP),因此生物处理后DBPs前体物主要表现为疏水性.SMP的累积会导致C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP的大幅增加.深度处理(滤布滤池)能截留部分腐殖质和疏水性的SMP,因此前体物HPO占比减少,HPI占比增加.深度处理可以通过对SMP的去除来降低C-DBPFP和N-DBPFP.     

组合工艺处理黄河微污染水的研究

组合工艺处理黄河微污染水研究表明 ,生物预处理和常规处理能有效去除CODMn和UV2 54,而臭氧的投加能有效提高深度处理工艺对CODMn和UV2. 54 的去除效果。组合工艺各单元都能有效地去除藻类、Chla和三氯甲烷前体物。陶粒生物滤池对氨氮有较高的去除率。投加臭氧时深度处理工艺对氨氮的处理效果会变差。在整个试验期间 ,组合工艺最终出水亚硝酸盐氮浓度低于 0 . 0 0 3mg L ,有时甚至低于检测限。     

含氮消毒副产物及其前体物的控制研究进展

近年来,高毒性含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)在饮用水和污水的消毒处理中频繁检出,引起了广泛的关注。阐述了N-DBPs的前体物来源,生成势的影响因素,N-DBPs及其前体物的控制技术,针对N-DBPs的研究现状,提出了现阶段的不足和今后需要改进及深入研究的问题。     

Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected watersystems: A critical review

This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analyticalmethods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between themeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that formduring disinfection are unstable,which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed frommany different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.     

微滤-纳滤组合工艺在饮用水深度处理中的大型工程应用

张家港第三水厂供水规模为20万m3/d,日常采用混凝+沉淀+过滤+氯消毒的常规饮用水处理工艺。基于纳滤膜对于中小分子有机物与钙、镁、硫酸根等盐离子的高效截留能力,该项目创新性地在国内首次采用现状常规工艺+压力罐式微滤+纳滤的净水工艺,对张家港第三饮用水厂深度处理大型工程（设计产水规模为10万t/d）进行升级改造设计。经改造后,预计纳滤系统对于COD以及TOC的去除率可达到90%以上,消毒副产物的去除率可达到70%~80%,色素类物质的去除率可达到70%以上,臭味物质的去除率为50%~70%,整体脱盐率为30%~40%;纳滤系统回收率整体可达到90%。预计压力罐式微滤系统和纳滤系统的能耗分别为0.003,0.197 kW·h/t;在实现高品质供水的同时,可提高水厂应对突发污染风险的能力。     

湘江微污染饮用水源水生物过滤去除特性研究

通过试验探讨了不同滤料介质组成的生物滤柱对湘江微污染水源的处理效果。结果表明,生物过滤具有良好的去浊性能,浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果;生物过滤可有效去除微污染水源中的有机物,NH+4-N,总铁和Mn2+,提高饮用水生物稳定性。颗粒活性炭-石英砂双层滤料组合要优于石英砂单层滤料和无烟煤-石英砂双层滤料,加氯水反冲洗不利于生物滤池的运行。      

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus.The biofllter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher CODM, removal than the control filter. Thesere sults suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.     

GAC-石英砂生物过滤处理微污染源水的特性

通过试验探讨了颗粒活性炭(GAC)-石英砂生物过滤对湘江微污染源水的处理特性.结果表明,生物过滤具有良好的去浊特性,浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果;生物过滤可有效去除微污染源水中的有机物、NH₄⁺-N、Fe和Mn,提高饮用水生物稳定性;生物过滤对于分子量小于1000和分子量在3000～6000之间的有机物有较好的去除效果.     

饮用水中的消毒副产物及其控制策略

消毒副产物（disinfection by-products,DBPs）是在饮用水消毒时由消毒剂与有机或无机前体物反应生成的一类次生污染物,其由于具有致癌、致畸和致突变的三致特性在全球范围内广受关注.聚焦于饮用水中的DBPs,介绍了DBPs的主要分类和研究历程,汇总了多地饮用水中常见DBPs的浓度水平以及全球饮用水水质标准对DBP指标的管控要求.随后系统介绍了饮用水中DBPs的控制策略,包括源头控制、过程控制、末端控制以及协同控制这4大类,并对各类控制方法的优缺点进行了分析.评述了中国的DBPs研究的现有水平和未来趋势,并展望了未来有关DBPs控制方法的研究方向.一方面,在评价某种工艺或技术对DBPs的控制效果时需要考虑DBPs浓度和水质综合毒性的变化,另一方面,建议关注耦合源头、过程和末端控制技术的协同控制方法,兼顾从源头到龙头每个节点,实现对饮用水中各类DBPs的高效控制.     

Disinfection by-product (DBP) research in China: Are we on the track?

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974, continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included: (1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China; (2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process; (3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation; and (4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.     

绿色水处理剂高铁酸盐在水处理领域中的应用进展

高铁酸盐是饮用水和废水处理中一种多功能绿色环保水处理剂,因其具有高效的氧化、混凝、消毒杀菌能力,且不产生有毒有害的物质,在水处理领域中已受到广泛关注。为全面、系统地剖析高铁酸盐在水处理领域中现有的研究成果,运用知识图谱分析工具VOSviewer对来自中国知网(CNKI)数据库和Web of Science(WOS)数据库的1038篇文献进行了可视化定量分析并辅助定性分析。结果表明:1975—2019年期间,高铁酸盐在水处理领域中应用的研究历经了起步、快速发展、相对稳定的三个阶段;从关键词共现网络图谱分析可知,现阶段的研究热点主要集中在高铁酸盐对饮用水消毒的副产物和对新兴污染物的控制研究方面,研究方向主要是高铁酸盐与污染物的反应动力学、反应机理等。文章总结了高铁酸盐分别作为氧化剂、混凝剂和消毒剂时其对有机/无机污染物、藻类、异味、消毒副产物等的去除和控制作用效果,以期为高铁酸盐在水处理领域中的应用提供理论借鉴和技术支撑。     

蛋白类有机质在水厂各处理单元中的去除特性

蛋白类有机质（pDOM）广泛存在于天然水体中,是非常重要的含氮消毒副产物前驱物.近年来,其在饮用水处理过程中的去除和控制逐渐受到广泛关注.本文以两个实际饮用水厂不同工段进出水为研究对象,通过高效尺寸排阻色谱联合紫外、荧光及有机碳检测器的分析方法,对水样中pDOM不同分子量组分的去除特性及变化规律进行探究.同时,选取混凝和活性炭吸附两种水处理技术进行小试实验,进一步探究pDOM组分在常规处理单元的去除规律.结果表明,pDOM在不同水处理单元具有不同的去除特性,预氧化能够有效分解类色氨酸和类酪氨酸型高分子组分,且随着氧化剂氧化作用增强,更多的高分子组分被氧化分解为小分子,但一些分子量较大的脂肪族蛋白等组分则难以被氧化分解;混凝沉淀对高分子组分有良好去除效果,尤其是类色氨酸型pDOM,且混凝过程可能存在一定量pDOM组分的释放,多为小分子及疏水性组分;活性炭过滤易去除分子量较低及疏水性较强的组分,但炭砂滤池长期运行可能存在微生物滋生,因此造成出水部分pDOM组分浓度增加;紫外消毒在一定程度上提高了小分子组分的去除效率.由于实际水厂运行过程中水质条件变化复杂且微生物活动不可控,故各处理单元对pDOM的去除并没有展现协同作用.且相比于腐殖质类物质,pDOM组分受水质变化影响较大,从整体工艺流程来看,去除效果有限.因此在水厂未来运行中,应加强进出水中pDOM各组分的监测,及时对各处理单元运行参数进行调整,同时考虑结合臭氧-生物活性炭工艺,或增加纳滤等膜过滤单元,严格控制pDOM组分的去除.     

Ozone disinfection of drinking water — technology transfer and policy issues

In today’s world of stricter drinking water disinfection standards there is a search for disinfection solutions that abide by the new standards while keeping the disinfection operation cost-efficient and safe. Ozone disinfection has the potential not only to meet but also to exceed the limits. Along with disinfection, the use of ozone for drinking water treatment can also have many other benefits such as taste and color removal, iron and manganese removal, and insecticide removal. p]Ozone disinfection has been used widely in Europe for well over a century, but many of its great benefits are just now being realized in the United States. Ozone disinfection has been the focus of many recent studies in the drinking water field. p]The purpose of the research for this paper was to analyze ozone disinfection from technology transfer and related policy perspectives. This paper reports the aspects used to analyze the technology as well as the results. A modified version of the Strategic Technology Evaluation Program was used to evaluate ozone disinfection’s transfer viability. p]This study has demonstrated that ozone disinfection, to be fully accepted into the drinking water industry, must first be accepted by the American Water Works Association, a nationally recognized professional and trade organization. Once this acceptance is gained, individual municipalities will more readily accept the technology. p]Another driving force that will likely bring about the adoption of ozone disinfection of drinking water would be stricter drinking water disinfection standards that can be best met by this technology.