Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.     

Characterization of bacterial community dynamics in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant

Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial communities in drinking water systems is vital to securing the microbial safety of drinking water. The objective of this study was to comprehensively characterize the dynamics of microbial biomass and bacterial communities at each step of a full-scale drinking water treatment plant in Beijing, China. Both bulk water and biofilm samples on granular activated carbon (GAC) were collected over 9 months. The proportion of cultivable cells decreased during the treatment processes, and this proportion was higher in warm season than cool season, suggesting that treatment processes and water temperature probably had considerable impact on the R2A cultivability of total bacteria. 16s rRNA gene based 454 pyrosequencing analysis of the bacterial community revealed that Proteobacteria predominated in all samples. The GAC biofilm harbored a distinct population with a much higher relative abundance of Acidobacteria than water samples. Principle coordinate analysis and one-way analysis of similarity indicated that the dynamics of the microbial communities in bulk water and biofilm samples were better explained by the treatment processes rather than by sampling time, and distinctive changes of the microbial communities in water occurred after GAC filtration. Furthermore, 20 distinct OTUs contributing most to the dissimilarity among samples of different sampling locations and 6 persistent OTUs present in the entire treatment process flow were identified. Overall, our findings demonstrate the significant effects that treatment processes have on the microbial biomass and community fluctuation and provide implications for further targeted investigation on particular bacteria populations.     

管材对供水管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响

研究了3种管材(灰口铸铁管、镀锌管和不锈钢复合管)对管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响.采用R2A平板培养计数可培养细菌、荧光定量PCR计数细菌总数、流式细胞法确定活菌比例、扫描电镜观察生物膜形态,高通量测序研究管段生物膜微生物种群多样性.研究结果表明:灰口铸铁管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最高,其次是镀锌管,不锈钢复合管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最少,但活菌比例方面镀锌管活菌比例高于灰口铸铁管和不锈钢复合管.扫描电镜结果与可培养菌数及细菌总数结果一致,即灰口铸铁管细菌量最高,不同管材管壁生物膜细菌形态皆以球菌和杆菌为主,并无显著差异.微生物种群多样性结果显示:灰口铸铁管生物膜种群多样性最高,镀锌管生物膜种群多样性相对较为单一,不锈钢复合管生物膜种群多样性最低.饮用水管网生物膜种群以变形菌门为主,各管道变形菌门都高达90%以上,不同管材生物膜细菌群落组成有很大差异.本研究结果对今后饮用水供水管段材料的选取具有指导性意义.     

环氧树脂封面层对球墨铸铁管生物膜的影响

以实际全比例非循环管道中试平台中水泥砂浆内衬球墨铸铁管为研究对象,通过分析生物膜的理化指标及微生物的群落结构来研究环氧树脂封面层对管道生物膜的影响.研究发现,相比于普通水泥砂浆内衬的球墨铸铁管,增加环氧树脂封面层后的管道不易吸附、沉积各种物质,对生物膜细菌丰度及群落结构均有影响,其管壁生物膜细菌总数为4.01×10⁴copies/cm²,可培养菌数量为1.40×10CFU/cm²,另外其物种丰度较高而多样性较低.因此增加环氧树脂封面层的水泥内衬球墨铸铁管是一种更为优良的管材.     

氧四环素的微生物燃料电池处理及微生物群落

氧四环素(OTC)作为一种广谱性抗生素而被大量使用,其滥用不仅直接破坏生态系统,更容易引起微生物耐药性和抗性基因污染等问题.本研究利用微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理OTC,研究OTC在MFC不同运行时期的去除率变化情况,发现在运行150 d后,MFC对10 mg·L-1OTC的去除率在132 h达到99.0%.利用高通量测序技术分析并比较了原始接种猪粪与运行150 d后MFC阳极生物膜的微生物群落结构,发现厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)处于优势地位,但相比于原始接种猪粪,MFC生物膜上的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度从2.84%提高至8.92%~22.75%,此外,真细菌属(Eubacterium)的比例从几乎为0.00%显著提高至20.49%~49.00%.根据现有研究报道,Eubacterium spp.对多种氧杂环芳香族化合物具有一定的生物降解能力,本研究表明Eubacterium spp.可能是一类具有较强OTC降解能力的功能微生物.     

给水管网多相界面中微生物表面疏水性研究

采用疾病控制中心（CDC）生物膜反应器模拟给水管网系统,选取聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚碳酸酯（PC）2种材质的挂片,通过微生物粘附碳氢化合物（MATH）实验和Illumina高通量测序相结合的方法,对反应器水相、生物膜相和颗粒物相中微生物的疏水性进行了研究.结果显示,PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为厚壁菌门,相对丰度为68.31%~81.00%,PC材质挂片反应器中优势菌为变形菌门,相对丰度为24.39%~64.40%.PVC材质挂片反应器中优势菌包含3类致病菌,PC材质挂片反应器中包含8类致病菌.PC材质挂片生物膜相较于PVC材质疏水性更高,利于微生物吸附形成生物膜,而PVC材质不易形成生物膜,对控制输送过程中的二次污染具有积极作用,但在管网实际应用中还应考虑其他工程因素的影响.     

不同生物过滤系统铵态氮转化速率及生物膜特性分析

实验模拟循环水养殖系统,运行了移动床生物膜反应器(moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)和挂帘式生物滴滤池两类生物过滤系统的6种不同填料反应器,对比分析了各反应器的填料挂膜效果、铵态氮转化速率和生物膜微生物群落结构等特征.结果表明,与MBBR相比,挂帘式生物滴滤池挂膜速度快且生物量较多,其中碳纤维挂帘式生物滴滤池的脱膜后生物膜重最大,为45.97 g·m-2,8 h NH+4-N去除率(86.76%)高于其他反应器(61.96%~78.76%),并且NO-2-N累积少,16 h时NO-2-N浓度在0.5 mg·L~(-1)以下.通过Illumina高通量测序技术对生物过滤系统中生物膜微生物群落结构进行解析,结果表明,不同类型反应器的生物膜内的细菌、真核微生物群落构成有明显区别,无论是细菌还是真核微生物,挂帘式生物滴滤池的物种丰度和多样性均高于MBBR,但MBBR的细菌群落物种集中度更高.硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)及放线菌中的Nakamurella属在两类反应器的生物膜中均占优势,腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)在挂帘式生物滴滤池更多,而丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)更倾向于在MBBR中富集.在真核微生物属水平相对丰度上,挂帘式生物滴滤池中小杆目中的Rhabditida norank占明显优势,而MBBR中绿藻纲中的Chlorophyceae norank占明显优势.以上研究结果为挂帘式生物滴滤池在循环水养殖水质净化中的应用奠定了实验基础.     

Characteristics of microbial community involved in early biofilms formation under the influence of wastewater treatment plant effluent

Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) containing microorganisms and residual nutrients can influence the biofilm formation. Although the process and mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation have been well characterized, little is known about the characteristics and interaction of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes in the early colonization, especially under the influence of WWTP effluent. The aim of this study was to characterize the important bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic species in the early stage of biofilm formation downstream of the WWTP outlet. Water and biofilm samples were collected 24 and 48 hr after the deposition of bio-cords in the stream. Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S and 18S rDNA showed that, among the three domains, the bacterial biofilm community had the largest alpha and beta diversity. The early bacterial colonizers appeared to be “biofilm-specific”, with only a few dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared between the biofilm and the ambient water environment. Alpha-proteobacteria and Ciliophora tended to dominate the bacterial and eukaryotic communities, respectively, of the early biofilm already at 24 hr, whereas archaea played only a minor role during the early stage of colonization. The network analysis showed that the three domains of microbial community connected highly during the early colonization and it might be a characteristic of the microbial communities in the biofilm formation process where co-occurrence relationships could drive coexistence and diversity maintenance within the microbial communities.     

基于活性微生物特征的供水管壁生物膜生长特性

管网生物膜由各种活性微生物、微生物残体及有机无机杂质组成,管网生物膜的生长会导致机会致病菌寄居、管道腐蚀以及水质恶化等系列饮用水卫生问题.为研究供水管壁生物膜形成过程和附着生长活性微生物的分布特征,采用异养菌平板计数(HPC)、流式细胞术(FCM)和16S rRNA高通量测序对3种典型室内供水管材:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、不锈钢(STS)内壁活性微生物的生长特性和群落多样性进行了分析.结果表明,PVC管壁生物量在第73 d最先达到峰值,3种管材内壁单位面积最大生物量、生物膜成熟时期生物量均呈现PVC PPR STS的规律. 3种管材表面活性细菌群落结构组成上,PVC管表面主要以硝化螺旋菌门为主,PPR和STS管以疣微菌门为主,其中STS管壁上生物膜物种丰富度最低、多样性最小,群落结构最简单. PVC和PPR管内壁表面相较STS管存在更多的蓝藻细菌和放线菌,在饮用水输配过程中更易引发饮用水嗅味问题.管材介质对管壁生物膜上微生物群落结构存在一定影响.     

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

低温下磁性载体MBBR系统微生物群落特征和功能预测分析

为阐明低温下磁性载体对移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理能力的影响,探究了反应器内生物膜的微生物多样性、群落结构、功能特征和氮代谢通路.结果表明,与商用载体反应器(对照组)相比,磁性载体反应器具有更高的污染物去除率,其对NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均去除率分别提高了16.2%和12.1%.Illumina高通量测序结果显示,磁性载体生物膜的微生物多样性和丰富度更高.由于不同微生物的磁化率不同,导致两种载体生物膜微生物群落结构存在显著差异.磁性载体生物膜中硝化菌属(如：Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira)和反硝化菌属(如：Sphaerotilus、Zoogloea)的相对丰度显著增多.PICRUSt2功能预测分析显示,磁性载体生物膜的整体基因功能表达水平更高,在信号传导机制和细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输等方面优势更明显.此外,大多数与氮代谢相关基因在磁性载体生物膜中丰度更高,如涉及硝化过程的基因amo、hao和反硝化过程基因nap、nor等,使得生物膜的低温脱氮潜力增强.以上结果从微观生物学角度更好地解释了反应器处理能力的差异,为磁性载体强...     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

Changes in functional structure of soil bacterial communities due to fungicide and insecticide applications in canola

The fungicide vinclozolin and insecticide λ-cyhalothrin are widely used to control canola (Brassica spp.) diseases and insect pests, respectively, in Canada. We investigated non-target effects of these pesticides, applied at recommended rates, on soil microbial biomass, functional bacterial diversity and functional community structure of soil bacteria (by evaluating patterns of C substrate utilization) in canola rhizosphere and bulk soil at three locations in Alberta from 2002 to 2004. Experimental treatments were (a) untreated control, (b) vinclozolin fungicide foliar application, (c) λ-cyhalothrin insecticide foliar application, and (d) vinclozolin and λ-cyhalothrin applications. No significant pesticide effects on soil microbial biomass or functional bacterial diversity were observed, but the functional structures of soil bacteria were altered. In 1 of 12 cases, the control treatment had a different soil bacterial community structure from the 3 pesticide treatments. The fungicide treatment had different bacterial community structures from the control or insecticide treatments in 3 of 12 cases, the insecticide treatment had different community structures from the control or fungicide treatments in 4 of 12 cases, and the combined fungicide and insecticide treatment had different community structures from the other treatments in 3 of 12 cases. Therefore, evaluating soil bacterial functional structures revealed pesticide effects that were not detected when bacterial diversity or microbial biomass were measured in canola rhizosphere or bulk soil.     

应用T-RFLP技术分析滇池污染水体的细菌群落

为确定重富营养化湖泊--滇池水体的主要细菌类型与种群结构,本研究运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析了滇池水体9个样点的细菌群落特征及多样性.对各样本的T-RFLP谱图进行聚类分析,结果表明不同地理位置的污染物浓度差异可能是造成细菌群落差异的主要原因.研究同时结合克隆文库技术对各样本T-RFLP谱图中的...     

人类活动对河流沉积物中反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征的影响

河流生态系统是陆地生态系统输出营养盐和有机质的主要接收器,是水-气界面CO2和CH4全球碳循环的重要环节.人类活动导致大量未经处理的硝酸盐和有机物质汇入河流,影响了N-DAMO(N-DAMO,Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌)细菌的群落特征.本文选取北运河作为研究区域,通过对比分析北运河中游和下游沉积物理化参数和N-DAMO细菌群落特征的差异性,探究由于人类活动的影响,河流沉积物中N-DAMO细菌的群落组成结构特征,及其与沉积物中NH+4-N、NO-3-N的响应关系.结果表明,北运河沉积物中NH+4-N为中游和下游氮素的主要形态,且下游NH+4-N浓度显著高于中游;人类活动对N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因群落分布有影响,16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因均分别聚为中游和下游两类;系统发育树分析显示,人类活动影响北运河N-DAMO细菌高同源性菌群的来源,其高同源性菌群来源与北运河主要污染物氨氮的来源一致;RDA分析显示,人类活动影响N-DAMO细菌相关环境因子,沉积物中高浓度的NH+4-N、NO-3-N与16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因有显著的响应关系.沉积物N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因的共生关系分析显示,北运河下游沉积物中N-DAMO细菌彼此之间的共存关系更强,细菌群落形成的模块化程度较高,其对环境变化的敏感程度更高,受人类活动的影响更大.     

基于高通量测序的流化床生物滤器细菌群落结构分析

为了解流化床生物滤器内部细菌群落组成及其净水机制,通过高通量测序方法,研究了不同时期滤器中表层和底层滤料的细菌群落结构,分析了滤器不同床层的营养盐变化情况及水处理性能.结果表明,滤器的硝化作用主要发生于床层下部,表层对其的贡献率不显著.稳定工况下,流化床生物滤器对NH_4~+-N、TN、BOD_5和SS的去除率达到(68.3±2.24)%、(49.54±3.56)%、(60.35±4.98)%和(45.21±2.11)%,对氨氮的去除负荷达到(343.28±75.5)g·(m~3·d)~(-1),其硝化性能优于常规生物滤器.试验共筛选31个门,490个细菌属,其生物多样性显著高于常规生物滤器.自清洗装置的启停对滤器中不同区域载体表面细菌的多样性没有影响,对各样品的优势菌群略有影响.在滤器稳定运行时,表层区域的优势细菌基本维持不变,主要包括厌氧绳菌科、黄杆菌科、红杆菌科、硝化螺菌属、暖绳菌科.而底层区域的优势细菌随着时间的推移有所变化,主要包括硝化螺菌属、微丝菌属、Muricauda、Defluviimonas、红杆菌科.     

生物膜对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响

采用XRD、XPS对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢产物进行表征,结合水相中总铁浓度变化规律,研究了生物膜生长对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响.结果表明,0～7 d时生物膜存在条件下水相中总铁浓度更高,而15～30 d时无生物膜生长的对照组水相中总铁浓度更高.有生物膜生长时,锈垢的XRD图谱主峰为铁氧化物;无生物膜生长时,主峰为CaCO₃,次峰为铁氧化物,表明生物膜的存在会影响锈垢中晶体的生长及组成.7 d时有生物膜生长组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高,而15 d和30 d时对照组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高.有生物膜生长组锈垢中钙的质量分数始终低于对照组,可能是胞外多聚物吸附或微生物生长消耗钙离子所致.上述结果表明,生物膜发育7 d时会促进铸铁管的腐蚀,而发育15～30 d时会抑制铸铁管的腐蚀;存在生物膜生长会对铸铁管锈垢的形态和组成产生重要影响.生物膜对腐蚀的抑制作用为控制配水管网管道的腐蚀提供了一条新的途径.     

铜胁迫对小麦根系微域微生物群落的影响

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物,土壤重金属污染会严重威胁作物生长和粮食安全.大量研究表明根际微生物在调控作物发育和抗逆性方面具有非常重要的作用.因此,本研究通过高通量测序技术研究铜胁迫条件下小麦根际微生物群落的变化,从微生物学角度揭示铜污染胁迫对小麦根际的影响作用.采用盆栽培养试验对铜污染处理中小麦非根际、根际以及根内微生物进行测序后,分别比较小麦不同根系分区环境中的微生物群落结构和多样性.结果发现,所有处理中小麦的根内微生物多样性均显著（P<0.001）低于根际和非根际微生物多样性,表明根表作为微生物进入根内环境的门户,对根内微生物的定殖起着过滤和筛选的作用.铜污染胁迫降低了根际土环境中的微生物多样性,且差异显著（P<0.05）;而在非根际和根内环境中,尽管铜污染胁迫降低了对应根系分区中的微生物多样性,但差异不显著（P>0.05）.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）是小麦根际和非根际环境中的共有优势菌群,通过比较发现铜污染胁迫对这两种优势菌门的影响作用较小.另外,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、假黄色单胞菌属（Pseudoxanthomonas）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）等菌属具有较强的抗逆性,能够在铜污染胁迫下存活且能够为植物提供营养物质.     

高通量测序法表征潜流人工湿地中不同植物根际细菌群落特征

为了研究人工湿地中植物根际、污水水质和深度等对细菌群落结构特征分布的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对人工湿地中芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)2种植物根际3个不同深度细菌群落特征进行了研究.细菌群落丰富度和多样性研究结果表明,芦苇根际细菌群落丰富度和多样性均大于香蒲根际,细菌在芦苇根际周围可以更好地生存;同一植物根际细菌的丰富度和多样性随着深度的增加逐渐减少.相似度和差异性分析结果表明,相同植物根际细菌群落结构相似度较高,而不同根际群落结构有一定的差别.优势细菌菌群分析结果发现,细菌群落在门类水平上达到13门以上,优势细菌种群均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为主,相对丰度约为55%~78%;纲类水平也达到20纲以上,主要有α-变形杆菌纲、β-变形菌、δ-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、相对丰度达到50%以上,植物根际富集的主要纲类细菌是β-变形菌纲.影响细菌群落结构丰富度和多样性的主要环境因素是营养物浓度、植物、采样深度和温度.