改性淀粉絮凝剂处理印染废水

改性淀粉絮凝剂处理印染废水１前言６０年代初，国外开始使用聚合电解质絮凝剂，尤其是合成有机高分子聚合电解质絮凝剂处理废水的研究。这种絮凝剂不仅使用方便，应用范围广，而且絮凝效果比无机絮凝剂（如铁盐和铝盐）提高几倍至几十倍；此外，它还有絮凝及沉降速度快、...     

阳离子淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

研究了阳离子淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应制备阳离子型絮凝剂的工艺,并用硅藻土悬浊液及实际水样对产物的絮凝性能进行了考察。其最佳合成条件：阳离子淀粉与丙烯酰胺的质量比为1：4,引发剂加入量为丙烯酰胺质量的0．1％,反应温度50℃,反应时间3h。絮凝效果实验中,接枝共聚物絮凝剂的最佳加入量为4mg／L。与阳离子淀粉和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂相比,接枝共聚物絮凝剂对渭河水及造纸网下白水的絮凝效果更好。     

水合肼改性淀粉去除废水中的重金属离子

以木薯淀粉为原料、硝酸铈铵为引发剂,合成丙烯酸甲酯接枝淀粉;用水合肼对其进行改性,合成了具有氨基功能团的改性淀粉。将改性淀粉用于对多种单一重金属离子和混合重金属离子的去除。在混合重金属离子溶液中,在室温、改性淀粉加入量为7.0g/L、重金属离子质量浓度为30mg/L、反应时间为120min的条件下,混合液pH为3～7时,改性淀粉对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+和Ni2+的去除率均达99.9%以上;混合液pH为4时,改性淀粉对Cr6+的去除率达73.2%。     

水旋式喷漆房中试试验研究

简要介绍了水旋式喷漆房的工作原理,并通过试制的一套中试装置开展中试试验。通过在循环水中添加一定量筛选后的改性絮凝剂,中试试验的结果表明,漆雾改性絮凝剂对漆雾有较好的捕捉效果,试验数据表明净化效率均高达97%以上。通过此项中试试验,对水旋式喷漆房有了进一步的了解,同时,筛选得到的漆雾改性絮凝剂为解决漆雾的高效捕捉具有重大意义。     

聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂在工业废水处理中的应用

一、前言人们早就用天然明矾来处理含固体悬浮物的水,使其加速沉淀。以后又用熟化淀粉、硫酸铝、氯化铝、碱式氯化铝、硫酸亚铁等无机絮凝剂和天然高分子物质对废水进行絮凝处理。随着化学工业的发展,尤其是石油化工的发展,聚电解质开始大量用作絮凝剂。聚电解质的品种较多,但现在作为合成高分子絮凝剂的主要是聚丙烯酰胺类。由于官能团百分比及聚合度大小不一,聚丙烯酰胺有一系列性质不同的产品,通常有以下四种类型:     

新型污泥脱水絮凝剂的研制

以累托石和虾蟹壳为主要原料,制备出一种新型污泥脱水絮凝剂。研究了该絮凝剂的制备工艺条件,探讨了该絮凝剂的絮凝机理。该絮凝剂的最佳配方为：天然有机高分子材料与改性累托石质量比1：6,将其配制成质量分数为1％的絮凝剂工作液,处理污泥的最佳加入量为1mL／L,最佳沉降时间为20min。与传统絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺相比,污泥脱水率提高了5．47％,污泥沉降时间缩短了33．33％,吨污泥单耗絮凝剂成本下降了4％,且处理过程中的二次污染大幅度减小。     

改性累托石吸附处理含镉废水

采用硫酸和高分子絮凝剂聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对累托石进行改性,考察了改性累托石吸附处理模拟含镉废水的影响因素.实验结果表明,在废水质量浓度为50 mg/L、废水pH为6.0、改性累托石加入量为1.2g/L、吸附时间为90 min、废水温度为25℃的条件下,改性累托石对镉的去除率可达98.00%以上,改性累托石对镉的吸附符合Langmuir模型.     

改性蒙脱石-壳聚糖絮凝剂处理造纸废水

将改性蒙脱石(MM)和壳聚糖(CTS)制成MM-CTS新型复合絮凝剂,对造纸废水进行絮凝处理.实验结果表明,当MM-CTS的加入量为0.10 mg/L、m(MM):m(CTS):40:1、pH=8.0、搅拌速率为140 r/min、沉降时间为15 min时,絮凝效果最佳,对造纸废水的COD去除率达66.35%,较传统絮凝剂的COD去除率提高了13.7%,药剂成本下降11.1%,具有明显的经济与环境效益.     

改性累托石复合絮凝剂处理油漆废水

采用改性累托石-天然高分子多糖复合絮凝剂处理油漆废水。在改性累托石质量浓度为80mg／L、天然高分于多糖质造浓度为4mg／L的条件下,COD、悬浮固体和色度的去除率分别较传统絮凝剂三氯化铝和聚丙烯酰胺提高了43．1％,6．4％,22．6％和19．1％,3．4％,21．8％;吨废水药剂成本分别下降了16．9％和30．7％,处理后的油漆废水均达到国家二级污水排放标准。     

改性多孔淀粉对Cu2+的捕集性能

以玉米淀粉为原料,采用糖化酶和α-淀粉酶复合酶解制成多孔淀粉,多孔淀粉经交联、间接醚化、胺化、黄原酸酯化反应得到二硫代氨基甲酸基改性多孔淀粉(DTCPS)重金属捕集剂.研究了DTCPS对Cu2+的捕集性能.实验结果表明:制得的多孔淀粉的比表面积为1.264 5 m2/g,比玉米淀粉的比表面积增大了138.5%;制得的多孔淀粉是一种中孔淀粉;Cu2+溶液pH为1-5时,DTCPS的Cu2+饱和捕集量均较高;Cu2+初始质量浓度为0～70 mg/L时,DTCPS对Cu2+的捕集性能很好,溶液中Cu2+的剩余质量浓度低于0.12 mg/L,Cu2+的去除率达99%以上.DTCPS对Cu2+的捕集性能明显优于二硫代氨基甲酸基改性淀粉(DTCS).     

DTC类改性糯米淀粉的制备及其吸附水中Pb2+性能

采用碱法从天然糯米中提取糯米淀粉（SS）,经环氧氯丙烷交联、醚化,邻苯二胺胺化,CS₂亲核加成,最终制备出一种新型Pb²⁺吸附剂——二硫代氨基甲酸盐（DTC）类改性糯米淀粉（DTCS）。在吸附剂加入量2.0 g/L、Pb²⁺质量浓度30 mg/L的条件下,不同阶段改性产物吸附Pb²⁺的最佳pH均为7.0,吸附平衡时间为30 min。SS对Pb²⁺的吸附去除率仅为9.1%,经改性后吸附能力逐步提高,最终产物DTCS对Pb²⁺的吸附效果最佳,Pb²⁺去除率高达99.9%,平衡吸附量为14.97 mg/g。DTCS对Pb²⁺的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,以化学吸附为主。     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。     

Progress in the genetic manipulation of crops aimed at changing starch structure and increasing starch accumulation

The starch content and its composition have important consequences for the yield of the harvested crop and the materials extracted from it. The functional properties of the foods or other processed materials derived from these crops are also affected by the structure and composition of the starch. Recently, genetic engineering has been used to produce plants with an elevated starch content, achieved by transforming the plant with a mutated bacterial gene coding for an ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase that is active in the presence of metabolites which inhibit the plant enzyme. Besides the practical implications of these results, this experiment provided direct evidence for the regulatory role of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in starch synthesis. Other bacterial enzymes, such as glycogen synthase and branching enzyme, could be introduced in order to modify starch structure. However, a more elegant (but longer-term) approach would be to learn enough about the structure-function relationships of the plant enzymes so that the product of their action could be changed. To achieve this objective, much more will have to be learned about the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of starch than is presently known. Here, the basic properties of starch and the current research approaches to understanding its biosynthesis are described, together with a perspective of how genetic manipulation of starch structure may be achieved.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

铁-镁-铝无机复合脱色絮凝剂的制备与应用研究

以铁、镁、铝盐为原料制备出一种高效新型复合絮凝剂(PFMA)。研究了该絮凝剂对染料溶液的脱色效果。试验结果表明,PFMA是一种性能优良的无机高分子絮凝剂,对多种染料溶液均具有很强的脱色效果,其脱色性能优于传统的絮凝剂——聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁和硫酸铝。絮凝机理研究结果表明,PFMA的絮凝既有羟基架桥作用,也有压缩双电层和吸附电中和作用。     

外加碳源对选矿废水浮选药剂生物降解效果的影响

研究了外加葡萄糖、淀粉、乙酸钠3种碳源对SBR法降解模拟选矿废水浮选药剂的影响.实验结果表明:在停留时间为2h、苯胺黑药(二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)、黄药(丁基黄原酸钠)、乙硫氮(三水合二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠)初始质量浓度分别为120,6,3 mg/L的条件下,以淀粉为外加碳源时,3种浮选药剂的降解效果最好,苯胺黑药、黄药、...     

Preparation and Characterization of Three Different Derivatized Potato Starches

The use of native starch as a thermoplastic polymer is limited by its fragility and high water absorption. Due to the presence of several hydroxyl groups in its structure, water acts as a natural plasticizer of starch, modifying its properties. It is necessary to chemically modify starch molecules by replacing hydroxyl groups with other functional groups to reduce water absorption. Chemical modification of starch granules also alters its swelling and gelatinization behavior. In this contribution we describe the chemical modification of starch and its influence on its hydrophilicity and heat resistance. Acetic acid, maleic anhydride and octanoyl chloride were used as derivatizing reagents. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by means of infrared spectroscopy. Different tests were conducted in order to evaluate the influence of the different chemical modifications on starch structure and properties. Results showed that the treatments effectively reduced starch moisture susceptibility, while substantially altering other properties such as amylose content, swelling power, solubility, and heat resistance. Finally, films were prepared from native and derivatized starch and their surface polarity was evaluated.     

Flocculants—an Ecofriendly Approach

Although water-soluble synthetic polymers find wide applications as flocculants, the potential problem associated with their use is lack of biodegradability and high cost. Polysaccharides owing to their distinctive features like ability to undergo different chemical reactions, biodegradability and sustainability inspire hope to obtain effective, economical viable and safe substitute of the synthetic flocculants. In this regard, chemical modification of Cassia tora and guar gum was carried out through different substitution and grafting reactions. The modified products were tested against kaolin under laboratory conditions vis-a-vis polyacrylamide based synthetic flocculant.     

Biodegradation Properties of Poly-ε-caprolactone,Starch and Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Composites

Blending starches with polymers such as poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) has been used as a route to biodegradable plastics. The addition of starch has a significant effect on all physical properties including toughness, elongation at break. On blending cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) with starch and PCL, improvements in most physical and mechanical properties were observed. This is may be due to CAB acts as a compatibilizer between PCL and starch due to the presence of both hydroxyl groups (in starch and CAB) and ester carbonyls (in PCL and CAB). The presence of different compounds affects the way in which other components degrade. For example the structure of CAB within a starch and PCL combination might make the degradation rate different to that when starch was only mixed with PCL. To check whether this was the case, three combinations of different blends were used to calculate the rate of degradation of each of them separately. These degradation rate constants were then used to predict the theoretical degradation which was checked against the experimental value for other different combinations.     

Accessibility of starch to enzymatic degradation in injection-molded starch-plastic composites

Most of the starch in starch-polyethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA)-polyethylene (PE) composites prepared by injection molding was not accessible to starch-hydrolyzing enzymes. Even when these composites were treated with enzyme in the presence of Triton X-100 for 96 h, little starch hydrolysis was observed. However, when the starch-plastic material was pulverized, both the extent and the rate of starch hydrolysis increased dramatically, with about 70% hydrolysis of the starch within 18 h. Reactions carried out for up to 96 h showed that, while the enzyme was active, the reaction reached a plateau, achieving a total of 80% starch hydrolysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that only starch, and not EAA or PE, was affected by enzyme in pulverized samples. Results indicated that while 80% of the starch in these composites was transiently inaccessible, perhaps due to EAA and PE forming an impermeable barrier to the enzyme, the other 20% remained inaccessible to enzymes. Also, the rate of starch digestion as determined by solubilized reducing sugar correlated with the particle size of the pulverized material, suggesting that a large available surface area is critical for rapid starch degradation in such composites.The mention of firms names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over the firms or similar products not mentioned. All programs and services of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, marital status, or handicap.     

Influence of Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Cassava Starch Foams

The utilization of renewable resources in packaging can provide solutions to ecological problems such as waste quantity. Agricultural resources are alternative raw materials, among which there is starch, a natural polysaccharide that can be used to form resistant foam under wet and warm conditions. The starch foam is obtained by thermo pressing process where cassava starch, water and additives are processed to form a rigid structure by swelling, gelatinization and network formation. Natural fibers can be used to improve the mechanical properties of starch foams. In this project was investigated the influence of the addition of fibers in the levels of 1, 2 and 3% of cassava (short fiber) and 1, 2 and 3% of wheat fiber (powered fiber) in the starch dough. The foams were characterized by physical methods of strength, flexibility, density and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The increase in fibers quantity has resulted in foams with higher density and less flexibility, whatever the fiber type. Most fibers quantity did not improve the foam strength. Foam made with 1% of cassava fiber showed higher compression strength; by increasing the percentage quantity there was a decrease on the compression resistance. Foam made with wheat fiber presented a lower result in 2%. The fiber type had no statistical significance in strength, flexibility and density foam. Only the fiber quantity was significant. The results showed that both fibers presented limited dimensions to improve the reinforcement of the starch foams up to 1%.