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1.
Fobissie B. Kalame Johnson Nkem Monica Idinoba Markku Kanninen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(2):135-151
Many studies have suggested various kinds of forest policies, management planning and practices to help forests adapt to climate
change. These recommendations are often generic, based mostly on case studies from temperate countries and rarely from Africa.
We argue that policy and management recommendations aimed at integrating adaptation into national forest policies and practices
in Africa should start with an inventory and careful examination of existing policies and practices in order to understand
the nature and extent of intervention required to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper
aims to contribute to closing this gap in knowledge detrimental to decision making through the review and analysis of current
forest policies and practices in Burkina Faso and Ghana and highlighting elements that have the potential to influence the
adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. The analysis revealed that adaptation (and mitigation) are not part of
current forest policies in Burkina Faso and Ghana, but instead policies contain elements of risk management practices which
are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. Some of these elements are found in policies on the management of
forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources, tree regeneration and silvicultural practices. To facilitate
and enhance the management of these elements, a number of recommendations are suggested. Their implementation will require
experienced and well-trained forestry personnel, financial resources, socio-cultural and political dimensions, and the political
will of decision makers to act appropriately by formulating necessary policies and mainstreaming adaptation into forest policy
and management planning. 相似文献
2.
Murthy I K Rakesh Tiwari N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):161-175
Climate change is projected to lead to shift of forest types leading to irreversible damage to forests by rendering several
species extinct and potentially affecting the livelihoods of local communities and the economy. Approximately 47% and 42%
of tropical dry deciduous grids are projected to undergo shifts under A2 and B2 SRES scenarios respectively, as opposed to
less than 16% grids comprising of tropical wet evergreen forests. Similarly, the tropical thorny scrub forest is projected
to undergo shifts in majority of forested grids under A2 (more than 80%) as well as B2 scenarios (50% of grids). Thus the
forest managers and policymakers need to adapt to the ecological as well as the socio-economic impacts of climate change.
This requires formulation of effective forest management policies and practices, incorporating climate concerns into long-term
forest policy and management plans. India has formulated a large number of innovative and progressive forest policies but
a mechanism to ensure effective implementation of these policies is needed. Additional policies and practices may be needed
to address the impacts of climate change. This paper discusses an approach and steps involved in the development of an adaptation
framework as well as policies, strategies and practices needed for mainstreaming adaptation to cope with projected climate
change. Further, the existing barriers which may affect proactive adaptation planning given the scale, accuracy and uncertainty
associated with assessing climate change impacts are presented. 相似文献
3.
Mekou Youssoufa Bele Olufunso Somorin Denis Jean Sonwa Johnson Ndi Nkem Bruno Locatelli 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(3):369-385
Nowadays, adaptation has become a key focus of the scientific and policy-making communities and is a major area of discussion in the multilateral climate change process. As climate change is projected to hit the poorest the hardest, it is especially important for developing countries to pay particular attention to the management of natural resources and agricultural activities. In most of these countries such as Cameroon, forest can play important role in achieving broader climate change adaptation goals. However, forest generally receives very little attention in national development programme and strategies such as policy dialogues on climate change and poverty reduction strategies. Using a qualitative approach to data collection through content analysis of relevant Cameroon policy documents, the integration of climate change adaptation was explored and the level of attention given to forests for adaptation analysed. Results indicate that, with the exception of the First National Communication to UNFCCC that focused mostly on mitigation and related issues, current policy documents in Cameroon are void of tangible reference to climate change, and hence failing in drawing the relevance of forest in sheltering populations from the many projected impacts of climate change. Policies related to forest rely on a generalized concept of sustainable forest management and do not identify the specific changes that need to be incorporated into management strategies and policies towards achieving adaptation. The strategies and recommendations made in those documents only serve to improve understanding of Cameroon natural resources and add resilience to the natural systems in coping with anthropogenic stresses. The paper draws attention to the need to address the constraints of lack of awareness and poor flow of information on the potentials of forests for climate change adaptation. It highlights the need for integrating forest for adaptation into national development programmes and strategies, and recommends a review of the existing environmental legislations and their implications on poverty reduction strategy and adaptation to climate change. 相似文献
4.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
5.
Article 4.1(F) of the Framework Convention on Climate Change commits all parties to take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions and to employ methods such as impact assessments to minimize adverse effects of climate change. This could be achieved by,inter alia, incorporating climate change risk assessment into development planning processes i.e. relating climatic change to issues of habitability and sustainability. Adaptation is an ubiquitous and beneficial natural and human strategy. Future adaptation (or, better, adjustment) to climate is inevitable at the least to decrease the vulnerability to current climatic impacts. The urgent issue is the mismatch between the predictions ofglobal climatic change and the need for information onlocal to regional change in order to develop adaptation strategies. Mitigation efforts are essential since the more successful mitigation activities are, the less need there will be for adaptation responses. Moreover, mitigation responses can be global (e.g. a uniform percentage reduction in greenhouse gas emissions) while adaptation responses will be local to regional in character and therefore depend upon confident predictions of regional climatic change. The dilemma facing policymakers is that scientists have considerable confidence in likely global climatic changes but virtually zero confidence in regional changes. Mitigation and adaptation strategies relevant to climatic change can most usefully be developed in the context of sound understanding of climate, especially the near-surface continental climate, permitting discussion of societally relevant issues. Unfortunately, climate models cannot yet deliver this type of regionally and locationally specific prediction and some aspects of current research even seem to indicate increased uncertainty. These topics are explored in this paper using the specific example of the prediction of land-surface climate changes. 相似文献
6.
Rajiv K. Chaturvedi Ranjith Gopalakrishnan Mathangi Jayaraman Govindasamy Bala N. V. Joshi Raman Sukumar N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):119-142
We make an assessment of the impact of projected climate change on forest ecosystems in India. This assessment is based on
climate projections of the Regional Climate Model of the Hadley Centre (HadRM3) and the dynamic global vegetation model IBIS
for A2 and B2 scenarios. According to the model projections, 39% of forest grids are likely to undergo vegetation type change
under the A2 scenario and 34% under the B2 scenario by the end of this century. However, in many forest dominant states such
as Chattisgarh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh up to 73%, 67% and 62% of forested grids are projected to undergo change. Net
Primary Productivity (NPP) is projected to increase by 68.8% and 51.2% under the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively, and soil
organic carbon (SOC) by 37.5% for A2 and 30.2% for B2 scenario. Based on the dynamic global vegetation modeling, we present
a forest vulnerability index for India which is based on the observed datasets of forest density, forest biodiversity as well
as model predicted vegetation type shift estimates for forested grids. The vulnerability index suggests that upper Himalayas,
northern and central parts of Western Ghats and parts of central India are most vulnerable to projected impacts of climate
change, while Northeastern forests are more resilient. Thus our study points to the need for developing and implementing adaptation
strategies to reduce vulnerability of forests to projected climate change. 相似文献
7.
Eric Rahn Peter Läderach María Baca Charlotte Cressy Götz Schroth Daniella Malin Henk van Rikxoort Jefferson Shriver 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(8):1119-1137
There are worldwide approximately 4.3 million coffee (Coffea arabica) producing smallholders generating a large share of tropical developing countries’ gross domestic product, notably in Central America. Their livelihoods and coffee production are facing major challenges due to projected climate change, requiring adaptation decisions that may range from changes in management practices to changes in crops or migration. Since management practices such as shade use and reforestation influence both climate vulnerability and carbon stocks in coffee, there may be synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation that could make it advantageous to jointly pursue both objectives. In some cases, carbon accounting for mitigation actions might even be used to incentivize and subsidize adaptation actions. To assess potential synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in smallholder coffee production systems, we quantified (i) the potential of changes in coffee production and processing practices as well as other livelihood activities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, (ii) coffee farmers’ climate change vulnerability and need for adaptation, including the possibility of carbon markets subsidizing adaptation. We worked with smallholder organic coffee farmers in Northern Nicaragua, using workshops, interviews, farm visits and the Cool Farm Tool software to calculate greenhouse gas balances of coffee farms. From the 12 activities found to be relevant for adaptation, two showed strong and five showed modest synergies with mitigation. Afforestation of degraded areas with coffee agroforestry systems and boundary tree plantings resulted in the highest synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Financing possibilities for joint adaptation-mitigation activities could arise through carbon offsetting, carbon insetting, and carbon footprint reductions. Non-monetary benefits such as technical assistance and capacity building could be effective in promoting such synergies at low transaction costs. 相似文献
8.
Shamama Afreen Nitasha Sharma Rajiv K. Chaturvedi Ranjith Gopalakrishnan N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(2):177-197
Due to large scale afforestation programs and forest conservation legislations, India’s total forest area seems to have stabilized
or even increased. In spite of such efforts, forest fragmentation and degradation continues, with forests being subject to
increased pressure due to anthropogenic factors. Such fragmentation and degradation is leading to the forest cover to change
from very dense to moderately dense and open forest and 253 km2 of very dense forest has been converted to moderately dense forest, open forest, scrub and non-forest (during 2005–2007).
Similarly, there has been a degradation of 4,120 km2 of moderately dense forest to open forest, scrub and non-forest resulting in a net loss of 936 km2 of moderately dense forest. Additionally, 4,335 km2 of open forest have degraded to scrub and non-forest. Coupled with pressure due to anthropogenic factors, climate change
is likely to be an added stress on forests. Forest sector programs and policies are major factors that determine the status
of forests and potentially resilience to projected impacts of climate change. An attempt is made to review the forest policies
and programs and their implications for the status of forests and for vulnerability of forests to projected climate change.
The study concludes that forest conservation and development policies and programs need to be oriented to incorporate climate
change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. 相似文献
9.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
10.
Building regional priorities in forests for development and adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denis J. Sonwa Johnson N. Nkem Monica E. Idinoba Mekou Y. Bele Cyprain Jum 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(4):441-450
Indentifying common priorities in shared natural resource systems constitutes an important platform for implementing adaptation
and a major step in sharing a common responsibility in addressing climate change. Predominated by discourses on REDD + (Reduced
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of
forest carbon stocks in developing countries) with little emphasis on adaptation there is a risk of lack of policy measures
in addressing climate change in the Congo Basin. Forest products and ecosystem services provide security portfolios for the
predominantly rural communities, and play major roles in national development programmes in both revenue and employment opportunities.
Thus, raising the profile of forests in the policy arena especially in the twin roles of addressing climate change in mitigation
and adaptation and achieving resilient development is crucial. Within the framework of the Congo Basin Forests and Climate
Change Adaptation project (COFCCA) project, science policy dialogue was conducted to identify and prioritize forest based
sectors vulnerable to climate change but important to household livelihoods and national development. The goal of the prioritization
process was for the development of intervention in forest as measures for climate change adaptation in Central Africa. Participants
constituted a wide range of stakeholders (government, Non Governmental Organizations, research institutions, universities,
community leaders, private sectors etc.) as representatives from three countries directly involved in the project: Cameroon,
Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. Building on national priorities, four forest related sectors were
identified as common priorities at the regional level for focus on climate change adaptation. These sectors included: (1)
energy with emphasis on fuel wood and Charcoal; (2) Water principally quality, quantity, accessibility, etc.; (3) Food with emphasis on Non Timber Forest Products, and (4) Health linked to healthcare products (medicinal plants). Using these prioritized sectors, the project focused on addressing the impacts of climate change on local communities and the development of adaptation strategies in the three pilot countries
of the Congo Basin region. The four sectors constitute the key for development in the region and equally considered as priority sectors in the poverty
reduction papers. Focused research on these sectors can help to inject the role of forests in national and local development
and their potentials contributions to climate change adaptation in national and public discourses. Mainstreaming forest for
climate change adaptation into national development planning is the key to improve policy coherence and effectiveness in forest
management in the region. 相似文献
11.
The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A. Nyong F. Adesina B. Osman Elasha 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):787-797
Past global efforts at dealing with the problem of global warming concentrated on mitigation, with the aim of reducing and
possibly stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. With the slow progress in achieving this, adaptation
was viewed as a viable option to reduce the vulnerability to the anticipated negative impacts of global warming. It is increasingly
realized that mitigation and adaptation should not be pursued independent of each other but as complements. This has resulted
in the recent calls for the integration of adaptation into mitigation strategies. However, integrating mitigation and adaptation
into climate change concerns is not a completely new idea in the African Sahel. The region is characterized by severe and
frequent droughts with records dating back into centuries. The local populations in this region, through their indigenous
knowledge systems, have developed and implemented extensive mitigation and adaptation strategies that have enabled them reduce
their vulnerability to past climate variability and change, which exceed those predicted by models of future climate change.
However, this knowledge is rarely taken into consideration in the design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation
strategies. This paper highlights some indigenous mitigation and adaptation strategies that have been practiced in the Sahel,
and the benefits of integrating indigenous knowledge into formal climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Incorporating
indigenous knowledge can add value to the development of sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies that
are rich in local content, and planned in conjunction with local people. 相似文献
12.
Johnson N. Nkem Olufunso A. Somorin Cyprian Jum Monica E. Idinoba Youssoufa M. Bele Denis J. Sonwa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(5):513-533
The livelihood strategies of indigenous communities in the Congo Basin are inseparable from the forests, following their use of forest ecosystem goods and services (FEGS). Climate change is expected to exert impacts on the forest and its ability to provide FEGS. Thus, human livelihoods that depend on these FEGS are intricately vulnerable to climate impacts. Using the livelihood strategies of the two main forest indigenous groups; the Bantus and Pygmies, of the high forest zone of southern Cameroon; this paper examines the nature and pattern of their vulnerability to different climate risks as well as highlights how place of settlement in the forest contributes to the vulnerability of people in forest systems. Forests provide different capitals as FEGS and make direct and indirect contributions to livelihoods which are exploited differently by the two indigenous groups. The results show that vulnerability of forest communities is structured by lifestyle, culture and the livelihood strategies employed which are largely shaped by the place of settlement in the forest. The Pygmies living within the forests are engaged in nomadic gathering and foraging of non-timber forest resources. The Bantus prefer forest margins and are mostly preoccupied with sedentary farming, using the forest as additional livelihood opportunity. The contrasting lifestyles have implications on their vulnerability and adaptation to climate impacts which need to be taken into considerations in planning and implementation of national climate change adaptation strategies. 相似文献
13.
Adaptation Options Strategies for Hazards and Vulnerability Mitigation: An International Perspective
The broad objective of this special issue of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change is to address some of the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the policies, programs, and measures that might be applied
to natural hazards and their impacts in an era of climate change. Given the global impacts of climate change and world-wide
pattern of increasing losses from natural hazards we necessarily adopt an international perspective. The specific goals of
the special issue are to: (a) encompass experiential aspects, emphasizing current practice of mitigation and its associated
measures, and their results; and (b) explore primary or root causes of alarming shifts in human and economic costs of environmental
extremes. Special emphasis is placed on how human activities are playing a key role in enhancing vulnerability to NTEE (nature-triggered
environmental extremes), quite independently from the anthropogenic causes of climate change. The goals are also (c) to examine
costs, risks, and benefits (of all kinds including social, political, ecological) of mitigation, and adjustment and adaptation
measures; and (d) analyze policy implications of alternative measures. These components are expected to make significant contributions
to policy considerations – formulation, implementation and evaluation. There is much uncertainty about the rate of climate
change; however, the fact of increase of the atmospheric temperature in the last century is no longer a subject of scientific
or policy debate. Due to such changes in the geophysical parameters, certain types of nature-triggered environmental extreme
events are likely to continue to increase. How global warming will affect regional climates and pertinent variables is not
well known, limiting our ability to predict consequential effects. This factor poses serious constraints against any straightforward
policy decisions. Research findings of the work of this volume reaffirm that human dimensions, specifically our awareness
and decision-making behavior, are powerful explanatory factors of increasing disaster losses. Disaster mitigation through
addressing human, social, and physical vulnerability is one of the best means for contributing to ‘climate change adaptation
plans’, and sustainable development goals. Recent lessons from various countries have depicted that the formulation of mitigation
strategies cannot be exclusively top-down as it requires social, political, and cultural acceptance and sense of ownership.
An interactive, participatory process, involving local communities, produces best expected outcomes concerning mitigation,
preparedness, and recovery. An emerging consensus is that there is a need to move towards the ‘mission’ of the International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction which aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of
the importance of disaster reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing human,
social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters. Sharing
of best practices and lessons globally is certain to produce more efficiency and understanding in policy and decision making. 相似文献
14.
Fabiola S. Sosa-Rodriguez 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(7):969-996
Climate change is projected to affect Latin America and the Caribbean as a result of increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns. The impacts of climate change are expected to be unevenly distributed throughout the region, due to differences in geographic location, demographic pressures, levels of poverty, and natural resource dependence. To date, few studies have explored these impacts and the governmental responses to cope with them at a city scale. This article examines the challenges faced by the Mexico City government as it translates the federal climate change policy into successful mitigation and adaptation. It analyzes climate change impacts on Mexico and Mexico City (also known as the Federal District), the federal and city’s mitigation and adaptation responses, and advances and contradictions in the implementation of these strategies at the national and city levels. Similar problems have limited the effectiveness of these actions at both the federal and city levels, including the overexploitation of natural resources, a lack of climate information and monitoring systems, and the subordination of climate change strategies to the objectives of economic growth and poverty reduction. These problems have resulted in poor coordination and collaboration among various levels of government to cope with climate change, in addition to avoiding local capacity building, particularly in regard to forest conservation. 相似文献
15.
Claudio Fabian Szlafsztein 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(2):143-160
Climate scenarios for the Amazon region (Brazil) indicate an increase in temperature and a precipitation decrease, affecting society and economic activities, particularly small-scale rural communities. The research aims to identify, describe and evaluate factors present in sustainable development projects for small rural communities (Type- A Demonstration Projects - PDA and Alternatives to Deforestation and Burnt Projects - PADEQ), already implemented, for recognizing its potential use as strategies for adaptation to climate change for small rural communities in the Amazon region. The researches, concerning fifteen projects in Rondonia, Para and Mato Grosso States, were developed through document analysis, technical visits, and interviews with stakeholders of three projects about the community perception, vulnerability and adaptation capacity. The analysis of documents regarding the potential success of the projects highlights their short history, important in the local context, prospects for continuity, and community participation in decision making. Few activities developed in projects could be associated with climate change adaptation practices. Two strategies and practices are the most important: the social organization and the process of awareness and training of the community, and the diversification of the types and forms of agricultural production. The interviews indicate that adaptation is implemented in projects, but without considering the pressures of climate variability and change. While these projects were not planned in the context of climate change, the greatest role of the projects relates to the strengthening of the already existing adaptation capacity, creating good conditions for incorporation of new strategies and adaptation measures, now clearly associated to the objective to reduce the vulnerability to climate change and variability impacts. 相似文献
16.
This article re-conceptualizes Climate Policy Integration (CPI) in the land use sector to highlight the need to assess the level of integration of mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies to minimize trade-offs and to exploit synergies. It suggests that effective CPI in the land use sector requires i) internal climate policy coherence between mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies; ii) external climate policy coherence between climate change and development objectives; iii) vertical policy integration to mainstream climate change into sectoral policies and; iv) horizontal policy integration by overarching governance structures for cross-sectoral coordination. This framework is used to examine CPI in the land use sector of Indonesia. The findings indicate that adaptation actors and policies are the main advocates of internal policy coherence. External policy coherence between mitigation and development planning is called for, but remains to be operationalized. Bureaucratic politics has in turn undermined vertical and horizontal policy integration. Under these circumstances it is unlikely that the Indonesian bureaucracy can deliver strong coordinated action addressing climate change in the land use sector, unless sectoral ministries internalize a strong mandate on internal and external climate policy coherence and find ways to coordinate policy action effectively. 相似文献
17.
In the wake of the failures to date of well-publicized multilateral and multi-sectoral mitigation efforts to control greenhouse gases, attention is now increasingly focused on the effectiveness and capacity of national and sub-national level sectoral plans, including forestry, to usher in a new era of adaptation efforts. In Canada, the government of British Columbia spent several years developing its Future Forest Ecosystems Initiative as part of a larger climate change response strategy in the forest sector. Similarly, in the United States, wildfire related events have led to climate change inspired efforts by individual states (e.g., Alaska, California) and the US Forest Service has recently undertaken plans to incorporate climate change considerations in national forest planning beginning with the National Road Map for Responding to Climate Change. This paper highlights a number of shortcomings with both these national and sub-national strategies with respect to the relationships existing between governance, forestry and climate change. It proposes incorporating considerations of governance mechanisms directly into forest sector planning and the need to assess not only natural system level changes but also the extent to which new problems can be dealt with by ‘old’ or ‘new’ governance arrangements. 相似文献
18.
Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evan Mills 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):809-842
As the world’s largest industry, the insurance sector is both an aggregator of the impacts of climate change and a market
actor able to play a material role in decreasing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. This article reviews the
implications of climate change for insurers and provides specific examples of insurance-relevant synergisms between adaptation
and mitigation in the buildings and energy sectors, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Although insurance is far from a
“silver bullet” in addressing climate change, it offers significant capacity and ability to understand, manage, and spread
risks associated with weather-related events, more so today in industrialized countries but increasingly so in developing
countries and economies in transition. Certain measures that integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation also bolster
insurers’ solvency and profitability, thereby increasing their appeal. Promising strategies involve innovative products and
systems for delivering insurance and the use of new technologies and practices that both reduce vulnerability to disaster-related
losses and support sustainable development. However, climate change promises to erode the insurability of many risks, and
insurance responses can be more reactive than proactive, resulting in compromised insurance affordability and/or availability.
Public–private partnerships involving insurers and entities such as the international relief community offer considerable
potential, but have not been adequately explored.
相似文献
Evan MillsEmail: URL: http://insurance.lbl.gov |
19.
林业碳汇项目基准线和监测方法学及应用分析——以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
气候变化给全球社会经济发展带来了重大影响,林业碳汇在适应和减缓气候变化、促进可持续发展三方面的重要作用日益被世界各国所认可。林业碳汇项目实施的难点在于准确掌握林业碳汇项目设计的规则、标准体系,重点在于基准线判别、碳汇计量、监测的方法学和工具。本文系统介绍了国际清洁发展机制造林再造林(CDM A/R)项目方法学和国内碳汇造林项目方法学、标准体系等最新成果,并以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例,分析了基准线和监测方法学在林业碳汇项目开发设计中的实际应用。 相似文献
20.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
Cynthia Rosenzweig Francesco Nicola Tubiello 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):855-873
As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key
human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace
with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because
it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies
to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability
of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global
greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This
paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically,
as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate
change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural
practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and
farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet
food, fiber and climate policy requirements. 相似文献