石油及其它有机污染的生物治理法

生物治理法作为治理有机污染物的有效途径已受到国内有关方面的广泛重视。现在跨行业、跨部门的各有关单位人员，从各个不同角度阐述了当今世界石油污染生物治理的现状。其中心是选择使用或培养有强降解能力的微生物进而达到彻底治理污染的目的。使用方法包括微生物法和微生物生态法。生物治理法的优点是：操作简便、处理费用低、效果好、对环境无污染、可以就地处理等。     

保护生物多样 防止外来入侵物种

5月22日国际生物多样性日，由环境保护部、中国科学院等主办的国际生物多样性日纪念大会召开。今年的主题是“保护生物多样性，防止外来入侵物种”，会议为我们展示了生物多样性之美，并呼吁人类行动起来保护环境、保护生物多样性。     

陆地石油污染生物降解技术的进展

生物治理石油环境污染具有处理费用低、效果好、无二次污染等优点，近年来得到广泛重视和发展应用，并已在治理土壤、岩石及地下水石油污染等方面取得了较好的效果。在此对就地或集中治理过程的近期发展进行了综述，讨论了强化治理过程的途径与展望以及在我国实验室和现场开发的前景。     

大庆油田钻井液遗传毒性试验研究

采用国家环保局《环境监测技术规范》中规定的“蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术”测试了大庆油田废钻井液、聚合物体系钻井液、三钾聚合物体系钻井液的压滤液和全泥浆的生物毒性，评价结果表明：大庆油田钻井液遗传毒性很低或基本为无遗传毒性，废钻井液除大部分回收利用外，剩余部分在井场就地掩埋处理，不会通过环境介质对人群产生致癌的潜在危险性。     

中国动态

加强生物多样性保护 中共中央政治局常委、国务院副总理、中国生物多样性保护国家委员会主席李克强近日主持召开中国生物多样性保护国家委员会第一次会议并讲话。他强调，保护生物多样性是保护环境、实现可持续发展的重要任务和基本内容，要按照科学发展的要求，弘扬生态文明理念，加大生物多样性保护力度，推进绿色发展，建设人与自然和谐相处的美好家园。     

《生物多样性公约》2010年后战略规划非正式专家会议在伦敦召开

2010年1月18—20日．《生物多样性公约》2010年后战略规划非正式专家会议在伦敦召开。举行本次会议的目的是以一种开放和磋商的方式．对《生物多样性公约》2010年后战略规划的制定进行讨论，提出对战略规划的期望、建议和意见，并提出实施战略规划的需求及重点领域。     

5月22日国际生物多样性日

联合国环境署于1988年11月召开生物多样性特设专家工作组会议,探讨一项生物多样性国际公约的必要性。1989年5月建立了技术和法律特设专家工作组,拟订一个保护和可持续利用生物多样性的国际法律文书。到1991年2月，该特设工作组被称为政府间谈判委员会。1992年5月内罗毕会议通过了《生物多样性公约协议文本》（以下简称《公约》）。《公约》于1992年6月5日联合国环境与发展大会期间开放签字，并于1993年12月29日生效。     

保护生物多样性措施有哪些?

<正>措施1就地保护:为了保护生物多样性,把包含保护对象在内的一定面积的陆地或水体划分出来,进行保护和管理。比如,建立自然保护区实行就地保护。自然保护区是有代表性的自然系统、珍稀濒危野生动植物种的天然分布区,包括自然遗迹、陆地、陆地     

前言

保护生物多样性就是保护人类！这是1996年8月21日-24日在乌鲁木齐新疆科技馆召开的“中国干旱区生物多样性保护学术会议”提出的会议口号。在1992年巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会上，通过的联合国“生物多样性公约”，已有包括我国在内的17O多个国家的元首和政府首     

生物多样性保护的几个现实问题和成功案例

人类尤其掌握了现代科学技术的利益集团的出现,加剧了自然生态系统退化已是不争的事实。正确的生物多样性保护应以就地保护为主,即保留野生生命的地盘远离人类干扰,任其自我维持,仅对哪些极度濒危的物种实施人工辅助或保护。尤其要警惕那些利用高科技技术消灭物种,牺牲当代人、子孙后代以及全球生态系统利益的做法。     

River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects

In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable freshwater supply and to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements (EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful to planners and decision-makers. The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials to derive river goods and services from the river system. Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects on river goods and services can be minimized.     

Managing for Desired Experiences and Site Preferences: The Case of Fee-Fishing Anglers

Fee-fishing involves paying a fee for the privilege of fishing a body of water where fish populations are enhanced by stocking fish. Past literature on this activity has focused more on the operation of the enterprise and management of the fish than the people and site characteristics. The objectives of the study were to profile anglers and describe their site/management preferences. This study utilized an on-site interview and mail-back questionnaire at fee-fishing establishments in West Virginia (n = 212). Factor analysis of desired recreation experiences yielded five factors: Experience nature & adventure, Stress release & relaxation, Trophy fishing, Escape, and Family time. Cluster analysis showed that these anglers can be segmented into two distinct clusters, differing by sociodemographic characteristics, fishing behavior, and site/management preferences. The findings from this study provide baseline data to aid public resource managers and fee-fishing business owners in determining how to provide satisfying outdoor experiences and deliver desired services on-site. Future research will be needed from additional fee-fishing sites to obtain more detail about this outdoor recreation cohort and be able to generalize to a larger population of participants.     

Approximating the distribution of recreational visits from on-site survey data

While convenient and often used, on-site surveys are biased by the fact that users who visit the site more often are proportionately more likely to be sampled. This so-called avidity or size biased sampling results in over-estimating the visitation patterns of the average user. This analysis develops a rule of thumb method that may easily be applied by recreation site managers to visitation data collected on-site in order to infer behavior of the average user of the site. The key assumption that drives the derivation is that the visitation data of users is logarithmically distributed. To evaluate the methodology, we analyze several data sets of recreational users assuming that they reflect the populations of users and from these construct hypothetical on-site samples.     

采油废水气浮-生物处理方法研究

针对采油废水外排水质超标现象,胜利油田孤岛采油厂在室内试验和现场小试的基础上,分别采用直接投加菌液方法和生物接触氧化方法对孤岛采油废水进行了现场中试对比研究。试验结果表明:两种方法都能有效地去除了采油废水中的超标污染物,处理后的水质指标全部达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二类水质标准。相比较生物接触氧化法工序运行稳定,易于实施。     

普光气田开发对地下水环境的影响分析

为最大程度缓解工程实施对当地地下水环境的破坏,文章在综合分析普光气田地质和水文地质特征的基础上,开展现场水质监测工作,选用内梅罗指数法评价区域地下水质量现状。结果表明:普光气田开发建设工程对区域地下水环境质量影响较小,地下水水质良好。在此基础上,探讨项目建设过程中的地下水环境影响因素,据此提出针对性的环境保护措施,以期为研究区地下水环境保护提供科学参考依据。     

唐山LNG项目建设HSE管理的实践

文章通过在唐山LNG项目建设现场HSE管理实践中的经验总结,结合中国石油集团公司提出的加强"三基"工作的要求,提出了一套HSE管理方法并应用于实践,取得了良好效果,为其他LNG项目建设提供了必要的借鉴与参考。     

新型干法水泥回转窑废气产生量与产量的关系浅谈

本文通过对四川省采用新型干法水泥生产企业回转窑废气监测数据进行统计分析,建立了新型干法水泥回转窑废气产生量与水泥熟料产量的关系数学模型,并对模型进行了验证,该模型既可以用于监测人员现场核查企业填报生产量真实性,也可以用于判断实测废气量的合理性。     

Recreation demand analysis under truncation, overdispersion, and endogenous stratification: an application to Gros Morne National Park

Using on-site survey data from Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland, this paper estimates and compares several truncated count data models of recreation demand. The selected model accounts not only for the truncated and overdispersed nature of the data but also for endogenous stratification due to the oversampling of avid users. Moreover, the model that allows for a flexible specification of the overdispersion parameter dominates on the basis of goodness of fit. The results are used to estimate the users' value of access to the park.     

Septic systems as potential pollution sources in the Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed, New York

On-site septic systems require appropriate soil characteristics to provide effective wastewater treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate siting practices and treatment efficacy of on-site septic systems within the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed (115900 ha) in the state of New York. Using digital soil survey data, a database of on-site conditions was developed from more than 1100 existing septic system siting records. Soil map units were grouped into four classes based on their suitability to meet common septic system design criteria. A geographic information system was found to be a useful tool for assessment and visual display of septic system and landscape information. Geographic information system analysis indicated that while 80% of soils in the watershed were found to have characteristics that interfere with septic system function, 69% of septic systems installed were of designs suited for soils with no or few restrictive parameters. Since the designs of many septic systems have relied heavily on horizontal distance to streams (mean = 130 m) to provide adequate treatment, potential failures would lead to discharge of compounds of environmental concern, such as phosphorus, with public health implications. The results imply that many septic systems functioning in the watershed are in need of design improvements.     

Past On-Site Experience,Crowding Perceptions,and Use Displacement of Visitor Groups to a Peri-Urban National Park

Past on-site experience was linked to the crowding perceptions and use displacement of 383 on-site visitors to the peri-urban Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria. Three visitor groups were determined according to their area experience: local residents from Vienna and rural communities, having the highest level of experience; regional visitors from the city and eastern Austria; and tourists from Austria and abroad with the lowest degree of experience. Crowding perceptions were significantly different across the user groups. More than 50% of local residents perceived the national park as crowded, whereas only 27% of regional visitors and 19% of tourists reported such an evaluation. Even among local residents and regional visitors, respondents with more on-site experience expressed a greater impression of a crowded park. Differences in crowding evaluations between local rural and urban residents and between regional rural and urban visitors were not found. For 27% of local residents and 15% of regional visitors, use levels were so unacceptable that they displaced temporally and spatially, whereas use displacement was relatively irrelevant for tourists. The use displacement strategies involved differ among the three user groups. Management implications were discussed, taking the specific situation of the small national park on the urban-rural fringe into consideration.