改性橙皮静态吸附模拟废水中的Pb2+

采用异丙醇溶液改性橙皮,考察了模拟废水中初始Pb2+质量浓度、废水pH、改性橙皮加入量和吸附时间等因素对改性橙皮对模拟废水中的Pb2+吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,在初始Pb2+质量浓度为20 mg/L、废水pH为4、改性橙皮加入量为8 g/L、吸附时间为80 min的条件下,改性橙皮对废水中Pb2+的去除率可达88.41%。经浓度为0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液再生后,改性橙皮再生循环使用4次时效果仍较好。改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附动力学可用准二级动力学方程很好地描述。改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,表明改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附以单分子层吸附为主。     

改性壳聚糖处理微生物浸矿废水

为解决采矿行业微生物浸矿酸性废水中和处理沉渣多、固液分离困难的问题,采用柠檬酸钠和环氧氯丙烷改性处理的壳聚糖在pH=2.2条件下吸附模拟废水中的Cu²⁺和Fe³⁺,用正交实验优化了壳聚糖改性工艺条件。实验结果表明,最适宜的工艺条件为：处理100 mL壳聚糖质量分数为2%的壳聚糖-冰醋酸溶液,柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液加入量200 mL,环氧氯丙烷加入量300 mL,反应时间6 h。改性壳聚糖对Fe³⁺的最大吸附容量为6.703 7 mg/g,对Cu²⁺的最大吸附容量为4.378 7 mg/g,Fe³⁺和Cu²⁺在改性壳聚糖上的吸附是单分子层形式。     

核桃壳吸附剂对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附

采用自制核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法,处理模拟含Pb2+废水。实验结果表明:当初始Pb2+的质量浓度20.00 mg/L、初始废水pH=5.5、吸附剂加入量12 g/L、吸附剂粒径1.60~2.50 mm、吸附时间120 min时,核桃壳吸附剂对Pb2+的去除率为91.7%;吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附行为满足拟二级吸附动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温方程,饱和吸附量达到3.903 mg/g;吸附饱和的吸附剂可用浓度0.1 mol/L的硝酸解吸,经解吸后的吸附剂可重复利用3次。     

纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以玉米淀粉为载体，采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉，并用于溶液中Pb2+的去除。采用SEM技术对吸附材料进行了表征。考察了溶液pH、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量、初始Pb2+质量浓度、反应时间等因素对Pb2+吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉球体间主要呈链状连接，不仅保持了纳米零价铁的特性，且颗粒的团聚现象明显减少。实验结果表明，在溶液pH 7.0、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量0.8 g/L、初始Pb2+质量浓度50 mg/L、反应时间60 min的条件下，纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉对Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果，Pb2+去除率为93.17%、吸附量为47.27 mg/g。     

微波辐射下改性壳聚糖的制备及其絮凝性能

采用微波辐射法合成了壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)谱图对比分析表明,丙烯酰胺成功地接枝到壳聚糖上,发生了接枝共聚反应;产物的热重-差热(TG-DSC)谱图表明,壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的热稳定性比壳聚糖差。壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物作为絮凝剂处理高岭土悬浊液的最佳条件为:絮凝剂加入量4.0 mg/L,沉降时间20 min,溶液pH 7。处理印染废水时,与壳聚糖相比,壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物加入量较少而COD去除效果较好。在废水pH为7、絮凝剂加入量为100 mg/L、沉降时间为20 min的条件下,壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物对废水COD去除率达41.55%。     

颗粒状污泥活性炭流化床吸附处理含铜矿山废水

以城市污水处理厂活性污泥为原料，通过高温热解制备了颗粒状污泥活性炭吸附剂。在自制的流化床吸附装置上研究了该吸附剂对含铜矿山废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：在初始废水pH6、吸附剂加入量15g/L、废水循环流量6.0L/min、吸附时间120min的最佳吸附条件下，废水中Cu²⁺去除率达98.2%。     

高炉渣对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

采用包头钢铁集团炼铁厂的高炉渣为吸附剂(粒径0.154 nm)对Cd2+进行吸附,运用SEM技术对吸附剂进行了表征,研究了初始Cd2+质量浓度、吸附剂加入量、吸附时间、吸附温度和废水pH对Cd2+去除率的影响,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示:高炉渣吸附剂具有疏松多孔的特点,表面十分粗糙,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:当吸附温度为室温(28℃)、废水pH为7、初始Cd2+质量浓度为10 mg/L、吸附剂加入量为8 g/L、吸附时间为60 min时,Cd2+去除率达到98.55%;高炉渣对Cd2+的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型,且吸附反应易发生。     

竹炭对废水中Cu2+的吸附

探讨了竹炭粒径、加入量、溶液 pH、吸附时间、Cu2+初始质量浓度等因素对竹炭吸附 Cu2+效果的影响.实验结果表明:竹炭对废水中Cu2+有很好的吸附效果,当竹炭粒径小于0.15 mm、加入量为 16 g/L、溶液 pH 为 6.0、Cu2+初始质量浓度 25 mg/L、吸附时间为 1.5 h 时,竹炭对 Cu2+的去...     

光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水

采用光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水,考察了ZnO加入量、H2O2加入量、废水pH、光照时间与光照强度对废水COD去除率的影响。在ZnO加入量为3g／L、H2O2加入量为14g／L、pH为10．00的条件下,废水经功率500W的低压汞灯照射8h后,其COD为153．8mg／L,COD总去除率可达90％以上。     

粉煤灰处理阴离子表面活性剂废水及机理研究

采用粉煤灰作为吸附混凝剂,研究了粉煤灰对废水中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）的去除及机理。分析了粉煤灰投加量、吸附时间、pH值对废水中SDS去除率的影响,探讨了最佳条件下废水中SDS去除率,研究了粉煤灰动力学特征。结果表明,在200mL浓度50mg/L的SDS溶液中,调节pH值为13,加入70 g粉煤灰,搅拌20m in后,SDS的去除率为83.3%。粉煤灰对SDS的吸附符合Freund lich吸附等温式。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.