百色市大气可吸入颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

为调查百色市大气颗粒物PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,于2013年冬、夏两季采集了百色市城、郊2个不同采样点的大气样品,采用HPLC分析了16种US EPA优控PAHs的质量浓度、组分特征,运用同分异构体比率法揭示其污染来源.结果表明:百色市大气PM25中∑PAHs质量浓度为4.7～ 142.3 ng/m3,低于我国制定的PM2.5中PAHs的年均值(35 μg/m3);百色市城区、郊区2个采样点大气PM2.5中PAHs的质量浓度分别为6.9～ 142.3 ng/m3和4.7～ 109.6ng/m3,平均值为37.2 ng/m3和24.7 ng/m3,不同环数PAHs质量浓度从大到小为4环、5环、3环、6环、2环,4环、5环PAHs分别占∑PAHs的42.9％～ 50.7％和18.4％～22.4％;主要的单种PAHs为茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝、(苊)、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽.冬季∑PAHs质量浓度高于夏季.PM2.5中苯并[a]芘等效毒性(BEQ)为2.3～7.4,与其他城市相比,BEQ属于中下等水平.PM2.5中的PAHs源自煤及机动车辆燃油的燃烧.     

燃放烟花爆竹对大气颗粒物水溶性离子和多环芳烃污染特征研究

2007年春节燃放烟花爆竹时,在兰州市区和环境背景监测点同步连续采集TSP和PM10样品,并利用高效液相色谱和离子色谱方法对其进行多环芳烃和水溶性无机离子的分析.结果表明,PM10中的多环芳烃浓度比非燃放期平均质量浓度增加了78.7%.集中燃放烟花爆竹时,多环芳烃更容易沉积在相对较细的PM10中.同时,无机水溶性离子中K+比非燃放期质量浓度增加了92.8%,SO2-3的质量浓度增加了90.6%,NO-3的质量浓度增加了79.7%,Mg2+的质量浓度增加了79.1%.说明在燃放烟花爆竹时,对当地大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃和无机水溶性阴阳离子都会造成严重的空气污染.在燃放期PM10中多环芳烃质量浓度是TSP质量浓度的1.73倍,而在非燃放期结果恰好相反,多环芳烃质量浓度在TSP中高于PM10.从质量浓度数值的变化上也明显观察到,与多环芳烃相比,燃放烟花爆竹对无机水溶性离子的影响更大.在除夕夜大量集中燃放烟花爆竹时,所产生大量烟雾会对周边大气环境造成一定的污染和影响.     

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料.应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM2.5和PM10质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7 μg/m3和116.9 μg/m3,分别超标162％和67％;二者质量浓度比达78.4％,10年间同比增长约20％.颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7～9h.研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素.     

西安市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

对西安市不同功能区大气颗粒物中13种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究表明,西安市冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs污染严重,各采样点13种PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)为121.61～302.25 ng/m3,平均浓度为188.44 ng/m3,其中强致癌的苯并[a]芘(BaP)平均浓度为12.63 ng/m3;不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs和BaP的浓度分布存在明显差异,∑PAHs浓度依次为:交通繁忙区＞学生公寓(燃煤排放明显)＞农业开发区＞高新产业开发区＞商业区＞校园,BaP浓度:交通稠密区＞农业开发区＞环工学院(学校教师的停车场)＞商业区＞学生公寓＞高新产业开发区;不同功能区大气颗粒物中,中高环PAHs含量占优势,不同环数PAHs占总量的比例顺序为4环(38.64%)＞5环(25.17%)＞6环(18.83%)＞3环(10.25%).     

某自来水厂水源多环芳烃污染分析

采用Oasis HLB柱固相萃取前处理和气相色谱/质谱联用仪的分析方法,研究了中国南方某城市自来水厂的水源中多环芳烃的污染分布与来源.结果表明,该地区水域中存在多环芳烃的轻度污染.多环芳烃的分布随季节有一定变化,夏季丰水期16种检测多环芳烃总浓度约是春季的两倍.多环芳烃污染以二、三环芳烃为主,主要由于石油排污造成,但仍有部分来源于不完全燃烧热解的五环芳烃检出.5个采样点样品中多环芳烃总量均未超出相关标准,但春季采样苯并[a]芘浓度超出我国饮用水源标准,需要继续进行监测和控制.     

桂林市区大气气溶胶离子组成分布及酸化缓冲能力

针对桂林市区3个测点不同季节的大气颗粒物样品的离子组成分布酸化缓冲能力进行研究,探讨了该地区TSP和PM10的质量浓度、酸度和酸化缓冲能力。研究显示,Ca2+在小颗粒中起主导作用,PM10缓冲能力强于TSP并且夏季气候酸缓冲能力强于秋季气候,同时以Ca2+为主要阳离子的喀斯特地区在大气颗粒物中能起缓冲酸雨作用的碱性成分不多,最后分析了不同的粒径分布以及无机离子组分特征。     

北京典型污染过程PM2.5的特性和来源

通过采集北京2010年12月—2011年3月冬春季节大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品,分析了冬春季典型污染时段灰霾和沙尘期间大气细颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度和其中元素、水溶性离子、有机组分OC和EC特性,及其季节变化和来源.结果表明,北京灰霾和沙尘期间PM2.5日均质量浓度分别高达301.8 μg/m3和284.8 μg/m3,是美国EPA PM2.5日均质量浓度限值(35 μg/m3)的8.62倍和8.14倍.灰霾时段,人为污染元素(S、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb)、二次无机离子(NH4+、NO3-、SO42-)和二次有机碳(SOC)的质量浓度均高于沙尘天气和非污染天气.沙尘天气时地壳元素(Na、Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等)的质量浓度高于灰霾天气和非污染天气.北京冬春季节PM2.5主要来源于燃煤和工业过程、二次转化、地面扬尘、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.灰霾污染时段二次转化贡献率较高,沙尘污染时段地面扬尘贡献率较高.     

天津市PM_(2.5)分布特征及重金属化学形态分析

通过采集天津市大气颗粒物样品,研究了颗粒物浓度及粒径分布随时间变化的特征,并采用改进BCR法对PM2.5中重金属的形态进行了分析。结果表明:PM2.5浓度冬季明显高于其他季节;PM2.5与PM10的比例冬季最高,夏季次之,春、秋季节基本持平;PM2.5中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd主要以弱酸提取态存在,Cr以可还原态、残渣态为主要形态,Ni主要以可氧化态、残渣态形态存在;6种元素中,Cd、Zn生物有效性最高,Pb、Cu生物有效性居中,Ni、Cr生物有效性最小。     

昆山市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs污染特征研究

使用GC-MS法测定了201 3年昆山市不同地区大气PM2.5中PAHs的污染水平,并用比值法进行了来源简析.研究发现2013年昆山地区一共可检出13种PAHs,年平均浓度范围在0.12 ～ 4.59ng/m3之间,浓度最高的为BghiP.从季节变化看,PAHs季节变化明显,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs浓度值大小为春季＞冬季＞夏季＞秋季.从空间分布来说,城郊的∑PAHs最低,年均值为16.05 ng/m3,其余地区数值较为接近.从PAHs环数分布情况看,从高到低依次为4环＞5环＞6环＞2环＞3环.通过比值法发现,机动车尾气的排放是昆山市PAHs的主要来源.     

2010年中国东部PM2.5空间分布及沉降模拟研究

结合我国目前面临的PM2.5污染严重问题,采用CMAQ 4.7.1模式模拟我国东部各省PM2.5浓度分布,并探索了其输送、沉降规律.结果表明:综合空气质量模式CMAQ模拟结果与观测结果较为一致,可以较好地模拟PM2.5质量浓度变化特征;我国东部PM2.5呈现明显的季节分布特征,且PM2.5质量浓度分布与污染源的位置分布有较好的对应,呈现由城市边缘向城市中心推移递增的趋势,区域性PM25高值中心可达120 μg/m3以上;湿沉降是细颗粒物的主要去除方式,且湿沉降量至少为干沉降量5倍以上;PM2.5夏季沉降通量最大,冬季最小,我国东部地区沉降通量高值中心可达30 mg/(m2·d)以上;模拟区域湿沉降量占总沉降量的91％以上,模拟计算区域的总沉降量为4.67×106 t/a,其中京津冀地区细颗粒物总沉降量为1.65 × 106 t/a.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

我国林区直升机吊桶灭火应用分析

直升机吊桶灭火是一项成熟有效的航空森林消防技术,是国外林业发达国家的重要森林消防手段。我国经过多年的探索和实践,已经在多数重点林区推广应用并取得成效。分析了直升机吊桶灭火的特点、机型和设备,对吊桶灭火的方法进行了探讨。     

Trends in occupational injuries and fatality in Turkey

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of occupational injuries in Turkey using epidemiologic criteria such as incidence mortality and fatality/all injuries recorded – rates. Materials and methods. Safety and health data were obtained from the Annual Statistic Books of the Social Insurance Institution (1988–2006) and Social Security Institution (2007–2011) of Turkey. Results. The results from the official data showed that although total employment is increasing the number of occupational injuries and incidence and mortality rates are decreasing. The results also demonstrate that occupational fatality/all injuries recorded – rate is increasing. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate per 1000 injuries increased to 25.5 in 2011 from 8.6 in 1988. Each work day an average of five people died because of occupational injuries. Discussion and conclusions. The fatality/all injuries recorded – rate (the number of fatal cases per 1000 occupational injuries) is an important indicator of the injury rate for a country. Systems of occupational injury and illness surveillance constitute a critical resource for the management and reduction of occupational injuries and illness.