AzaC预处理增加TCDD对特殊细胞P450基因的诱导

利用RT-PCR检测不同物质诱导细胞的CYP基因 mRNA的表达水平.在HepG2细胞,TCDD能诱导CYP1A1、CYP1B1及CYP1A2基因表达,CYP1A1、CYP1B1基因比CYP1A2基因更容易被诱导,用AzaC处理后CYP1B1基因表达无改变;在A549细胞和SPC-A1细胞,Azac预处理后增加了TCDD对CYP1家族的诱导.也就是AzaC增加了CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP1B1基因表达水平.图1表1参10     

浙江省市级饮用水源地氨基甲酸酯农药的分析、污染特征及健康风险

超高效液相色谱/串联质谱方法分析水体中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药,在5min之内完成15种氨基甲酸酯农药的分析,回收率为80.4%-120.7%,相对标准偏差为0.7%-12.0%,检测限为0.005ng·1-1 -0.2 ng·1-1.在此基础上,全面分析了浙江省市级饮用水源地水体中氨基甲酸酯农药污染现状及健康风险,结果表明,涕灭威、灭多威、克百威检出率较高,浓度分别为O.86ng·1-1-29.0ng·1-1、＜0.1ng·1-1 -170ng·1-1、＜0.01ng·1-1-14.0ng·1-1.河流型水源地水体中氨基甲酸酯农药污染比水库型水源地严重.饮用水源地氨基甲酸酯农药污染最大个人平均年风险为1.4×10-11a-1,涕灭威贡献率最高.     

基于BaPS技术的高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节变化

应用气压分离(BaPS)技术测定了川西北高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节动态变化.结果表明:植物生长季节内,土壤总硝化、反硝化和N2O释放率的变化趋势一致,即从6月份(硝化率:N 8.40 mg kg-1 d-1;反硝化率:N 0.48 mg kg-1 d-1;N2O释放率:N 84.48 靏 kg-1 d-1)开始增加,7月份(N 19.36 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.60 mg kg-1 d-1;N 100.13 靏 kg-1 d-1)达到最大值,然后开始下降,到9月份(N 1.81 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.24 mg kg-1 d-1;N 40.09 靏 kg-1 d-1)降为最小值.氮素物质基础(NO3--N和NH4 -N)不是影响该高山草甸土硝化和反硝化的主要因素,土壤温度和湿度是该高山草甸土硝化、反硝化作用的主要影响因子.     

异源表达胡杨PeBAK1;1基因增强烟草对Pst DC3000的抗性

BAK1(BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1)是一个富亮氨酸重复序列(LRR)的膜受体蛋白激酶,除参与植物油菜素内酯信号的转导外,还可以结合其他的LRR-RLKs蛋白来启动植物的先天免疫反应.为明确胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因在烟草中抗Pst DC3000(丁香假单胞杆菌种番茄致病变种)的功能及其在植物抗病中的调控方式,克隆胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因c DNA序列构建Pe BAK1;1基因的过量表达载体p BI121-35S::Pe BAK1;1,并利用农杆菌介导法将其转化野生型烟草,筛选获得Pe BAK1;1基因过表达的转基因烟草植株.生物信息学分析结果表明胡杨Pe BAK1;1蛋白具有植物SERK家族的全部结构特征,系统进化树分析表明胡杨Pe BAK1;1与毛果杨Pt BAK1的序列同源性最高;组织表达分析表明Pe BAK1;1基因主要在根和叶中表达;Pst DC3000侵染试验结果显示,野生型烟草植株接种Pst DC3000后表现出明显的感病症状,而Pe BAK1;1基因过表达的转基因烟草植株表现出明显的抗病症状;Real-time PCR及quantitative real-time-PCR分析结果表明,与野生型相比,转基因烟草中抗病防御相关基因PR1、PR3、PR4和PR5的表达量显著升高,且参与植物生长发育与先天防卫反应的基因BIR1和BON1的表达量也明显升高.上述结果表明,异源表达胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因在烟草抗Pst DC3000过程中起正调控作用,能够增强植物的抗病能力.     

天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

DEHP对小鼠精原细胞Bax和Bcl-2表达水平的影响

邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)因在环境中的广泛分布而受到普遍关注。为探究DEHP对雄性生殖细胞的毒作用机制,将小鼠精原细胞(GC-1spd)分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照)、10、100、1 000 mg·L~(-1)DEHP的培养基中培养24 h,采用噻唑兰(MTT)法检测细胞相对活力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,实时荧光定量PCR法检测Bax和Bcl-2m RNA的表达情况及Western blot技术检测Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果显示:在检测细胞相对活力时,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显低于其他各剂量组,100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组低于对照组和10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05);在检测细胞凋亡时,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组早期凋亡率高于对照组(P<0.05);晚期凋亡率1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组均明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05);总凋亡率呈现明显上升趋势,其中1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,1 000mg·L~(-1)剂量组还明显高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示:Bax m RNA表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组与10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);Bcl-2 m RNA表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组低于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组和对照组(P<0.05)。此外,Bax和Bcl-2 m RNA比值1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组均明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,Bax蛋白表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于对照组(P<0.05);Bcl-2蛋白表达水平各剂量组与对照组相比差异均具有统计学意义,且1 000mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显低于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组和对照组(P<0.05);此外,Bax/Bcl-2两蛋白比值1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,而1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。结果表明:DEHP可诱导小鼠精原细胞相对活力下降,通过抑制Bcl-2 m RNA和Bcl-2蛋白表达及促进Bax m RNA和Bax蛋白表达实现诱导精原细胞凋亡。     

鱼类镰刀菌的研究Ⅲ：几种药物对鱼类镰刀菌的抑制作用

研究发现制霉素（14．4～16．0mg·L－1）、K制剂（4．0mp·L－1）和孔雀绿（3，0～40mp·L-1）对镰刀菌Fu2和尖F1抑制效果好，而对Fu1-2抑制效果差；优氯净（2．0mg·L－1）能抑制Fu1-2，而不抑制Fu2和尖F1；龙胆紫（1．0mg·L-1）可抑制尖F1，而不抑制Fu2和Fu1-2制霉素对鱼毒性最小，而孔雀绿毒性最大．     

苯并(a)芘对罗非鱼肝脏CYP1A1和GST活性的影响

以罗非鱼为试验动物,研究不同浓度(0.1、1、10和50μg·L-1)苯并(a)芘(BaP)暴露下,罗非鱼肝脏细胞色素P450亚酶1A1(CYP1A1)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的变化。结果表明,0.1、1和10μg·L-13个浓度组罗非鱼肝脏CYP1A1活性与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比没有显著差异(P0.05),50μg·L-1浓度组CYP1A1活性在6和168 h时受到显著诱导(P0.05);0.1和1μg·L-1浓度组肝脏GST活性与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05),10和50μg·L-1浓度组GST活性在336 h时与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比差异显著(P0.05)。研究CYP1A1活性与GST活性之间的关系发现,两者的变化趋势相近,尤其是1和50μg·L-12个浓度组,表明这两者之间可能存在一定的对应关系。     

抗除草剂转基因油菜与野芥菜的杂交1代与5种常规栽培油菜回交后代的适合度

抗除草剂转基因油菜(Brassica napus)的抗性基因具有向野芥菜(Wild B.juncea)漂移的可能性,为了解野芥菜接受抗性油菜的花粉形成携带抗性基因的F1后,再接受常规栽培油菜的花粉可能产生的影响,以2种F1(野芥菜为母本、抗草甘膦和抗草丁膦转基因油菜分别为父本获得)为母本,5种常规栽培油菜(B.napus)为父本进行回交,统计了回交后每角果的饱满种子粒数和角果长,测定了回交1代(BC1)、回交1代子1代(BC1F1)的萌发率以及抗性基因在后代中的传递频率,并在温室条件下测定了携带抗性基因的BC1以及BC1F1的适合度.结果显示,2种F1和5种常规栽培油菜回交后每角饱满粒数都很少,平均都不超过1粒;BC1以及BC1F1代间出苗率没有显著差异,但都显著低于亲本野芥菜.两种抗性基因在BC1以及BC1F1中都能以49%-62%和52%-64%的频率传递下去.温室条件下各BC1的总适合度没有显著差异,但都显著低于野芥菜,主要原因是各BC1的有效角果数少和每角饱满粒数显著少于野芥菜.从BC1F1的总适合度来看,携带不同抗性基因的F1和同种常规油菜的BC1F1的总适合度没有明显差异,各BC1F1的总适合度和野芥菜也没有显著差异,但繁殖能力还是显著低于亲本野芥菜.相比BC1,其自交产生的BC1F1的繁殖能力有所提高,主要表现在有效角果数和每角饱满种子粒数有较为明显的增加.研究表明转基因油菜的抗性基因通过花粉漂移到野芥菜产生F1后,携带了抗性基因的F1在有大量常规栽培油菜的环境下,存在和常规油菜通过回交产生携带抗性基因的种子的可能性,尽管BC1以及BC1F1的繁殖能力弱,但都能产生后代;常规栽培油菜的基因型对携带抗性基因的F1接受常规栽培油菜的花粉后可能产生的生态风险有一定影响.总之,野芥菜接受转基因油菜的花粉产生F1后又接受常规油菜的花粉而造成的抗性基因逃逸风险较小,但值得关注.     

瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体中亚硝酸-萘体系的微观反应机理

采用 35 5nm紫外光照射HNO2 萘 H2 O体系 .研究表明 ,光照后体系中间产物和最终产物的光反应过程是通过HNO2 激光光解产生OH自由基 ,OH自由基再与萘反应生成　 OH ,反应速率常数为 ( 1 1± 0 1 )× 1 0 1 0 M- 1 ·s- 1 .     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel.     

PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs in fly ash samples from various types of incinerators in Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co‐PCBs) were determined in fly ash samples from municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW), and electricity power plant incinerators in Taiwan. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs are 7.02 ng‐TEQ/g and 1.06 ng‐TEQ/g, respectively. The contributions to total TEQ are 24% from PCDDs, 64% from PCDFs, and 12% from Co‐PCBs, indicating that PCDFs generate the highest environmental impact and MSW and MW incinerators are potential Co‐PCBs contaminating sources. The levels of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs found in ash samples increase from petroleum‐fired, coal‐fired, large municipal solid waste, small medical waste, to small municipal solid waste incinerators, and are generally lower than those from incinerators built earlier. All fly ash samples analyzed in this study were considered hazardous materials. More research is suggested to establish the relationship between the amounts of PCDD/DFs and Co‐PCBs in fly ash and in flue gas.     

城市固体废弃物的预处理系统研究

对城市生活垃圾处置前进行有效的预处理，不仅可以减少处理量，提高处理的效果，而且可以回收部分资源性物质。由于垃圾的特性多变及处理方式的不同，统一的处理系统不仅难以达到处理垃圾的要求，而且可能造成不必要的浪费。文章针对垃圾焚的需求以及垃圾的特点，分析了垃圾焚烧炉预处理系统的设计和设计设备参数的确定，并介绍了与循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉配套的预处理系统。     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

Mechanistic aspects of the thermal formation of halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins. Part V†: Hypotheses and summary

The hypotheses on the de novo syntheses of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), based on known literature, are presented. Polychlorinated benzenes and polychlorinated phenols are probably key intermediates.

In the present article, hypotheses that may account for the presence of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) in the effluents from municipal and industrial incinerators are put forward. These hypotheses are based on the previously surveyed literature (Ref. 203–206) and experimental results on laboratory scale and thermodynamic calculations are considered. The interconnections of various reaction steps are speculative and no technological information was added to account for conditions in real incinerators. Conclusion of the discussions on the related subject matter, presented in the Parts I‐IV (Ref. 203–206), are also described in this paper.     

Capacity estimation and preliminary strategy for reducing the release of dioxins in China

As a party of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, China must submit its national implementation plan (NIP) for this convention. The strategy and action plan for reducing the release of dioxins in China are the most important components of the NIP. Three problems are key points for developing such strategy and action plan—what are the key sources for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to reduce the release of dioxins? How about the capacity for reducing the dioxins release from the key sources? Where are the areas of priority for applying BAT/BEP? This paper shows the efforts towards the solution of these problems. The list of key sources covering about half of the total dioxins release was determined considering four criteria. The capacity of key sources were estimated based on the difference between the emission factor corresponding to the actual situation in 2004 and that corresponding to the scenario that all key sources have been applied BAT/BEP to reduce the dioxins release. The priority analysis using the geographical information system (GIS) tool has revealed that castern provinces should be of high priority in the future reduction activities of dioxins release in China.     

Dioxin-/Furan-“Verbrennungsprofile” in Abgasen aus Hochtemperaturprozessen

Different mechanisms downstream from high temperature processes lead to the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo(p) dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Independent from any concentrations, these mechanisms cause comparable PCDD/F patterns, the percentage proportion of single congeners or homologous groups related to the total of 17 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted congeners or with respect to the sum of the homologous groups tetra to octa CDD/F. The characteristics of these so-called “combustion profiles” can help to interpret corresponding data from burning and melting facilities, such as municipal waste incinerators, coal power plants, sintering plants, metal finishing facilities, cement kilns, crematoria, hazardous waste incinerators and landfill gas burners     

Fates and partitioning of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration process

The fate and partitioning of heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, and Cu) from MSW incinerators located in Taiwan were determined. Results of stack sampling indicate that most Hg and As (more than 80%) exists in the gas phase while other metals partition differently among bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gases. Removal efficiencies of existing air pollution control devices for Hg and As are lower (about 70%) than other metals. Bottom ash contains higher concentration of Cd compared with European incinerators. In addition, strong enrichment of Cd on fly ash particles is observed.     

利用EIA法快速筛查垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中的二恶英毒性水平

基于CAPE技术公司的兔子复合克隆抗体的二恶英(PCDD/F)酶免疫分析试剂盒,建立了快速检测垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性(TEQ值)的方法.试剂盒的最低检测限为3.3pg·tube-1(即3.3pgTEQ每EIA试管),线性检测范围为10～30pg·tube-1.样品经甲苯索氏抽提后过硅胶柱连接小碳柱净化处理,TCDD/F的回收率大约为50%,与原飞灰PCDD/F分布模式相比净化处理后样品中的TCDD/F含量明显降低.用净化处理后的飞灰溶液作标准溶液,绘制PCDD/F剂量-效应关系曲线,定量分析了2个飞灰样品和2个烟气样品的TEQ浓度,结果表明分析样品的TEQ实测值(HRGC/HRMS分析获得)与预测值(标准曲线计算值)的相对偏差(Rd)均小于15%,说明用该方法定量分析垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性是可行的.     

二噁英类减排的国际动向和我国的战略构想

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