Resourceful Utilization of Tannery Wastewater

Leather industry is an important light industry in China.Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment.Degreasing,unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater.Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD,75% of BOD,95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret,furthermore reduce environment impact,decrease treatment costs,save chemicals and water.Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported.The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational,and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery.Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology,updating equipment,and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures.     

Resourceful Utilization of Tannery Wastewater

Abstract

Leather industry is an important light industry in China. Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment. Degreasing, unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater. Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD, 75% of BOD, 95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret, furthermore reduce environment impact, decrease treatment costs, save chemicals and water. Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported. The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational, and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery. Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology, updating equipment, and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures.     

Dairy wastewater treatment using water treatment sludge as coagulant: a novel treatment approach

The dairy industry is among the most polluting industries as it produces large volume of wastewater that may adversely affect the environment if discharged untreated. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high COD, BOD and nutrient levels. In this study, water treatment sludge was used as a coagulant for the treatment of synthetic dairy wastewater in the pH range of 4–10. Turbidity, COD, BOD, TSS and TDS removals from the synthetic dairy wastewater were found to be around 93, 65, 67, 84 and 85%, respectively, at the optimum conditions. Water treatment sludge was found to perform even better than other conventional coagulants used for the same. Results showed that it has the potential to substitute the conventional coagulants partially or fully in the primary treatment of dairy wastewater. The utilization of water treatment sludge at dairy wastewater treatment plants would provide sustainable sludge management and cost-effective dairy wastewater treatment.     

中国经济发展与水环境压力脱钩态势评价与展望

在对经济发展的水环境压力概念进行合理界定基础上,建立经济发展与水环境压力的脱钩指标体系。通过国内外相关文献研究与数据收集,构建了中国经济发展与水环境压力的脱钩潜力评价与时态分析模型,评价1986~2010年水利发展不同阶段中国经济总量增长与废水排放的脱钩潜力与脱钩时态、以及经济总量增长与工业废水化学需氧量的脱钩时态。在此基础上,根据水环境库茨涅茨曲线变化趋势,对我国废水排放总量的自然发展趋势进行预测,并根据国家发展规划对废水排放总量预测结果进行修正。同时,结合国家发展规划和环境保护规划,对水环境压力脱钩进行展望。结果表明,我国经济发展与废水排放总量总体处于弱脱钩发展态势、与工业废水化学需氧量排放总量总体处于强脱钩发展态势。预计2020年左右,我国经济发展与水环境压力有望保持绝对脱钩的发展态势,水环境得到彻底改善与净化     

环境税对高污染行业的影响研究——以湖南邵阳高COD排放行业为例

针对开征环境税对高污染行业的影响，选取湖南省邵阳市为研究区域，以COD排放为例，选择了COD排放量最多的造纸及纸制品业、农副食品加工业、化学原料和化学制品制造业，调查各行业的废水治理成本。通过调查发现行业平均治理成本差别较大，从1.55元/kg到8.11元/kg，调查时点区域排污费收费标准0.7元/kg，相比行业平均治理成本太低，就几乎不具有激励减排的功能，同时也不具备筹集环境治理资金的功能。通过分析湖南邵阳高COD排放行业征收环境税的影响发现，无论基于行业废水平均治理成本制定环境保护税税率，还是考虑边际治理成本提高的情况下制定环境保护税税率，对行业大部分企业利税影响率均小于5%。而且基于行业治理成本征税，有利于淘汰行业中高污染的落后产能，促进行业整体资源优化配置，从长远来看有利于整个行业的发展，对于推动供给侧改革，改善环境质量具有重要意义。 关键词： 环境税；影响分析；高污染行业；供给侧改革     

基于环境基尼系数的控制单元水污染负荷分配优化研究

将基尼系数这一福利经济学概念引入松花江流域水污染物负荷分配过程,综合考虑水循环的社会-经济-资源-环境因素,从社会经济发展、科技进步水平、水污染治理水平和资源禀赋差异角度出发,遴选出人均GDP、重污染行业总产值比重、人均水污染物产生强度、工业水污染物去除率、生活水污染物去除率、单位国土面积水资源量、国控劣Ⅴ类断面占比7项指标,以COD及NH_3-N负荷为控制因子,辅以贡献系数这一表征外部不公平性参数,构建了以基尼系数为度量标准的流域水污染负荷优化分配模型,并据此制订了松花江流域33个控制单元基于公平性的水污染负荷分配方案。研究表明,2012年松花江流域基于7项指标的基尼系数值均大于0.4,超过了基尼系数合理警戒线,说明流域控制单元间COD及NH_3-N排放在社会经济和资源环境方面存在不公平现象,其中松花江干流和第二松花江流域是不公平性特征最为突出的两个流域。在Lingo模型优化分配得到的2020年流域各单元COD削减方案中,单元21的年削减量最大,为1.82万t/a,单元10的年均削减率最高,达8%;在相应NH_3-N削减方案中,单元21的年削减量及削减率均为最大,分别达到0.08万t/a及8%。     

Toxicity removal from hard board wastewater

The rapid growth of industry in Egypt in recent years has made industrial pollution an important issue. During the past decade fish production in some canals and lakes have virtually ceased due to the discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater. The alternatives under study include effluent treatment before discharge to receiving water. Highly polluted wastewater from a hard board mill was treated using the activated sludge process. Factors affecting the efficiency of the treatment were detention time and organic loading rate. The results indicated that BOD and phenol reduction reached 82% and 94% respectively. when the organic loading rate was 0.1 (kg BOD/kg SS). The process proved to be successful in completely eliminating the toxicity effect of the waste on Nile fish (Tilapia nilotica).     

Community partnered projects: a case study of a collaborative effort to improve sanitation in a marginalized community in northwest Mexico

There is a growing recognition in developing countries that community participation in water and sanitation projects is a necessary strategy in sustainable development. The main advantage of following such an approach is that, if participation can encourage a sense of ownership of the projects, the benefits of the project are more likely to extend over the long term. The case study at hand focuses on the challenges faced in implementing a wastewater treatment system to solve an environmental and public health problem in a rural community, Rosario de Tesopaco, in northwest Mexico. Until recently, the community has been unable to implement an effective plan to treat the wastewater generated in the community. The problems faced by the community can be attributed to the political arrangement of water and sanitation decentralization in Mexico that occurred in the mid 1980’s, whereby communities were required to meet wastewater treatment standards, but were not given the technical and political guidance needed to achieve this goal. However, in this instance, cooperation between the authorities in Rosario de Tesopaco, the federal agency for social development, and an academic institution has led to the successful design and approval of a wastewater treatment project. This achievement can be attributed to the use of an effective collaborative strategy, tailoring the project to the needs and capacity of the local community, positioning the community as the leaders and owners of the project. A model for following this strategy for developing rural sanitation projects in Mexico is proposed. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Treatment of wastewater by natural systems

Experimental results from a pilot-scale constructed wetland (CW) treatment plant have been described. The study was conducted at two different systems: continuous and batch. In the continuous system, the treatment yields were monitored in different loading conditions in 1-year period. The pilot plant consists of two serially connected tanks settled up with fillers; Cyperus was used as treatment media and wastewater between the two tanks was recycled periodically. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) removal efficiencies were obtained as 90% and 95%, respectively. The effluent COD concentration at an average loading of 122 g COD/m2 day was satisfactory for the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation. This means that a 0.8 m2 of garden area per person is required. Other removal values for the same conditions were as follows: total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was 77%, total nitrogen (TN) was 61%, and PO4(3-) -P was 39%. The batch experimental systems consist of 12 pairs of serially connected tanks, with each pair having a surface area of 1 m2. Each set was filled with sewage once a day, and the wastewater between the paired tanks was recycled periodically by the pump. Each pair of tanks was filled with materials such as gravel, peat, and perlite. Seven of them were vegetated with Phragmites, Cyperus, Rush, Iris, Lolium, Canna, and Paspalum, while the other five were not seeded. The best performances were obtained by Iris for COD (% 94), by Canna for ammonia nitrogen (% 98), and by Iris for total nitrogen (% 90) and phosphorus (% 55) removal.     

西太湖区域水环境容量分配及水质可控目标研究

西太湖流域产业、人口集聚,水环境污染一直以来是该区域经济可持续发展的制约因素之一,利用2010年的监测数据对西太湖主要入湖河流及湖体的水环境状况进行了分析,通过对研究区域工业点源、城镇和农村生活源、农田面源和畜禽水产污染源排污的分布情况调查,并计算了入河污染物量;利用构建的西太湖区域水量水质数学模型,估算了区域水环境容量,依据水环境功能区的水质目标与水域面积分配到了各市/区,在充分调查现有与规划的各类型污染源总量控制工程措施的基础上,量化出具有空间分布的流域污染削减率,并提出水质可控目标。结果表明:太湖湖体受总氮污染影响总体水质劣于Ⅴ类,研究区域主要入湖河流基本处于Ⅳ类,氨氮超标最严重;进入水体的COD为25 410.2 t/a,氨氮2 795.4 t/a,总氮4 646.4 t/a,总磷313.8 t/a,其中城镇生活源污染物入河量所占的比例最大,各类污染物均在35%~50%,尤以宜兴市和常州武进区负荷较大;各控制单元进入水体的污染物量基本都超过了水环境容量,近期各市/区COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的削减率分别为8.0%~56.0%,8.0%~62.1%,6.0%~41.8%,8.0%~59.9%,远期污染物削减率更高;最终通过模型推算,定出西太湖湖体各污染因子的可控目标,2015年,COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷分别为4.50、0.80、3.50和0.08 mg/L,2020年进一步达到4.50、0.60、3.00和0.07 mg/L,为西太湖总量控制提供科学依据。     

Analysis of priority pollutants at a primary aluminum production facility

This paper investigated the source of priority pollutants, assessment of the wastewater treatment plant, and priority pollutant removal efficiency for a single Soderberg-type primary aluminum plant.Forty-eight hour composite samples were collected from the following streams: (1) plant intake water; (2) wastewater from the primary air pollution control system (gas stream cooling water and wet ESPs); (3) secondary air pollution control system (room ventilation wet scrubber liquor); (4) paste plant briquette cooling water; and (5) final effluent after the wastewater treatment plant.Wastewater from the primary air pollution control system entered a conventional chemical coagulation (using slacked lime) — clarification plant. Clarified water from the clarifier was combined with the other three wastewater streams and flowed into a settling lagoon with a 20-h hydraulic retention time. Clarified lagoon water was finally discharged to the river.The principal source of organic compounds in the wastewater was from the primary and secondary air pollution control systems and results from the volatilization of petroleum coke and pitch in the Soderberg anode. Wastewater treatment plant removal efficiencies of greater than 85% were achieved for the majority of the organic priority pollutant species detected.     

Estimation of sources of total phosphorus in a river basin and assessment of alternatives for river pollution reduction

The methodology of material flow analysis is presented and applied to developing a phosphorus balance in a river basin and evaluating different scenarios for pollution reduction. The method is based on the balance principle: inputs and outputs of each phosphorus-related subsystems were balanced. The application of the methodology strategies was illustrated by means of a case study of the Krka River, Slovenia. The results showed that besides effluents from wastewater treatment plants, agriculture contributed significantly to the total annual phosphorus load. After establishing the present levels of phosphorus balance, different scenarios were considered: different stages of wastewater treatment as well as management of agricultural activities. The present emission of phosphorus is estimated to be 81.8 tons/year; after implementation of measures, it would be 48.6 tons/year, a total reduction of 40%. Besides reduction of point sources by means of wastewater collection and implementation of nutrient removal technology, managing agricultural phosphorus to protect water quality should become a major challenge in the Krka river basin.     

Human health effects of residual carbon nanotubes and traditional water treatment chemicals in drinking water

The volume of industrial and domestic wastewater is increasing significantly year by year with the change in the lifestyle based on mass consumption and mass disposal brought about by the dramatic development of economies and industries. Therefore, effective advanced wastewater treatment is required because wastewater contains a variety of constituents such as particles, organic materials, and emulsion depending on the resource. However, residual chemicals that remain during the treatment of wastewaters form a variety of known and unknown by-products through reactions between the chemicals and some pollutants. Chronic exposure to these by-products or residual chemicals through the ingestion of drinking water, inhalation and dermal contact during regular indoor activities (e.g., showering, bathing, cooking) may pose cancer and non-cancer risks to human health. For example, residual aluminium salts in treated water may cause Alzheimer's disease (AD). As for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), despite their potential impacts on human health and the environment having been receiving more and more attention in the recent past, existing information on the toxicity of CNTs in drinking water is limited with many open questions. Furthermore, though general topics on the human health impacts of traditional water treatment chemicals have been studied, no comparative analysis has been done. Therefore, a qualitative comparison of the human health effects of both residual CNTs and traditional water treatment chemicals is given in this paper. In addition, it is also important to cover and compare the human health effects of CNTs to those of traditional water treatment chemicals together in one review because they are both used for water treatment and purification.     

上海新城区构建湿地处理污水的经济技术分析

根据上海市郊新城区发展规模以及绿地规划，从构建湿地处理污水的效果、投资和运行费用以及与市郊新城区绿地景观系统规划相容性方面进行了经济技术分析。分析结果表明：上海市郊新城区利用构建湿地建设生活污水处理系统，基本可以满足污水综合排放标准的要求，不但技术上可行，经济上更节省，而且能够与新城区绿地系统、亲水景观的规划建设有机结合。     

Sustainable graywater reuse for residential landscape irrigation – a critical review

The demand for potable water is rising rapidly due to an ever-increasing population, economic activities, and dwindling water supplies. To provide adequate water supplies in the future, understanding the issues and challenges in the reuse of water and developing appropriate strategies for reuse will be critical. One way to augment water supplies for residential use is to reuse graywater – the wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundries. In this article, we critically review the evolution of water reuse, the definition of graywater, graywater reuse practices, volumes and flow in different situations, and graywater characteristics. We then examine the issues associated with different graywater treatment methods and how using graywater for irrigation around homes affects soil quality and plant growth. The study concludes that graywater treatment costs, human health risks, and its effect on soil quality are some of the challenges that need to be addressed in the future for widespread and sustainable reuse of graywater for irrigation around homes.     

Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China

The study reported and analyzed the current state of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban China from the perspective of treatment technologies, pollutant removals, operating load and effluent discharge standards. By the end of 2013, 3508 WWTPs have been built in 31 provinces and cities in China with a total treatment capacity of 1.48 × 10⁸ m³/d. The uneven population distribution between China's east and west regions has resulted in notably different economic development outcomes. The technologies mostly used in WWTPs are AAO and oxidation ditch, which account for over 50% of the existing WWTPs. According to statistics, the efficiencies of COD and NH₃–N removal are good in 656 WWTPs in 70 cities. The overall average COD removal is over 88% with few regional differences. The average removal efficiency of NH₃–N is up to 80%. Large differences exist between the operating loads applied in different WWTPs. The average operating loading rate is approximately 83%, and 52% of WWTPs operate at loadings of < 80%, treating up to 40% of the wastewater generated. The implementation of discharge standards has been low. Approximately 28% of WWTPs that achieved the Grade I-A Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918–2002) were constructed after 2010. The sludge treatment and recycling rates are only 25%, and approximately 15% of wastewater is inefficiently treated. Approximately 60% of WWTPs have capacities of 1 × 10⁴ m³/d–5 × 10⁴ m³/d. Relatively high energy consumption is required for small-scale processing, and the utilization rate of recycled wastewater is low. The challenges of WWTPs are discussed with the aim of developing rational criteria and appropriate technologies for water recycling. Suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures are provided.     

膨润土、煤渣在稳定底泥中对上覆水体及底泥pH Eh COD的影响

采用静态模拟试验，选取膨润土、煤渣为帽封材料，研究两者覆盖于河水底泥表层后各体系上覆水体及底泥的pH、氧化还原电位（Eh）、有机含量指标在60 d的变化情况。结果表明：底泥表层覆盖膨润土或煤渣后，上覆水体中的pH约为7.5，Eh在80~110 mV波动，均未造成持久严重的影响；同时由于它们的吸附性能使得上覆水体CODCr在反应周期里有所减少。膨润土存在体系，其底泥pH在反应周期里呈下降趋势，Eh呈上升趋势,底泥有机质去除率在25%左右。而煤渣帽封于底泥上，其底泥pH、Eh在反应周期里均呈上升趋势，底泥有机质去除率约为19%     

Energy conservation and waste utilization in the cement industry serve the green technology and environment

The cement industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries consuming 4 GJ/ton of cement, i.e. 12–15% of the energy use in total industry. Energy cost accounts for 30% of the total cost of cement production. Seventy-five per cent of this energy is due to the thermal energy for clinker production. It is also found that 35% of this supplied thermal energy is lost in flue gas streams. Most modern kilns use pet coke or coal as their primary fuel. Instead, the municipal waste in landfills offer a cheap source of energy and reduce the environmental effects of dumping solid waste. The calcination and drying processes and the kiln need large quantities of thermal energy. About 40% of the total energy input is lost in the hot flue gases and cooling the stack plus the kiln shell. Hence, it is suitable to use an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to recover the exhaust energy from the kiln. Alternatively, a 15 MW gas turbine engine combined with a steam turbine could be utilized. It was found that ORC produces 5 MW with a capital cost recovery period of 1.26 years. However, the gas turbine combined system produces 21.45 MW with a maximum recovery period of 2.66 years.     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究 Ⅰ微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是 2 0世纪 70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式 ,由于其造价和运行费用低 ,净化效果稳定 ,越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视。现已广泛应用于城市生活污水、工业污水和农业污水的控制 ,有着十分广阔的应用前景。虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究已有不少报道 ,但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚。通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地和天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现 :同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高 ,特别是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量 ,最高可达 3个数量级以上 ;同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物根区的酶活性有较大差别 ,这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料 ,为进一步研究提供了一条新思路