立枯物对红松洼自然保护区植物物种多样性的影响

以5a定位试验数据为基础,较全面分析了立枯物对山地草甸植物物种多样性的影响,并从立枯物对生态环境的影响角度探讨其影响机制。研究发现,经过连续10a的围封,立枯物对群落多样性指数、物种丰富度和均匀度指数影响较大。植物多样性和均匀度指数的变化是一致的,1999年达到峰值后下降,群落优势度却随时间的延长而增大。研究证明,立枯物是导致植物多样性和均匀度下降及群落优势度上升的主要原因。从生物多样性保护角度看,围封的管理模式仅限于草地退化后的早期管理,待植被恢复后还应有适宜的扰动,以减少立枯物的积累量。     

金沙江干热河谷山地草地封育过程中土壤种子库时空特征

2006年和2007年,分别选择放牧、封育1年、封育2年和封育3年的退化山地草地,采用土壤种子库萌发法对土壤种子库的时间、空间分布进行测定,旨在揭示金沙江干热河谷退化山地草地在封育过程中,土壤种子库的时间、空间以及时间序列上的空间变化特征.结果表明,(1)随封育年限的推移土壤种子库密度显著增加(F=73.107;P=<0.001).植物种群土壤种子库密度随封育年限的推移,多年生植物种群土壤种子库密度显著增加(P=<0.001),一年生植物种群土壤种子库密度显著现降低(P=<0.01).(2)土壤种子库的空间分布特征为0～5 cm土壤层(含凋落物层)>5～10 cm土壤层>10～15cm土壤层,种子密度呈自上而下减少的趋势.(3)土壤种子库时间序列上的空间分布特征为,0～5 cm土壤层中种子库密度随封育时间的推移呈显著下降趋势(F=43.758;P<0.01),5～10 cm土壤层中种子库密度随封育时间的推移呈显著增加趋势(F=6.435;P<0.05),10～15 cm土壤层中种子库密度随封育时间的推移呈显著增加趋势(F=6.620;P<0.05).     

湿地挺水植物凋落物立枯分解研究进展

在许多湿地生态系统中,挺水植物立枯常组成凋落物总量的主要部分,其分解过程研究对于正确评价湿地生态系统的碳收支状况具有重要意义。对立枯分解过程与传统研究中凋落物分解过程的差异,分解过程中的 CO2排放,立枯分解的研究方法,以及分解过程的影响因素进行了综述。一般认为,湿地挺水植物立枯与传统研究中凋落物所处环境的差异造成了分解过程的差异,其分解过程中产生 CO2是湿地温室气体排放的重要途径;凋落袋和红外气体分析仪是湿地挺水植物立枯分解研究的主要方法;真菌组成了立枯体上微生物的大部分,对于立枯分解具有重要作用;环境因子（温度、水分等）和“基质质量”是影响挺水植物立枯分解过程的重要因素。在全球变化背景下,气候变化因子会直接或间接影响凋落物立枯分解过程,引起对气候变化的反馈,因此,在全球范围内开展气候变化对于湿地生态系统挺水植物立枯分解影响的研究具有重要的意义,必将成为凋落物研究的一个重要方向。     

磷添加对三江平原湿地小叶章立枯质量和分解的影响

立枯分解是湿地植物凋落物分解的重要组成部分,在湿地养分循环中起着重要作用。在人类活动的影响下,磷大量流入到自然湿地中,可能会引起草本植物凋落物质量及立枯期分解过程的变化。通过磷添加控制试验(对照,0 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1);磷添加,1.2 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),探讨三江平原草甸中土壤磷可用性增加对优势植物小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)地上部分(杆和叶片)凋落物质量及其在立枯期的分解过程的影响,以揭示磷可用性变化对植物立枯期碳与养分循环的影响。结果表明,磷添加引起叶片凋落物氮和磷含量的升高,升幅分别为8.35%和28.33%,但对杆凋落物无显著影响(P0.05)。在一年的立枯期内,来自于不同磷添加处理的凋落物质量损失速率及微生物呼吸速率无显著差异(P0.05)。然而,磷添加使立枯期叶片凋落物养分残留量(以百分比计)显著减少(P0.05):分解一年后,来自于P添加处理的叶片凋落物氮和磷残留量分别为106.64%和49.34%,而对照处理分别为121.84%和63.58%。因此,在该地区的淡水湿地中,人类活动引起的磷富营养化将会通过提高植物组织的养分含量,改变其在立枯阶段的养分释放动态,从而对生态系统的养分循环产生重要影响。     

蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量与土壤重金属含量的关系

对呈贡县蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量和土壤重金属质量分数进行大田调查分析，结果表明，土壤微生物种群数量和微生物多样性指数变化较大，土壤微生物种群数量总体水平较高，但微生物多样性指数偏低，其中以细菌占较大的优势；土壤重金属对土壤微生物数量和微生物多样性均有一定的影响，其中土壤中Pb和Cu的质量分数与土壤微生物种群数量显著相关；土壤重金属综合污染指数与真菌／细菌个数比例、真菌／放线菌个数比例与微生物多样性指数均呈显著的指数相关。随着重金属综合污染指数的增加，微生物多样性指数呈指数式地迅速下降。     

山东赤松种群的空间分布型及强度

利用分布类型和聚集强度指数对山东主产区赤松种群的空间分布型及强度进行了初步研究,结果表明：鲁东丘陵区的赤松种群生林一般表现为负二项分布和奈曼分布,鲁中南山地丘陵区的人工林则呈现均匀分布;在赤松种群不同发育阶段,出现了由幼苗→幼树→大中树扩散态势的一般规律,但鲁东丘陵区次生林由于受人为、虫害等因素的影响,其分布类型和聚散态势呈明显的多样化,鲁中南山地丘陵区人工林则表现为聚集→扩散的独特态势。     

新疆中部天山雪岭云杉种群动态初步研究

雪岭云杉PiceaschrenkianaFisch.etMey在中部天山林区内分布于海拔1500m～2700m之间,形成一个垂直分布带。作者采用样方法进行调查,沿海拔梯度每隔100m选取两块样地(20m×20m),在海拔1500～2700m的雪岭云杉林内共选样地26块来调查中部天山雪岭云杉种群的年龄结构、密度和生物量动态。在所选样地内,调查所有雪岭云杉树木(h≥2m)的胸径并按5cm分成不同的径级,每一径级至少选取两棵树,每棵树在不同方向上钻取两个树芯,建立年龄-胸径方程推算样地内所有雪岭云杉树(h≥2m)的年龄;调查样地内所有幼苗(h<50cm)和幼树(50cm≤h<200cm)的高度并根据主干上轮枝数查数一定数目幼苗幼树的年龄,建立年龄-高度方程并推算样地内所有幼苗幼树的年龄。研究结果表明中部天山雪岭云杉种群的胸径、年龄结构和种群密度都呈倒-J型分布,种群生物量呈钟型分布,存活曲线基本介于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅢ型之间。以上研究结果表明中部天山的雪岭云杉种群处于不断更新和稳定发展的时期。     

宁夏荒漠草原枯落物分解过程中植物营养元素变化特征

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)及二者混合物为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同处理间植物枯落物营养元素残留率变化特征,旨在揭示荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解过程中营养元素变化规律。结果显示,(1)随着分解时间变化,P在3种处理植物枯落物中均呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律;K在胡枝子和混合枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在赖草枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象;N在赖草和胡枝子枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在混合枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象。(2)经过640d分解,P和K残留率表现为胡枝子枯落物赖草枯落物混合枯落物,N残留率表现为赖草枯落物混合枯落物胡枝子枯落物。(3)经过640 d分解,植物枯落物P、K和N在3种处理间整体上呈净释放状态。研究表明,宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物营养元素变化特征与植物种的差异性密切相关;混合植物枯落物P和K释放率高于单一种植物枯落物,而N释放率表现为胡枝子枯落物高于赖草及二者混合枯落物。     

围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原温性荒漠草原为对象,对比研究了放牧和围封条件对草原植物地下生物量、土壤有机质、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,旨在为干旱区退化草地的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)与放牧区相比,围封显著增加了表层土壤(0~10 cm)草地植物地下生物量23.81%,极显著增加了次表层土壤(10~20 cm)草地植物地下生物量37.21%,而对土壤有机质含量无显著影响。(2)围封极显著提高了表层土壤真菌种群数量71%,次表层土壤细菌种群数量147%,显著提高了底层土壤(20~40 cm)真菌164%和表层、次表层土壤放线菌种群数量56%和8.9%。(3)围封区的次表层土壤脲酶活性显著增加了31.13%,表层土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低了24.14%,表层土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了16.59%和11.76%。(4)围封与放牧条件下,各指标相关性表现不尽一致;放牧条件下,放线菌种群数量与各指标相关性均不显著(P0.05),而在围封下,放线菌与真菌种群数量及碱性磷酸酶活性无显著相关性(P0.05),与其他指标均表现出显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数达68%以上;放牧条件下,真菌种群数量与4种土壤酶活性均呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数在84%以上,而围封条件下,其与4种酶活性均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。     

北京松山油松种群结构及空间分布格局

研究了北京松山自然保护区天然油松(Pinus tabulaeformisr)林的树冠结构和个体胸径,通过Ripley's K函数探讨了油松种群不同层次个体(幼树、小树和大树)的空间分布及空间关系,并探讨了地形(海拔高度、坡度)对油松种群空间分布的影响.结果表明,油松种群的胸径分布呈双峰型,应用Weibull函数拟合效果较好;树冠分布呈倒J型;胸径与冠幅存在显著的指数关系.油松种群呈聚集分布,但随高度增Jm(幼树→树→大树)聚集强度逐渐减弱,枯立木在样地内呈随机分布.枯立木与油松大树在1 m、5 m和13～18 m距离为显著正相关,幼树与小树在2～4 m和6～18 m距离呈显著正相关.海拔高度与油松种群呈正相关,坡度与幼树分布呈正相关,与小树和大树分布呈负相关.图5表2参24     

Potassium, phosphorus, or nitrogen limit root allocation, tree growth, or litter production in a lowland tropical forest

We maintained a factorial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) addition experiment for 11 years in a humid lowland forest growing on a relatively fertile soil in Panama to evaluate potential nutrient limitation of tree growth rates, fine-litter production, and fine-root biomass. We replicated the eight factorial treatments four times using 32 plots of 40 x 40 m each. The addition of K was associated with significant decreases in stand-level fine-root biomass and, in a companion study of seedlings, decreases in allocation to roots and increases in height growth rates. The addition of K and N together was associated with significant increases in growth rates of saplings and poles (1-10 cm in diameter at breast height) and a further marginally significant decrease in stand-level fine-root biomass. The addition of P was associated with a marginally significant (P = 0.058) increase in fine-litter production that was consistent across all litter fractions. Our experiment provides evidence that N, P, and K all limit forest plants growing on a relatively fertile soil in the lowland tropics, with the strongest evidence for limitation by K among seedlings, saplings, and poles.     

模拟水深和氮添加对三江平原湿地植物功能性状的影响

水深和氮素是影响湿地植物生长的关键因素,研究两者对功能性状的影响有助于预测未来环境变化下湿地植物的生长与分布趋势.以三江平原沼泽湿地3种优势植物(漂筏苔草Carex pseudocuraica、毛苔草Carex lasiocarpa和燕子花lris laevigata)为研究对象,设置3个水深(0、5、15 cm)和3...     

林地的水分动态及其对树木生长的影响——以香桂（Cinnamomum subavenium）人工林为例

土地利用变化引起的水分条件变化反过来又会影响植被的生长,然而,森林-水分-植物生长之间相互作用关系的研究还很少。以香桂（Cinnamomum subavenium）人工林为例,在盐亭生态试验站开展观测,研究了无枯落物林地（FB）、有枯落物林地（FL）和裸地（BL）的水分动态（土壤水分、径流组成和径流量）,比较了FB和FL样地树木高、基径、叶面积、比叶面积（SLA）、地上和地下生物量。研究结果表明：①FL样地的土壤含水量最高,其次是FB样地,而BL样地的土壤含水量最低;②地上径流展现了与土壤水分相反的趋势（FLFB〉BL）,3个样地的总径流量则没有表现出一个明确的大小关系。在观测期间,BL、FB和FL的地表径流量分别为284.68、222.93和68.98cm,地下径流分别为57.83、134.00和289.52 cm,总径流量依次为343.16、356.93和358.35 cm;③在观测早期,FL样地和FB样地植物形态学特征、SLA以及地上和地下生物量均没有显著差异（p〉0.05）。在观测期末,虽然两个样地的基径和SLA无显著差异,然而其他指标差异极显著（p〈0.005）。在观测末期,除SLA外,FL样地植物的高、基径、叶面积、地上生物量和地下生物量分别高于FB样地,表明该样地植物生长条件更好。这些结果表明森林改善了自身的水分环境,而水分环境的改善又反过来促进了森林的生长,森林植被-水分条件的这种相互促进作用是森林系统生存策略的一种表现。     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。     

Impact of litter removal on soil characteristics under a Pinus caribaea stand

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is dependent on soil quality, which in turn is related to litter; yet there is limited understanding of the relationships between litter and soil quality. The effects of litter removal treatment on tree growth and soil properties were examined in a Pinus caribaea stand with the aim of providing an understanding of consequences of litter removal on soil patterns. This knowledge is important for planning appropriate long-term forest management. Three pairs of 30 × 30 m² plots (each pair a control and treatment) were established in the center of a P. caribaea stand in April 2002. The controls were left undisturbed with an intact litter layer, while litter was removed monthly from treated plots. The diameter and height of the P. caribaea decreased and soil quality was degraded over the experimental period in litter-removed (treated) plots. Litter removal also produced a significant increase in soil bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. The capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, and natural water content in controls at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths were significantly greater than treated plots. The non-capillary porosity in controls at the 0–20 cm depth was also significantly higher than treated plots. The organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K) and alkalized N content in each layer, and available P and exchangeable K at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths in control plots were significantly greater than litter-removed plots. The numbers of bacteria at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths and of fungi at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths were higher in control than treated plots. The number of actinomyces and urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in controls at each depth were significantly greater than litter-removed plots.     

稻草还田方式对双季稻田耕层土壤有机碳积累的影响

选择南方典型双季稻田,研究不同的稻草还田方式对土壤不同层次有机碳的积累、表土碳密度、C/N比值及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,不同的稻草还田和耕作处理对水稻产量无显著影响;不同稻草还田处理的土壤有机碳和C/N均随土层加深而减小;3个稻草还田处理0-5 cm土层土壤有机碳质量分数显著高于不还田对照,其中,以高桩免耕处理最高,比无草翻耕处理提高13.8%（P〈0.01）;5-10 cm土层表现为高桩翻耕处理显著高于其他处理,增加幅度为1.39-1.66 g kg-1;10-15 cm为翻耕处理（包括稻草不还田和还田）显著高于各免耕处理;稻草翻耕处理（0-15 cm）的耕层有机碳密度显著高于其他处理。因此,南方双季稻田采取稻草翻耕还田方式有利于增加土壤有机碳汇。     

Whole-system nutrient enrichment increases secondary production in a detritus-based ecosystem

Although the effects of nutrient enrichment on consumer-resource dynamics are relatively well studied in ecosystems based on living plants, little is known about the manner in which enrichment influences the dynamics and productivity of consumers and resources in detritus-based ecosystems. Because nutrients can stimulate loss of carbon at the base of detrital food webs, effects on higher consumers may be fundamentally different than what is expected for living-plant-based food webs in which nutrients typically increase basal carbon. We experimentally enriched a detritus-based headwater stream for two years to examine the effects of nutrient-induced changes at the base of the food web on higher metazoan (predominantly invertebrate) consumers. Our paired-catchment design was aimed at quantifying organic matter and invertebrate dynamics in the enriched stream and an adjacent reference stream for two years prior to enrichment and two years during enrichment. Enrichment had a strong negative effect on standing crop of leaf litter, but no apparent effect on that of fine benthic organic matter. Despite large nutrient-induced reductions in the quantity of leaf litter, invertebrate secondary production during the enrichment was the highest ever reported for headwater streams at this Long Term Ecological Research site and was 1.2-3.3 times higher than predicted based on 15 years of data from these streams. Abundance, biomass, and secondary production of invertebrate consumers increased significantly in response to enrichment, and the response was greater among taxa with larval life spans < or = 1 yr than among those with larval life spans >1 yr. Production of invertebrate predators closely tracked the increased production of their prey. The response of invertebrates was largely habitat-specific with little effect of enrichment on food webs inhabiting bedrock outcrops. Our results demonstrate that positive nutrient-induced changes to food quality likely override negative changes to food quantity for consumers during the initial years of enrichment of detritus-based stream ecosystems. Longer-term enrichment may impact consumers through eventual reductions in the quantity of detritus.     

The effects of burial by sand on survival and growth of Pitcher’s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) along lake huron

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on survival and growth of seedlings ofCirsium pitcheri. In 1992–1993, seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their height while in 1993–1994, the seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 4 cm (single burial), 4 cm (repeated burial of 1 cm every 8 days), 8 cm (single burial) and 8 cm (repeated burial of 2 cm every 8 days). Several physiological traits, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a∶b ratio, leaf area, number and length of leaves, number of internodes, amount of tillering, and biomass, were measured. The results showed that all seedlings died in the complete (100%) burial, 20% died in the 75% burial and none died in the 0, 25 and 50% burial treatments. Burial of seedlings to a depth of 25% stimulated their growth but 75% burial significantly decreased the total dry weight. Repeated burial treatments exhibited significantly greater stimulation of growth than single burial. Surviving seedlings grew through the sand deposit by elongating the stem and leaf petioles, increasing the number of nodes and the length of internodes. This elongation occurred at the expense of development of the root system indicating that available energy was re-allocated to above-ground parts.     

Effect of textile industrial effluent on tree plantation and soil chemistry

A field study was conducted at Arid Forest Research Institute to study the effect of textile industrial effluent on the growth of forest trees and associated soil properties. The effluent has high pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) whereas the bivalent cations were in traces. Eight months old seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora were planted in July 1993. Various treatment regimes followed were; irrigation with effluent only (W1), effluent mixed with canal water in 1:1 ratio (W2), irrigation with gypsum treated effluent (W3), gypsum treated soil irrigated with effluent (W4) and wood ash treated soil irrigated with effluent (W5). Treatment regime W5 was found the best where plants attained (mean of six species) 173 cm height, 138 cm crown diameter and 9.2 cm collar girth at the age of 28 months. The poorest growth was observed under treatment regime of W3. The growth of the species varied significantly and the maximum growth was recorded for P. juliflora (188 cm height, 198 cm crown diameter and 10.0 cm collar girth). The minimum growth was recorded for A. lebbeck. Irrigation with effluent resulted in increase in percent organic matter as well as in EC. In most of the cases there were no changes in soil pH except in W5 where it was due to the effect of wood ash. Addition of wood ash influenced plant growth. These results suggest that tree species studied (except A. lebbeck) can be established successfully using textile industrial wastewater in arid region.