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Wastewater management in small and medium-sized enterprises representing the chemical and food industries was investigated.
The results showed that wastewater discharged from an ink-production factory was highly contaminated with organic pollutants.
Anaerobic biological treatment followed by chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime proved to be very effective
and produced an effluent that complied with national regulatory standard for wastewater discharge into public sewage network.
Also, management of wastewater from a confectionery factory representing the food sector was carried out. Aerobic biological
treatment using plastic-packed trickling filter proved to be an effective treatment method. However, application of in-plant
control measures alleviated the requirement for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. The applied pollution prevention
and cleaner production measures involved good housekeeping, recovery of spent chocolate, modification of floor cleaning and
installation of suction devices for the removal of sugar and starch powders. All improvement measures were documented by cost/benefit
analysis. 相似文献
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Environmental residues of aromatic ionizable organic compounds (AIOCs) have received considerable attention due to their potential human health and ecological risks. The main objective of this study was to investigate the key factors and mechanisms controlling sorption of a series of anionic and zwitterionic AIOCs (two aromatic sulfonates, 4-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and tannic acid) to montmorillonites modified with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA) and polydiallyldimethyl ammonium (PDADMA). Compared with naphthalene (a nonpolar and nonionic solute), all AIOCs showed stronger sorption (the sorbent-to-solution distribution coefficient was in the order of 10-10 L kg) to the two organoclays in spite of the much lower hydrophobicity, indicating the predominance of electrostatic interaction in sorption. The proposed electrostatic mechanism of the tested AIOCs was supported by the pH dependency of sorption to the two organoclays. The two organoclays manifested weaker sorption affinity but faster sorption kinetics for bulky AIOCs than commercial activated carbon, resulting from the high accessibility of sorption sites in the open, ordered clay interlayer. The findings of this study highlight the potential of using HDTMA- and PDADMA-exchanged montmorillonites as effective sorbents for AIOCs in water and wastewater treatments. 相似文献
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Marín-Benito JM Rodríguez-Cruz MS Andrades MS Sánchez-Martín MJ 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(3):814-822
The capacity of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a sorbent of fungicides was evaluated for its possible use in regulating pesticide mobility in the environment. The sorption studies involved four different SMS types in terms of nature and treatment and eight fungicides selected as representative compounds from different chemical groups. Nonlinear sorption isotherms were observed for all SMS-fungicide combinations. The highest sorption was obtained by composted SMS from Agaricus bisporus cultivation. A significant negative and positive correlation was obtained between the K(OC) sorption constants and the polarity index values of sorbents and the K(OW) of fungicides, respectively. The statistic revealed that more than 77% of the variability in the K(OW) could be explained considering these properties jointly. The other properties of both the sorbent (total carbon, dissolved organic carbon, or pH) and the sorbate (water solubility) were nonsignificant. The hysteresis values for cyprodinil (log K(OW)= 4) were for all the sorbents much higher (>3) than for other fungicides. This was consistent with the remaining sorption after desorption considered as an indicator of the sorption efficiency of SMS for fungicides. Changes in the absorption bands of fungicides sorbed by SMS observed by FTIR permitted establishing the interaction mechanism of fungicides with SMS. The findings of this work provide evidence for the potential capacity of SMS as a sorbent of fungicides and the low desorption observed especially for some fungicides, although they suggest that more stabilized or humified organic substrates should be produced to enhance their efficiency in environmental applications. 相似文献
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Interactions of organic compounds with wastewater dissolved organic matter: role of hydrophobic fractions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The role of structural fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wastewater in the sorption process of hydrophobic organic compounds is still not clear. In this study, DOM from two wastewater treatment plants (Lachish and Netanya, Israel) was fractionated to hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophobic neutral (HoN) fractions. The fractions were characterized and their sorptive capabilities for s-triazine herbicides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. For all sorbates, the binding to the HoN fractions was much higher than to HoA fractions. The HoA fractions were more polar than the HoN fractions, containing a higher level of carboxylic functionalities. However the higher binding coefficients of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and ametryn [2-(ethylamino)-4-isopropylamino-6-methyl-thio-s-triazine] obtained for the HoN fractions suggest that their sorption is governed by hydrophobic-like interactions rather than H bonding. The values of binding coefficients of PAHs measured for the HoN fractions were within the range reported for humic acids and much higher than other fractions, suggesting that this fraction plays an important role in the overall sorption of these compounds by DOM. Higher sorption coefficients were measured for the Netanya DOM sample containing higher level of hydrophobic fractions (HoA + HoN) than the Lachish DOM, suggesting that the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds by DOM is governed by the level of these structural substances. The evaluation of mobility of organic pollutants by wastewater irrigation requires not only assessment of the total carbon concentration but also, more importantly, the content of the hydrophobic fractions. 相似文献
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文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明,将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点,利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。 相似文献
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文中介绍了国外用土壤空气抽取法和堆肥法清除土壤中有机溶剂、芳香烃类和石油污染物的技术及其应用。这两种方法单独使用均可成功地治理有害废弃物。实践证明,将这两种技术串联使用可更有效地处理土壤中污染物及加速生物降解过程。根据现场特点,利用多种治理技术综合治理土壤污染物是治理污染物的发展方向。 相似文献
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超临界流体技术在化工污染治理中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对于许多化工产品废物,如塑料、有毒物质、生物污泥和有机废水等,利用传统技术进行处理的效果较差。超临界流体(SCF)技术作为一种清洁环境的新技术,可用于治理化工污染物。SCF作为反应介质或反应物可替代有毒、有害有机溶剂;用作萃取剂,它是一种新型的分离技术;以SCF作移动相的色谱,可提高检测灵敏度和分辨率;将超临界水作为氧化剂,可破坏有机污染物的结构。SCF技术的应用可以大大减少环境污染。 相似文献
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城市污水处理厂恶臭浓度分布规律及其防治措施 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
城市污水处理厂的主要大气污染物之一为恶臭污染,恶臭问题已经成为环境领域的一个重要研究课题。恶臭污染物的来源主要是初沉池等水流湍动处,其成分主要是含氮化合物、含硫化合物、含氧有机物等。分析了恶臭污染物的来源、成分和浓度分布等,对确定城市污水处理厂的卫生防护距离进行了讨论,并介绍了目前国内外主要恶臭污染防治措施。湿式吸收氧化法和生物过滤法这两种技术是当前发展和应用的方向。 相似文献
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这里介绍两则石油污染生物治理的现场实例。一则是关于水处理厂的生物治理,强调了即使在环境因素不十分有利的条件下,采用微生物生态法的生物强化措施,就能经济有效地降低污染物的浓度;另一则展示地下水和土壤的生物治理,并详述了生物治理的原理、可行性、扩大试验法、监测项目的确定、试验前后总多环芳烃(PAH)及五氯苯酚(PCP)等的浓度变化等。两则微生物生态法的生物治理均表明:此法既省去了实验室研究,又不需事先查明所用的微生物属性,即可大大加快可行性研究速度,还明显地提高了防治效果。微生物生态法成功的运用进一步说明了:即使不用外加菌种,也能显著提高生物降解有机污染物的速度,进而达到有效治理石油污染的目的。 相似文献
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Irrigation with treated wastewaters as an alternative in countries with severe water shortage may influence the sorption of pesticides and their environmental effects, as wastewater contains higher concentrations of suspended and dissolved organic matter and inorganic compounds than freshwater. We have examined the sorption behaviour of three highly hydrophobic pesticides (the herbicide pendimethalin and the insecticides α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) on a Mediterranean agricultural soil using the batch equilibration method. We considered wastewater, extracts from urban sewage sludge with different dissolved organic carbon contents, and inorganic salt solutions, using Milli Q water as a control. All pesticides were strongly retained by soil although some sorption occurred on the walls of the laboratory containers, especially when wastewater and inorganic salt solutions were used. The calculation of distribution constants by measuring pesticide concentrations in soil and solution indicated that pendimethalin sorption was not affected whereas α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin retention were significantly enhanced (ca. 5 and 2 times, respectively) when wastewater or salt solutions were employed. We therefore conclude that the increased sorption of the two pesticides caused by wastewater cannot be only the result of its dissolved organic carbon content, but also of the simultaneous presence of inorganic salts in the solution. 相似文献
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The role of condensed organic matter in the nonlinear sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants by a peat and sediments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study examines the effect of soil organic matter heterogeneity on equilibrium sorption and desorption of phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (1,3,5-TCB), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) by soils and sediments. Two estuary sediments, a Pahokee peat (PP; Euic, hyperthermic Lithic Haplosaprist), and two subsamples (base- and acid-treated peat [TP] and acid-treated peat [FP]) of the peat were used as the sorbents. The contents of black carbon particles were quantified with a chemical extraction method. Petrographical examinations revealed the presence of the condensed soil and sediment organic matter (SOM) in Pahokee peat. The Freundlich isotherm model in two different forms was used to fit both sorption and desorption data. The results show that the sorption and desorption isotherms are generally nonlinear and that the apparent sorption-desorption hysteresis is present for phenanthrene and TCB. Detailed analysis of sorption data for the tested sorbent-sorbate systems indicates that black carbon is probably responsible for sorption isotherm nonlinearity for the two sediments, whereas the humic substances and kerogen may play the dominant role in nonlinear sorption by the peat. This investigation suggests that the microporosity of SOM is important for the hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) sorption capacity on the peat. 相似文献
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吸附是外源有机污染进入土壤后首先发生的最重要的过程,直接影响着有机物的生物可利用性。采用完全混合法研究了苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附一解吸动力学特征以及等温吸附解吸行为。结果表明,(1)苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附-解吸动力学过程存在两段行为,即初期快速反应阶段和经过一段时间后的慢速阶段,动力学特征表明供试有机物8h内能达到吸附-解吸平衡;(2)在试验浓度范围内,线性方程能很好地描述苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附解吸行为;(3)苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象,解吸并不完全是吸附的可逆过程,土壤中存在不可逆吸附室是造成解吸滞后的主要原因。 相似文献
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石油矿区生活污染源排放的污染物问题越来越突出。生活污水的治理可采用建设集中生活污水处理厂,处理后的污水用于绿化。生活垃圾实行分类、袋装化,对各种垃圾进行分类处理。做好油田矿区生活污染物治理,管理部门应制定相应管理办法和有关规定。环卫系统与物资回收部门,应搞好实施方案 相似文献
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Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) are co-introduced into soils by irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. We targeted carbamazepine (CBZ) as a model compound to study the tertiary interactions between relatively polar PCs, DOM, and soil. Sorption-desorption behavior of CBZ was studied with bulk clay soil and the corresponding clay size fraction in the following systems: (i) without DOM, (ii) co-introduced with DOM, and (iii) pre-adsorption of DOM before CBZ introduction. Sorption of the DOM to both sorbents was irreversible and exhibited pronounced sorption-desorption hysteresis. Carbamazepine exhibited higher sorption affinity and nonlinearity, and a higher degree of desorption hysteresis with the bulk soil than the corresponding clay size fraction. This was probably due to specific interactions with polar soil organic matter fractions that are more common in the bulk soil. Co-introduction of CBZ and DOM to the soil did not significantly affect the sorption behavior of CBZ; however, following pre-adsorption of DOM by the bulk soil, an increase in sorption affinity and decrease in sorption linearity were observed. In this latter treatment, desorption hysteresis of CBZ was significantly increased for both sorbents. We hypothesize that this was due to either strong chemical interactions of CBZ with the adsorbed DOM or physical encapsulation of CBZ in DOM-clay complexes. Based on this study, we suggest that DOM facilitates stronger interactions of polar PCs with the solid surface. This mechanism can reduce PC desorption ability in soils. 相似文献