基于修正因子的油气管道失效概率评估

失效概率评估是定量风险评价的基础,为降低油气管道定量风险评价过程中不确定性因素的影响,建立基于修正因子的油气管道失效概率评估模型。参考国外油气管道失效数据库,获得管道6类失效因素的基本失效概率;用与管道的损害机理、周边环境以及管理水平等因素有关的修正因子,修正基本失效概率,评估目标管段各失效因素的失效概率;将各因素引起的失效概率相加得到目标管段的失效概率。将该模型应用到某条长输管线。结果表明,由挖掘损伤导致失效的概率最大,应重点防范。     

Fault Tree+软件在长输天然气管道定量风险分析中的应用

为了确定影响长输天然气管道系统发生事故的各种因素,减少事故发生所造成的损失,保证管道安全运行,借助Fault Tree+软件对天然气管道系统进行了定量风险分析.根据相关资料,建立了长输天然气管道系统的故障树,明确了44个基本事件的概率,并运用Fault Tree+软件分析、计算功能,确定了管道穿孔、断裂等中间事件以及管道失效顶事件的概率.再以“断裂泄漏”事故开展事件树分析,建立“立即点燃”、“延迟点燃”等事件,并推导了可能导致的所有后果及概率,计算出“延迟点燃”事件没有发生以及发生“爆炸”事故的概率.最后以经济损失来度量“断裂泄漏”各后果事件的失效风险,累加每个后果事件的经济损失,得到某段天然气管道“断裂泄漏”事故的风险值.     

基于JC法的RBI通用失效概率修正模型研究

基于风险的检测技术失效概率的分析始于同类设备的失效频率数据库,然后通过设备修正因子和管理系统评价因子来修正这些同类频率。针对RBI的不足,结合可靠度理论,分析均值一次二阶矩法在实际应用过程中局限性,应用基于JC法的通用失效概率计算模型完成设备失效概率的修正。该方法适合任何概率分布下的情况,可以避免统计数据正态分布一刀切的缺点。     

改进的一次二阶矩计算埋地管道失效概率方法及其应用

为探究不同影响因素对埋地管道运行安全的影响,基于改进的一次二阶矩计算方法,综合考虑埋地管道环向受力和纵向受力的特性,依据应力-强度理论和钢制管道结构设计规范建立了埋地管道失效结构功能函数;通过对ABAQUS软件中的UVARM模块进行二次开发,建立了腐蚀、温度和不均匀沉降耦合作用下的三维管道-地层整体模型,模拟不同管道参数下的管道状况.运用该方法对工程实例进行了计算,分析可靠指标和失效概率的分布情况.结果表明:埋地管道工作内压与管道失效概率呈正相关关系,管道壁厚和管径与失效概率呈负相关关系;在影响参数变化相同的条件下,管道中部失效概率变化最快,两端的失效概率变化较慢.该模型计算结果体现了管道不同部位失效概率的特点,在管道设计、维护和风险评估方面有一定的借鉴意义.     

天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价技术研究

为研究天然气长输管道失效个人生命风险,提出一种以人员伤亡概率为指标的天然气管道失效后果风险评价方法。基于天然气管道的失效概率和失效致死长度参数,建立天然气长输管道生命风险评价模型。用该模型,对国内某城市住宅小区内带腐蚀缺陷的天然气管线进行定量风险分析。借鉴英国天然气输送公司数据,确定天然气管线个人生命风险值。案例证明,用所建立的天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价模型能够有效地分析带缺陷天然气管道失效后果,实现天然气管道的个人安全生命风险全定量评价。     

数据缺失情况下水淹天然气管道泄漏风险分析

面向数据缺失情况下水淹天然气管道泄漏风险量化分析的需求,提出一种基于贝叶斯网络(BN)和模糊集理论(FST)的概率风险分析方法。首先采用故障树分析(FTA)法分析水淹天然气管道泄漏失效致因,并映射得到相应的BN模型;然后针对基本事件失效概率数据缺失的情况,用专家知识引出概率,替代缺失的统计失效概率;为处理概率引出过程中专家知识的模糊性和主观性导致的不确定性,结合FST与多专家层次分析引出模糊概率,将其作为实际先验概率输入BN模型,进行量化分析。以某复线水淹天然气管道为例,应用所提方法分析其泄漏风险,结果表明:用该方法能够在数据缺失情况下表征并量化泄漏风险,同时BN的正向预测和概率更新能力可用来评估动态风险、识别关键失效因素。     

定量风险评价中泄漏概率的确定方法探讨

本文根据国外的泄漏概率数据,归纳整理出一套工艺过程装置的泄漏概率的估算方法,用于石油化工设备、设施的定量风险评价.工艺过程装置可能泄漏的部件主要包括容器、管道、泵体、压缩机和阀门,不同部件的基础泄漏概率也不尽相同,相同部件的不同泄漏孔径下的泄漏概率也不同.本文系统分析了COVO、Crossthwaite和挪威船级社(DNV)公布的统计数据,归纳给出了这些部件的基础泄漏概率,并提供了泄漏概率的确定程序和基于基础泄漏概率求出任意泄漏孔径的泄漏概率的算法.     

基于后果的氢气管道泄漏典型事故风险分析

根据高斯羽流、固体火焰模型及TNT当量法,得到针对氢气的扩散、热辐射与超压的后果模型。以我国某氢气管道为例,计算求解后果模型,分析了不同泄漏孔径、不同泄漏喷射角度的氢气管道泄漏典型事故后果,并揭示氢气泄漏扩散、喷射火与爆炸演化原因。量化了氢气管道泄漏的潜在影响半径,发现氢气管道风险大于天然气管道,为氢气管道早期设计与安全运行提供了理论支撑。     

定量风险评价中泄漏概率的确定方法探讨

本文根据国外的泄漏概率数据，归纳整理出一套工艺过程装置的泄漏概率的估算方法，用于石油化工设备、设施的定量风险评价。工艺过程装置可能泄漏的部件主要包括：容器、管道、泵体、压缩机和阀门，不同部件的基础泄漏概率也不尽相同，相同部件的不同泄漏孔径下的泄漏概率也不同。本文系统分析了COVO、Crossthwaite和挪威船级社（DNV）公布的统计数据，归纳给出了这些部件的基础泄漏概率，并提供了泄漏概率的确定程序和基于基础泄漏概率求出任意泄漏孔径的泄漏概率的算法。     

钢制卧式储罐被洪水破坏概率分析

为研究钢制卧式储罐的洪水破坏概率和泄漏频率,基于洪水作用下储罐的荷载分析,构建储罐机械破坏简化模型,获得了卧式储罐失效曲线;利用简化模型建立147种钢制卧式储罐的洪水破坏失效数据库,获得了储罐临界装量系数与洪水深度的拟合关系式;以洪水流速和临界装量系数为参数,建立卧式储罐破坏概率和危险物质泄漏频率快速计算模型。结果表明:储罐失效曲线是安全区和失效区的分界线;临界装量系数与洪水深度满足线性关系,系数由储罐外形特征参数确定;用破坏概率和泄漏频率,可定量表征卧式储罐的洪水灾害风险。     

基于UHBs的输气管道高后果区泄漏燃爆事故分析

为探究输气管道高后果区中人的不安全行为（Unsafe Human Behaviors,UHBs）对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的影响,结合模糊Bow-tie模型和贝叶斯网络对输气管道泄漏燃爆事故进行分析。构建基于T-S模糊故障树的输气管道泄漏燃爆模糊Bow-tie模型,并转化为贝叶斯网络;从人的不安全行为发生的可能性出发,将不同等级高后果区划分为不同等级人口敏感区;利用专家经验评判法得到不同等级人口敏感区基本事件的先验概率和中间事件的条件概率表;运用贝叶斯网络双向推理算法求解模糊Bow-tie模型。结果表明:随着地区人口敏感等级的提高,输气管道泄漏燃爆事故发生的概率随之增大,发现导致输气管道失效泄漏事故发生的最主要原因为施工破坏,失效原因与EGIG分析的结果基本相符,验证该方法在高后果区输气管道泄漏燃爆事故分析上的可行性,可为输气管道高后果区的安全管理提供决策依据。     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中，通常采用气液相混输模式，管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性，对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析；采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性，设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置，进行室内两相流泄漏实验，并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离，泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大；泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同，可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释；当泄漏口位于管路底部时，存在临界液相分流系数，当液相分流比小于此临界值时，泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法

天然气计量站阀门多且检定流程中频繁使用桁车，常规天然气站场的失效后果计算方法难以评估由此带来的影响及后果。为此，在API 581标准基础上，考虑阀门截断作用对机械损伤事故的影响，选取管段组储气量为最大天然气泄漏量，并以动量定理为依据，研究了桁车失效所引发的设备跌落事故，建立了潜在影响面积计算模型；将影响面积内损伤的管段及设备、泄漏的天然气、伤亡的人员等折算为经济损失，形成了考虑设备跌落的天然气计量站失效后果计算方法；将该方法应用于某天然气计量站。研究结果表明:设备跌落事故损失金额为机械损伤事故的3倍；当考虑设备跌落事故时，管段风险等级由低级上升为中低级。研究结果可为天然气计量站失效后果评价提供理论支撑。     

深埋管道中泄漏孔对燃气泄漏影响的数值模拟*

为研究泄漏孔的各种因素对深埋土体中燃气管道泄漏的具体影响，采用1个包含燃气管道的三维模型，研究单个泄漏孔的大小、位置、形状对于埋地燃气管道泄漏的影响，并建立大小相等的双泄漏孔的燃气管道，确定双泄漏孔间距对于燃气泄漏扩散的影响。结果表明:泄漏孔越大，燃气在土壤中的扩散速度越快，且泄漏孔的大小对深埋燃气管道泄漏的影响最大；泄漏孔位置的影响次之，顶部与侧壁的泄漏孔扩散速度相差无几，底部泄漏孔的扩散速度远低于前2者；双泄漏孔间距的影响较小，双泄漏孔的距离越小，甲烷的扩散速度越快；泄漏孔形状对于深埋燃气管道泄漏扩散的影响非常小。     

Corrosion failure probability analysis of buried gas pipelines based on subset simulation

Corrosion is the main reason for the failure of buried gas pipelines. For effective corrosion failure probability analysis, the structural reliability theory was adopted in this study to establish two calculation models for pipeline corrosion failure: the pressure failure model and von Mises stress failure model. Then, two calculation models for the corrosion failure probability were established based on a corrosion depth growth model obtained from actual survey data of soil corrosion characteristics. In an example, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and subset simulation (SS) were used to analyze the corrosion failure probability of pipelines, and the results were compared. SS can compensate for the shortcomings of MCS as it has higher computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, SS was adopted to simulate variations in the corrosion failure probability of buried pipelines with the service time for the two failure probability calculation models, which were applied to a natural gas pipeline located in a chemical industry park in Zhuhai, China. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the relevant parameters that affect the failure probability. The results showed that multiple loads caused by the covering soil, residual stress, temperature differential, and bending stress have a non-negligible effect on the pipeline reliability. The corrosion coefficients gradually become the most important factors that affect the failure probability with increased service time. The proposed methodology considers the actual operating conditions of pipelines to provide a reliable theoretical basis for integrity management.     

基于TVR的腐蚀油气管道失效概率及安全寿命研究

为避免因腐蚀导致油气管道失效，针对因管道特性和腐蚀尺寸的不确定性使得管道剩余强度成为概率模型的特点，建立了腐蚀管道强度损失随机模型；借助可靠性理论，通过分析管道腐蚀进程的时变性特点，将管道系统由损伤积累和抗力衰减导致的剩余强度随机化；提出基于穿越率的腐蚀油气管道失效评定及安全寿命预测方法。研究结果表明:腐蚀速率和运行压力对管道失效概率及安全寿命影响显著,管道尺寸影响适中，而相关系数和拉伸强度影响较小；若腐蚀速率Va=0.2 mm/a，VL=10 mm/a或局部腐蚀缺陷半径达到管道壁厚的0.5倍时，建议作为重点风险段监测并检修。所建方法是对腐蚀油气管道运营监控和风险评估的有益补充。     

城市综合管廊燃气舱室输气管道泄漏扩散规律研究

为了掌握输气管道在城市综合管廊舱室泄漏扩散的基本规律,采用FLUENT软件,针对管廊正常通风—泄漏报警—事故通风—警报解除的全过程进行动态分析。首先在正常通风速度建立的稳态风场中,模拟天然气在不同管输压力下发生小孔泄漏后的报警时间,根据首个响应的报警器的位置判断泄漏源位置。结果表明,当泄漏孔径为20 mm,通风速度为1.92 m/s,且泄漏源处于2个报警器中间时,管输压力为200,400,800 kPa时对应的报警时间分别为10.4,6.7,4.5 s。事故通风速度下,对不同管输压力的天然气扩散进行分析,当天然气朝逆风侧扩散时,随动量逐渐减小而到达不同的边界坐标。同时,环境大气压的降低不仅会缩短报警器的首次报警时间,还能延长总扩散距离。预测所得的天然气爆炸上下限浓度区移动速度有助于动态了解处于爆炸上下限浓度之间气体的实时位置。解除报警时间与进风口风速呈近似线性关系,可为现场救援队伍选择经济通风量提供理论指导。     

Estimation of failure probability of oil and gas transmission pipelines by fuzzy fault tree analysis

Failure of oil and gas transmission pipelines was analyzed by fault tree analysis in this paper. According to failure modes of pipeline: leakage and rupture, a fault tree of the pipeline was constructed. Fifty-five minimal cut sets of the fault tree had been achieved by qualitative analysis, while the failure probability of top event and the important analyses of basic events were evaluated by quantitative analysis. In conventional fault tree analysis, probabilities of the basic events were treated as precise values, which could not reflect real situation of system because of ambiguity and imprecision of some basic events. In order to overcome this disadvantage, a new method was proposed which combined expert elicitation with fuzzy set theories to evaluate probability of the events. As an example, failure probability of pipeline installation was assessed by using the proposed method, achieving its fuzzy failure probability of 6.4603×10⁻³. The method given in this article is effective to treat fuzzy events of FTA.     

Numerical investigation of surface conduit parallel gas pipeline explosive based on the TNT equivalent weight method

With the rapid development of petroleum industry, the transport pipelines of oil and gas are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Therefore, the parallel pipelines are unavoidable in order to save land resource, reduce the pipeline construction and maintenance costs. The economy and security of pipeline laying and running is the primary problem considered in pipeline construction, which the parallel spacing plays a decisive role to. The leakage of natural gas is very serious and dangerous due to its flammable and combustible. The explosive of leak gas causes impact failure to parallel pipeline. Specific to the surface conduit parallel gas pipeline, numerical simulation of leak natural gas explosive was carried out based on TNT equivalent weight method. Explosive damage degree of pipeline decreased with the pipeline distance increasing. Consulting with the pipeline ovalization strain design criteria and the combustion effect, the safety parallel natural gas pipeline space maybe at least 4 m to ensure the surface conduit parallel pipeline safely and steadily operation.     

Integrated dynamic risk assessment of buried gas pipeline leakages in urban areas

In urban areas, buried gas pipeline leakages could potentially cause numerous casualties and massive damage. Traditional static analysis and dynamic probability-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methods have been widely used in various industries. However, dynamic QRA methods combined with probability and consequence are rarely used to evaluate gas pipelines buried in urban areas. Therefore, an integrated dynamic risk assessment approach was proposed. First, a failure rate calculation of buried gas pipelines was performed, where the corrosion failure rate dependent on time was calculated by integrating the subset simulation method. The relationship between failure probability and failure rate was considered, and a mechanical analysis model considering the corrosion growth model and multiple loads was used. The time-independent failure rates were calculated by the modification factor methods. Next, the overall evolution process from pipeline failures to accidents was proposed, with the accident rates subsequently updated. Then, the consequences of buried gas pipeline accidents corresponding to the accident types in the evolution process were modeled and analyzed. Finally, based on the above research, dynamic calculation and assessment methods for evaluating individual and social risks were established, and an overall application example was provided to demonstrate the capacity of the proposed approach. A reliable and practical theoretical basis and supporting information are provided for the integrity and emergency management of buried gas pipelines in urban areas, considering actual operational conditions.