海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

采用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法,分析了海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中典型重金属污染物的质量比,评估了沉积物中重金属的污染程度,定量确定了其潜在生态风险程度.结果表明,综合污染程度海河干流比大沽排污河严重.海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物当中的典型重金属污染物的平均综合污染指数 C d分别达到20.89和12.47.海河沉积物中重金属的污染程度依次为Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd,其中Zn的污染最为严重,平均污染指数 Ci f达到11.24.而大沽排污河中重金属的污染程度依次为Zn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb,其中Zn污染较高,Cu、Cr、Cd均为中等污染.大沽排污河比海河潜在生态风险严重,除Cd在两条河流中均具有中等潜在生态风险,其他重金属均具有低等潜在生态风险.     

贵州西部煤矿区不同类型河流沉积物重金属含量及生态风险评价

通过对典型煤矿区的河流表层沉积物进行调查与采样分析,探讨不同类型河流沉积物重金属质量比的变化及对水生态环境的影响。结果表明,受矸石堆场排水、矿井排水和洗煤排水的影响,煤矿区污染河流的沉积物可分为砂质沉积物、黄色泥质沉积物和黑色泥质沉积物。黄色泥质沉积物中Fe、Cd、Hg的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物的4.46倍、2.19倍、1.59倍,是砂质沉积物的2.36倍、2.43倍、1.59倍;而黄色泥质沉积物中Cr的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物和砂质沉积物的1.20倍和8.5%;黄色泥质沉积物中Pb、As的平均质量比分别是黑色泥质沉积物的22.62%和45.85%,是砂质沉积物的47.21%和88.84%。3种沉积物之间Fe和Pb的平均质量比差异较大,其次为Cd和As,再次为Hg、Zn、Mn。通过对沉积物重金属进行潜在生态风险指数(RI)分析、覆水释放与隆线溞生物毒性试验,发现3种沉积物重金属都具有很强的生态风险,其强度从大到小表现为黄色泥质沉积物、黑色泥质沉积物、砂质沉积物。     

基于BP模型的土壤重金属对其生物毒性的贡献分析

通过BP神经网络模型对石油开采区土壤重金属的部分缺失试验数据进行补齐,并采用主成分分析法对石油开采区土壤中重金属进行源解析。结果表明,土壤中重金属的来源包括自然来源、农业来源、交通来源和燃煤来源。以不同来源重金属作为输入条件、土壤生物毒性作为输出条件构建不同来源重金属土壤发光菌生物毒性神经网络模型,模型验证结果表明,在0.05显著性水平下,25组验证样本模拟值和试验值之间的相关系数r为0.396,满足模型验证要求。结合相对灵敏度计算,获得不同来源重金属对土壤生物毒性的贡献率分别为自然来源26.68%、农业来源52.71%、交通来源4.67%、燃煤来源15.94%,即农业来源为石油开采区土壤中发光菌生物毒性的最主要来源。     

5种杀虫剂对3种淡水浮游动物的急性毒性

探讨了5种不同类型杀虫剂(毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)、三氟氯氰菊酯(Cyhalothrin)、丁硫克百威(Carbosulfan)、阿维菌素(Abamectin)和锐劲特(Fpronil))对3种淡水浮游动物(大型溞(Daphnia magna)、萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)和尾草履虫(Paramecium caudatum))的急性毒性作用。通过单一急性毒性试验,检测了5种常用杀虫剂对3种淡水浮游动物的24 h(大型溞和萼花臂尾轮虫)和1 h(尾草履虫)半致死浓度(LC50)。结果表明,随杀虫剂质量浓度增加,5种杀虫剂的毒性均明显增强,3种浮游动物的死亡率上升,呈明显的浓度-效应关系。5种杀虫剂对大型溞的24 h-LC50依次为0.001 mg/L、0.000 001 mg/L、0.078 mg/L、0.001 mg/L、0.098 mg/L,毒性均为剧毒;对萼花臂尾轮虫的24 h-LC50依次为0.081 mg/L、0.003 mg/L、0.062 mg/L、0.005 mg/L、0.476 mg/L,毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素为剧毒,锐劲特为高毒;对尾草履虫的1 h-LC50依次为0.434 mg/L、1.904 mg/L、4.851 mg/L、4.024 mg/L、33.393 mg/L,毒死蜱表现为高毒,三氟氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素为中毒,锐劲特为低毒。3种淡水浮游动物对杀虫剂的敏感性从大到小依次为大型溞、萼花臂尾轮虫、尾草履虫。从敏感性来说,大型溞和萼花臂尾轮虫均为较好的进行杀虫剂水环境生态效应评价的受试动物;尾草履虫由于时效快,在毒死蜱的检测中可作为优先考虑的受试动物。     

电化学组合工艺削减垃圾渗滤液毒性的综合评价

以某垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液为样本,将其在实验室以电化学氧化为主要工艺的废水处理装置出水作为研究对象。选择发光细菌、斑马鱼胚胎和斑马鱼仔鱼为受试生物,以发光抑制率及生物体死亡为观察指标,研究不同处理过程出水对3种受试生物的急性毒性效应。试验结果以半数效应浓度(Median Effective Concentration,EC50)和半数致死浓度(Median Lethal Concentration,LC50)表征。通过毒性单位(Toxicity Unit,TU)法、平均毒性(Average Toxicity,Av Tx)法、毒性指数(Toxic Print,Tx Pr)法、最敏感的测试(Most Sensitive Test,MST)法和潜在毒性效应指数(Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe,PEEP)法等生物毒性评价方法对不同处理过程进行毒性削减评估。结果表明,出水对发光菌、斑马鱼幼鱼和胚胎的TU分别为0.63、9.82和8.55,与原水相比分别削减了81.52%、88.41%和89.65%。Av Tx、Tx Pr和MST法评价结果显示,经混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学氧化-好氧组合工艺处理的出水仍具有一定的生物毒性,即现行的废水排放标准下不能完全阻止有毒废水的排放。此外在考虑废水排放量的基础上,PEEP评价法虽然表明出水无毒,但排放时需注意单项指标毒性。与成组生物试验相结合的PEEP评价方法可以反映垃圾渗滤液的综合生物毒性及评价其对生态系统的潜在影响。     

上海市苏州河支流--桃浦河底泥重金属的污染特征

对桃浦河底泥15个柱样(75个样品)测试分析了8种金属元素.结果表明,这些金属元素的平均含量都比较高,超标顺序为Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Hg＞Pb＞As＞Ni＞Cr,均高于苏州河的浓度.除As、Hg与其他元素的相关性较小外,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr等之间均具有较为显著的相关性,相关系数介于0.616～0.890间.沿河各段重金属污染程度不同,上游和下游污染最严重.底泥金属的垂直分布与其底质沉积特征相对应.这在底泥疏浚时应具体考虑.     

木浆清洁漂白废水中毒性物质的研究

为掌握木浆清洁漂白技术的毒性排放负荷及漂白废水的主要有机毒性成分,采用发光细菌急性毒性测试技术和GC/MS分析技术研究木浆清洁漂白废水的毒性及毒性物质.结果表明,木浆 OHMP漂白废水的总排放毒性因子(Toxicity Effluent Factor,TEF)为73.136TU·m3/t浆,其中H段废水TEF为48.356 TU·m3/t浆,占总量的66.1%;0段占总量的33.9%.木浆OHMP漂白总排放毒性当量约为7.314 g HgCl2/t浆.对漂白废水有机成分的分析表明,有机酸类约占H段废水检测总量的40.83%,烷烃类占13.62%.其中,氯代有机物3种(占检测总量的1.61%),分别为四氯化碳、2,2,2-三氯乙酸胺和2,4,6-三氯苯腈.与木浆CEH漂白相比,清洁漂白废水的毒性排放负荷小、有机毒性成份少,可以大力推广.     

保护剂对费氏弧菌冻干粉复苏及毒性检测的影响

通过正交试验探究不同浓度脱脂乳、甘油和海藻糖组成的复合保护剂对费氏弧菌的保护作用,确定最佳保护剂配比,并进一步研究保护剂对冻干粉发光复苏特性和毒性检测准确性的影响.结果表明,15%脱脂乳、5%甘油和12.5%海藻糖组成的复合保护剂保护效果最好.添加保护剂后,干粉发光复苏稳定时间从传统的15 min缩短至5～10 min,并能准确检测4种金属的毒性大小.在最佳冷冻保护剂的保护下,费氏弧菌冻干粉在缩短了复苏时间的同时对金属的毒性检测没有影响,有利于费氏弧菌在环境监测中使用.     

恶臭假单胞菌对沉积物中双酚A的降解及产物分析

为了深入了解雌激素双酚A在天然水环境介质中的迁移转化行为,采用选择性萃取分离方法对沉积物样品不同组分进行分离,研究了市售恶臭假单胞菌降解沉积物中双酚A的规律.结果表明:恶臭假单胞菌对双酚A的降解过程符合赝一级反应动力学特征,微生物降解双酚A的过程存在一个合适的降解浓度,底物一方面可以诱导降解酶活性的提高,一方面也抑制细菌的生长和生理活动;通过选择性萃取前后沉积物-水体系中双酚A的降解试验,证明沉积物中铁锰氧化物的萃取分离可能增加了有机质的相对含量,使微生物可利用碳源增加,促进了双酚A的降解,而有机质的萃取分离降低了双酚A的降解率.利用GC-MS对降解产物进行分析,发现其主要降解产物之一为十五烷酸甲酯,表明该菌降解双酚A使其苯环断环.     

长江口南支表层沉积物中5种重金属分布特征及生态风险

分别采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法和效应区间低、中值法,分析了长江口南支表层沉积物5种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg)的分布特征及生态风险.结果表明,南支表层沉积物中Cu的中值质量比已超过工业化前最高背景值(30 mg·kg-1),达到31.85 mg·kg-1,且Cu、Zn和Pb的中值质量比明显高于邻近区域同期调查数据;Hakanson潜在风险指数RI值范围为16.15～93.27,中值为58.56,生态风险评价属于低风险水平;除Cu外,所有站位沉积物Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg的浓度均低于相应元素效应浓度低值(ERL),约有50%的站位沉积物中的Cu会对生物产生毒性效应,不过其预期毒性概率仅为0.34,产生毒性效应的风险概率较低,毒性效应仅偶尔发生.     

记录历史见证成长携手明天

对于<中国安防产品信息>杂志社来说,2004年是一个特殊的年份,是我们创刊的第十个年头.回首十年历程,<中国安防产品信息>杂志锐意进取,改革创新,共出版杂志62期,其学术性、权威性为业内所公认.作为安防行业的首家专业媒体,我们记录历史,见证成长,推动了中国安防行业的进步与快速发展.     

Safety metaphors and theories,a review of the occupational safety literature of the US,UK and The Netherlands,till the first part of the 20th century

The 19th century and first half of the 20th century is one of those periods in history of rapid economical, technical and social changes. There is an ongoing mechanization, followed by a movement to rationalize production and to make it cost effective. This has created a heavy burden of occupational deaths amongst workers. In this period occupational safety is developing into a professional field. Engineers are enclosing hazards and fencing heights, shaping up safety technique, and writing very practical publications on occupational safety. These publications, predominantly published in the United States, are leading to quite some safety related metaphors, with the iceberg and the domino’s as the most famous ones. Sociologists, psychologists, and physicians are more concerned with questions related to accident causation, and these specialists are conducting research leading to two different safety theories. Causes of occupational accident are found either in the workers’ capacity to handle hazardous situations, or in external causes, like very long working hours, dangerous machines and the increased pressures of work and speed of production. The Pittsburgh survey, the first extended analysis of occupational accidents in a steel district, strongly advocated the environmental hypothesis, while the so-called ‘individual hypothesis’ is favored by the American Safety First Movement, starting as a private initiative in 1906 by US Steel, and later spreading out over Western European countries. The British Industrial Fatigue Board has given the individual hypothesis its scientific justification. Despite scientific criticism just after World War II on the concept of accident proneness and ‘unsafe acts’, its popularity is not fading. Even nowadays the famous metaphors are still part of the vocational training of safety experts, also in The Netherlands. Apparently professional and scientific developments in occupational safety are belonging to two separate worlds. Before World War II, The Netherlands is not a leading country in occupational safety but a follower, first of France and the German speaking countries. After World War I its focus is directed towards the Anglo-Saxon countries.     

Explosibility,flammability and the thermal decomposition of Bisphenol A,the main component of epoxy resin

Bisphenol A is one of the basic compounds used in a synthesis of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Its dust can create an explosive mixture with air under specific circumstances. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine explosion characteristics and flammability behaviour of this compound. The complete flammability characteristic requires the determination of the basic parameters of Bisphenol A under fire conditions including Heat Release Rate, speed of combustion, ability to ignite and the temperature of the decomposition range. To establish those parameters, a cone calorimeter was used. The explosion characteristics were tested in a 20-L spherical vessel. Minimum Ignition Energy was tested on MINOR II Apparatus which is a modified Hartman's Tube. In order to identify hazardous substances generated during a fire involving Bisphenol A, a simultaneous thermal analysis that combines thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was used. The substances obtained from the thermal degradation were analyzed by infrared spectroscope with Fourier transformation. Furthermore, the application of a Purser furnace and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of gaseous substances formed during the thermal degradation of Bisphenol A samples.     

Predictors of intentions to leave the ward,the hospital,and the nursing profession: A longitudinal study

The stages preceding and following the intention to withdraw from an organization have not been adequately examined. Data were collected at two time periods from a sample of 146 nurses working in a general hospital located in a large metropolitan area in Israel. Essentially, intention to withdraw from three levels — ward, hospital and profession — were examined. LISREL was used to test alternative longitudinal models for the best fitting set of linkages among variables. The findings supported a progression model of withdrawal intention. According to this conceptualization, a nurse first decides to leave the ward, then the hospital, and, finally, the profession. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were presented.     

Age,work experience,and the psychological contract

The purpose of the current paper is to examine the ways in which age and work experience shape how individuals experience psychological contract breaches. We first introduce the concepts of contract malleability (the degree to which individuals can tolerate deviations from contract expectations) and contract replicability (the degree to which individuals believe that their psychological contracts can be replicated elsewhere). Next, we discuss the variety of reasons why contract malleability and replicability become greater with age and work experience and how contract malleability and replicability may temper negative reactions to psychological contract breaches. We also address the different ways contract malleability and replicability mediate the relationships between age and work experience, on one hand, and exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect behaviors on the other. We consider the moderating effects of age similarity and dissimilarity here as well. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research designs and for managing older and more experienced workers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electric Accidents in the Production,Transmission, and Distribution of Electric Energy: A Review of the Literature

Many work related electric accidents occurred in electric energy industries and they were very often fatal. The situation of electric accidents in electric companies worldwide is investigated by reviewing the scientific literature, to offer perspectives on the types and kinds of statistics available, the factors regarded as influencing their occurrence, their consequences, and also methodological shortcomings.

Worldwide, reliable comparable data exist and indicate a downward trend in fatal electric accidents. Difficulties were encountered in compiling international statistics because of differences in how accident data were defined and recorded, variations in mandatory practices, lack of suitable data and indices, accident insurance systems, and lack of correlation between technical, financial, and medical aspects.