基于后果的土地利用安全规划方法在化工园区的应用

土地利用安全规划是预防和控制重大工业事故的重要手段，本文讨论国外常见重大危险源土地利用规划的三种方法，给出一个基于后果的土地利用安全规划的方法。提出火灾、爆炸和毒物泄漏等事故场景下的伤害阈值标准并以此进行事故后果伤害分区，给出脆弱性目标的分级原则，最终给出土地利用安全规划的判断准则。以南方某化工园区为实例应用此方法进行分析研究。本方法可应用于重大危险源或化工园区的安全规划、安全评价以及应急规划等工作。     

城市危险源爆炸灾害应急损失评估研究

采用冲击波伤害-破坏超压准则,首先确定了不同当量TNT炸药爆炸引起的人员伤害区域和建筑物破坏区域;再通过确定危险物爆炸所产生热量值的大小,将各种危险物料转化为相应当量的TNT炸药,可用于评估各种不同危险物料爆炸所造成的损失。同时,结合GIS软件平台,编制了爆炸灾害评估模拟程序。在软件平台中以图形的形式给出了设定条件下人员伤害区域及建筑物破坏区域的范围,根据区域内的人员分布和建筑物造价、财产多少,给出了定量的人员伤亡和经济损失应急评估。     

从人体电流效应解读人体触电的安全阈值

人体触电的安全阈值目前还没有标准明确给出,然而在制定触电防护的安全标准时又无法回避,因此人体触电的安全阈值是以"潜规则"的形式在应用。本文以现有人体电流效应数据为基础,分析明确了触电危险评估时人体阻抗的标准取值、人体电流安全阈值和人体电压安全阈值,并对其含义进行了解读。此举有助于人们深入理解现有标准对触电防护措施所提技术要求的含义,从而更科学正确地应用各种触电防护措施。     

集对分析在化工园区危险性评价中的应用

化工园区涉及易燃易爆物质,一旦发生事故,如产生多米诺效应,将会导致严重的人员伤害和财产损失。本文分析了化工园区的危险性,讨论了集对分析优势,给出了危险性评价程序,构建了危险性评价指标体系,运用层次分析法,得到了指标权重。结果表明,企业安全管理状态不同,取值不同,化工园区安全等级也会变化。     

科研单位的劳动安全监察工作亟待加强

自从国发(1983)85号文件下达之后,劳动安全监察工作已在全国普遍开展起来。劳动保护法规相继出台,工矿企业和经济部门也正在贯彻执行。但是,科研单位的劳动安全工作却尚未得到真正重视。目前,中科院没有劳动安全监察机构(在院保卫局内设一技安处);基层的安技人员多为兼职,说了不算;地方劳动安全监察部门对科研单位一般过问的也不多。 在科研工作中,各种有害因素,时刻危害着广大科技人员的健康。自1980年以来,在中科院一些研究所里,触电致死、机械伤害致死、烧伤致死及高处坠落致死等类事故都相继发生过。就劳动安全而论,科研单位有七多: 1.…     

建设安全社区 创新社会管理

<正>安全社区建设将辖区内各种不同的组织机构紧密联系起来,运用各自的资源及服务,让辖区内所有人员不论是在工作场所,还是在日常生活中,都能保证安全和健康,最大限度地降低交通、消防、老年人、工作和居家安全等职业伤害、日常生活中的伤害甚至暴力、自杀等各种意外。     

天然气储气罐破坏效应分析

针对城市天然气储气罐的不断兴建与发展趋势的大型化,对于已建和待建储罐区对周围环境的潜在安全性问题,指出运用破坏伤害范围评价法可直观地预测破坏效应。通过对储罐爆炸释放能量的估算,采用模拟比法结合TNT爆炸试验数据计算出距离储气罐不同距离处爆破冲击波超压值,运用超压准则模拟预测出不同规格、储压下储罐爆破破坏伤害严重程度及危及半径范围;采用世界银行推荐的危害关系式,结合伤害破坏等级分析天然气爆炸破坏效应并与爆破效应比较。5000m3储气罐、储压1.20MPa下,储罐爆破和天然气爆炸危及距离分别可达144.0m和247.7m。依据预测结果,可将罐区周围划分不同区域,为实际工程中罐区选址、建设、安全距离确定及安全预案制定提供参考。     

手持电动工具的安全使用

由于电动工具使用范围广泛,接触不同人员及各种作业条件,而且操作方式是由手长时间紧握方式进行作业,因此危险性大,容易发生触电事故.为了安全操作,避免和减少对操作者的伤害,手持电动工具必须在符合安全操作的条件下进行使用.……     

司钻房爆炸载荷场景下的人员安全撤离分析方法

为有效降低井喷失控场景下人员的应急疏散风险,提出针对司钻房控制室爆炸载荷的安全撤离分析方法。首先,根据司钻房控制室载荷设计规范和布局,确定司钻房的爆炸载荷阈值;然后,运用多能法初步估计爆炸载荷阈值对应的等效气云体积,并构建井喷失控场景平台爆炸仿真模型,借助逆推法确定爆炸载荷的可燃气云体积阈值;最后,针对井喷重组分气体扩散过程的危险气云体积变化曲线,确定不同场景下的可用安全疏散时间T_A,通过对比所需安全疏散时间T_R,判断人员能否安全撤离。结果表明：所提方法可以针对多种井喷场景下的人员安全撤离给出指导建议,其中,井喷速率和风速对T_A有显著影响,当风速增至7 m/s时可以保证司钻人员的安全撤离,而井喷速率的增加则会显著降低T_A,当井喷速率>390 m/s时,会威胁司钻人员的安全撤离。     

一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法

介绍了一种基于事故后果的重大危险源安全规划方法。该方法详细阐述了“最坏”事故情景选择、事故后果阈值确定及后果伤害范围划分的方法，以危险源周边人群作为主要脆弱性目标，通过分析事故后果伤害范围和目标的脆弱性级别确定危险源与周边环境的兼容性。另外，以危险品仓储区为例，利用该方法对仓储区可能发生的事故后果影响范围进行计算，对仓储区选址的可行性进行分析。本文提出的重大危险源安全规划方法可为城市土地使用及危险源的安全规划提供参考。     

基于WebGIS的危险化学品污染事故应急决策支持系统

通过对危险化学品污染事故危害性的分析,指出环境污染事故应急处置的紧迫性和必要性;给出了事故应急决策支持机制,采用案例推理与规则推理相结合的推理技术来实现事故应急方案的自动生成;借助于WebGIS技术,建立起集成污染事故风险评估与预警、监测分析、快速处理等多项技术的系统平台;该系统创建了集成空间信息、属性信息和文档信息的污染应急决策数据库,提供了环境污染危险的评估技术,建立了环境污染的扩散模型,实现了环境污染事故应急监测与处置技术的集成应用。实践证明,该系统能为危险化学品污染事故的应急处理提供及时、有效的决策支持。     

设计初期化工过程本质安全化设计策略

该文提出了一种在设计初期进行化工过程本质安全化设计的策略。首先进行危险物质与危险能量两类共计11种危险类型的危险辨识。针对辨识出的危险类型,通过与相应的临界条件比较进行快速的危险评价,对于不可接受的危险必须采取本质安全化措施,可接受的危险可有选择性地进行本质安全化设计。在设计初期可以使用的本质安全化原则主要是消除、最小化、替代和缓和,针对11种危险类型可以应用不同的本质安全化设计模型,以使实际进行本质安全化设计时更加简单与快捷。该文把提出的本质安全化设计策略应用到一个甲苯硝化制硝基甲苯的工艺,形成了多种本质安全化措施,可以用来在设计初期消除或减少危险。     

Model off-site emergency plan. Case study: toxic gas release from a fertilizer unit

An emergency plan is a formal written plan which, on the basis of identified potential accidents together with their consequences, describes how such accidents and their consequences should be handled either on-site or off-site. The primary objective of the off-site emergency plan for a hazardous installation is the prevention of accidents resulting in harm to human health, the environment or property. The prevention of accidents involving hazardous substances is the concern of many interested parties, including public authorities (district emergency authority, police, fire and medical services etc.) at all levels, industry and the community. This paper provides an overview of the release scenarios and affected areas, rescue and evacuation plans, communication and public information systems, roles and responsibilities of the district emergency authority, police, fire and medical authorities and their training, testing the plan/mock drill performance, review/observations, and finalization.     

Real-time response system for the prediction of the atmospheric transport of hazardous materials

Human urge of exploiting earth resources has resulted into unprecedented industrial development in the last century resulting into production of large quantities of hazardous chemicals. Chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, biomedical and pharmaceutical industrial accidents release large quantities of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. The accidental discharge during production or storage or transportation have subjected the population to be exposed to exceptionally high concentration levels of hazardous chemicals, taking them by surprise, unprepared with fatal consequences. An emergency planning organization has to be trained to combat this situation in the shortest possible time to minimize the number of causalities. The present paper focuses on computation of dispersion model, using emission source, accident location and online metrological data near to the sources, to provide necessary and accurate results swiftly. The predicted ground level concentrations with the hazardous nature of the chemical, speed and direction of plume, the emergency team will be supplied with all the information in graphical easy to grasp form, superimposed over a GIS map or the latest satellite image of the area.

The emergency team has to be trained for all past scenarios and their preparedness, response and actions must be practiced regularly to be able to abate chemical releases accidentally or intentionally.

Accidental releases of chlorine and ammonia gases in residential and industrial areas are simulated. The predicted ground level concentrations in the effected areas are shown after different time intervals. For low vapor pressure chemical, the dispersion time is large and concentration levels are low but persist for prolonged time while for volatile chemical, the concentrations are high in short time and recovering to safe environment is quick.     

重大危险源辨识与监控是企业建立事故应急体系的基础

本文简要介绍了重大工业事故预防控制体系要素和国家法律、法规与政策对企业重大危险源监控与应急体系建设的要求,论述了重大危险源辨识、监控是企业建立事故应急体系和重大事故预防控制体系的基础和前提,对企业重大危险源监控和应急预案编制要求提出了建议.     

危险品运输实时监控及应急救援服务平台构建

针对我国危险品运输监管及应急救援现状,提出构建"危险品运输实时监控及应急救援服务平台"的技术方案。设计了平台系统的技术框架,介绍装载于危险品运输车辆之上的"监控终端"以及应急救援车辆之上的"智能终端"的基本功能,并以环保部门为例阐述了服务平台与危险废物监管政务平台之间的数据交换及功能耦合,以及利用服务平台开展危险品运输事故应急救援联动流程。该平台可望解决"危险品运输多部门监管数据不一致以及多部门联动应急救援调度困难"这一实际问题。     

Inverse calculation approaches for source determination in hazardous chemical releases

Source determination is vital in decision making and emergency planning involving hazardous chemical releases. This work was concentrated on inverse calculation approaches for source determination as well as current trends and future perspectives. In this paper, these different approaches are reviewed by dividing them into two categories: probability modeling methods and optimization modeling methods. The traits of these approaches are comparatively analyzed. Then it is shown how these approaches behave when applied to practical cases, and their feasibility, applicability, stability, and limitation in determining the location and strength are presented. It is argued that when experimenting with potential terrorist attacks involving hazardous chemical releases, observation points should be around the main line of the downwind direction when the source is known; while the uniform distribution of observation points is an efficient solution for unknown incidents. Probability modeling methods are demonstrated to be insufficient during emergency responses due to their lacking of enough prior information of unknown parameters, while optimization modeling methods are efficient and become a new trend in source determination. Findings reflect an urgent need for the development of high-accuracy detectors and further research of data transmission techniques in order to ensure the validity of these approaches.     

基于JAVA技术的易燃易爆毒性云团扩散软件的开发与应用

针对易燃易爆及有毒有害物质在生产、储存和运输过程中经常发生泄漏事故所造成的严重后果,进行该类事故的模拟和仿真研究;通过对几种气云扩散数学模型进行分析,利用JAVA技术开发出高斯模型、BOX模型、LTA-HGDM模型扩散模拟软件,该软件具有良好的环境兼容性,通过输入相应的参数即可方便快速地进行后果模拟;通过实例进行软件应用,其结果可以为政府规划和为企业事故发生后采取相应的应急措施提供依据。     

Lessons learned for process safety management in China

A number of chemical accidents have occurred in China over the past two decades with significant impact on humans and the environment. It is expected that lessons will have been learned from these accidents that will help industries to reduce the risk that catastrophic chemical accidents occur in future. In fact, to some extent there is evidence that lessons have been learned, to the extent that the Chinese government has substantially strengthened legislation and regulatory standards. Nonetheless, there remains a concern that much more still needs to be done to reduce chemical accidents risks in China. Important progress in this area requires not only government support but a commitment across all hazardous industries to learn from past accidents that may in many cases require establishment or considerable improvement of their safety management systems. To assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in this effort, results of an analysis of common causes of the chemical accidents reported in the Major Accident Information (MAI) website of Chinese State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) are presented in this paper In particular, inadequate process hazard analysis (PHA), training and emergency response planning (ERP) were identified as the top three process safety management (PSM) elements that contribute to most of the SMEs accidents in China. Seven recommendations are proposed in order to improve the effectiveness of lesson learning for government agencies and SMEs.