浅议《恶臭污染物排放标准》的修订

简述了国内外环境恶臭标准发展概况,针对目前国内恶臭标准在实际监测管理中存在的缺少污染种类及采样位置、测算方法等问题,提出增加《恶臭污染物排放标准》中的污染物种类,完善臭气浓度计算方法以及制定地方恶臭排放标准的建议.     

恶臭排放规律及其采样和分析方法

恶臭作为一种环境污染,已经严重影响人们的生活质量和环境状况。文章综述了恶臭污染国内外相关标准、恶臭的排放规律、影响恶臭污染扩散的因素、恶臭样品的采集和分析等几方面进行了阐述,以促进对恶臭的了解和深入研究。     

潍坊市大气环境中PM2.5和PM10的污染特征及来源解析

于2017年1月—2018年1月在潍坊市城区8个监测点位按季节采集了环境空气颗粒物样品，对其组分进行分析；采用电子低压冲击仪（ELPI）稀释采样法和稀释四通道法2种源采样方法同步采集源样品，建立了潍坊市本地化的燃煤源、钢铁源等排放源的颗粒物源成分谱；结合排放源清单，利用化学质量平衡受体模型（CMB）开展不同行业的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）的精细化来源解析。结果表明，各监测点位ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）年均值均超过环境空气质量二级标准；潍坊市城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘特征组分分别为硅（Si）、Si、钙（Ca），燃煤尘和造纸碱回收尘的特征组分均为硫酸根离子（SO₄^2-）；PM_2.5首要的贡献源类为煤烟尘，分担率为36%；其次为机动车尘，分担率为25.4%；扬尘的分担率为21.8%；煤烟尘中分担率最高的是工业燃煤（18%）；机动车尘中以载货汽车分担率最大（14%）。PM₁₀首要的贡献源类也是煤烟尘，分担率为30.9%，其次是扬尘（27.6%）、机动车尘（21.5%）；煤烟尘中分担率最高的是工业燃煤，为15.4%，机动车尘中以载货汽车分担率最大，为11.8%。工艺过程的分担率均较低。     

《恶臭污染物排放标准》修订的若干意见

从实际的恶臭监测分析出发,结合执行《恶臭污染物排放标准》过程中的各种体会,从标准的适用范围、浓度排放限值以及采样环节等三个方面,对《恶臭污染物排放标准》的修订提出了若干意见.建议对排放标准的适用范围进行调整,增加行业排放标准,对有组织排放增加浓度排放限值规定,对采样气象条件、采样点位、采样频率进行明确,并引入背景值或本底值的测量,对测量结果进行修正.     

济南市大气颗粒汞的浓度特征及污染来源解析

为了解冬季采暖对济南市大气PM_2.5中汞浓度的影响,在济南市城郊开展了为期超过两年的PM_2.5样品采集工作,共计采集有效样品481个,测定并分析其中的颗粒汞(PHg)浓度和汞含量变化特征。结果表明,济南市大气PHg在采暖期的浓度均值为583.1 pg/m³,约为非采暖期的1.4倍,在国内外城市中处于中等偏上水平。济南市大气PM_2.5对PHg具有极强的富集能力,且在采暖期更强,可能与燃煤等活动排放了更多的超细颗粒物有关。在采暖期,大气PHg浓度主要受煤炭燃烧源和交通排放源影响,两者分别贡献了总方差的39.2%和16.7%;在非采暖期,气象条件季节性变化、交通排放源、煤炭燃烧源的影响显著,三者分别贡献了总方差的32.4%、15.8%、12.0%。高浓度PHg主要来源于分布在采样站点东北偏东方向上的众多燃煤工业企业。此外,济南市大气PHg还主要受来源于鲁西南地区的区域污染气团的影响,途经污染较重的京津冀地区的污染气团对济南市PHg浓度也有较大贡献。在非采暖期,济南市PHg还受到来自东南和西南方向的清洁海洋气团的显著影响。     

石化污水处理场排放废气中有机污染的分析与评价

采用预浓缩、气相色谱-质谱联用及脉冲火焰光度检测的方法对石化污水处理场排放的废气污染物进行了定性与定量分析,并采用相应的污染物排放标准及其人体感知嗅阈值进行了污染程度评价.结果表明,污水处理场在各个采样点位均有挥发性有机污染物和恶臭污染物检出,其中以污水进口最为严重.从检出物的浓度水平而言,苯系物和恶臭污染物均存在超标现象,而且检出的恶臭污染物浓度水平远高于人体感知嗅阈值.     

石家庄夏季典型时段臭氧污染特征及来源解析

在石家庄臭氧(O₃)污染较重的7月,开展连续10 d(2018年7月6—15日),8次/d的加密监测,获得大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品数据及O₃在线监测数据,分析了采样期间O₃污染特征、VOCs组成及O₃生成潜势(OFP)特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明,采样期间O₃-3 h浓度最高为243 μg/m³,与相对湿度存在明显的反相关关系,与温度和风速存在良好的正相关关系。VOCs平均体积分数为(75.28±5.81)×10-9,各组分浓度所占比例为OVOCs>烷烃>卤代烃>烯炔烃>芳香烃>其他组分。各类VOCs中,OVOCs对OFP的贡献最大,占64.12%。作为光化学反应的中间产物,OVOCs的一次来源较少,表明二次污染物对石家庄大气O₃生成有重要贡献。从具体组分来看,OFP值排名前十的组分以OVOCs为主,其中最高的为甲基丙烯酸甲酯。采样期间,VOCs一次来源主要为汽油车和柴油车尾气排放,贡献率分别为38%与32%；溶剂使用、汽油挥发、生物排放分别占13%、11%、6%。VOCs主要受本地排放影响。     

南通市一次典型沙尘污染过程分析

根据南通市大气超级站的观测结果和气象因素，对南通市2019年10月29日—11月2日一次典型沙尘污染过程、颗粒物化学组分、颗粒物消光和退偏进行分析。结果表明，在沙尘影响期间，PM₁₀小时峰值达311 μg/m³， ρ（Ca²⁺）较污染前上升了7.4倍；在沙尘颗粒物碱性环境条件下，二次组分OM和NO^-₃的快速生成，浓度分别较污染前上升了96.6 %和34.0 %；ρ（NO^-₃）/ρ（SO^-2₄）污染中（2.5）高于污染前（1.7），ρ（EC）/ρ（PM_2.5）污染中（4.2%）高于污染前（3.6%），受到明显的沙尘传输影响，而移动源排放也有一定贡献，在本地地面气压场较弱情况下，导致沙尘污染过程长时间持续。     

安庆市PM2.5碳质组分污染特征及来源解析

2020年3月2日—2021年2月28日在安庆市政务服务中心楼顶设置监测点,手工采集PM_2.5样品,运用多波段碳分析仪(DRI Model 2015)分析样品中碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度;利用OC/EC法、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法对PM_2.5中碳质组分的污染特征和可能来源进行解析。结果显示:安庆市手工采样期间PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(45.9±28.1)μg/m³,OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(8.0±3.4)、(1.4±0.6)μg/m³,在PM_2.5中占比为17.4%、3.1%。四季OC平均浓度分布为冬季(9.7±4.2)μg/m³ >春季(9.0±2.5)μg/m³ >秋季(8.3±2.9)μg/m³ >夏季(5.1±1.6)μg/m³,EC平均浓度分布为冬季(1.7±0.5)μg/m³ >春季(1.7±0.6)μg/m³ >秋季(1.3±0.4)μg/m³ >夏季(0.8±0.3)μg/m³。OC/EC范围为3.11~12.14,平均值为5.83,表明安庆市存在二次有机碳(SOC),SOC均值为(2.89±1.94)μg/m³,分别占OC和PM_2.5浓度的36.1%、6.3%;四季OC、EC相关性不显著,r均小于0.85,说明安庆市的碳质组分较复杂;在不同空气质量等级条件下,OC质量浓度随着污染等级的升高而逐渐升高,EC质量浓度随着污染等级升高而先升高后降低。利用主成分分析法进行来源解析发现,道路扬尘、燃煤、柴油车尾气是碳质组分的主要来源。     

遂宁市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2019年7-8月在四川省遂宁市实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩4个点位同步开展为期20d的挥发性有机物(VOCs)离线观测,分析了遂宁市VOCs浓度时空分布特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和VOCs主要来源。遂宁市TVOC体积浓度为39.4×10^-9,占比较高的组分为OVOCs和烷烃,体积浓度分别为15.6×10^-9和13.3×10^-9,占比分别为39.5%和33.6%。遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩24 h平均体积浓度分别为29.8 ×10^-9、58.4 ×10^-9、30.0×10^-9;加密点实验学校的小时平均浓度为22.9×10^-9。遂宁市总OFP为166.7 μg/m³,占比最大的为烯烃(33.1%)。实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩OFP浓度分别为101.2、134.4、243.6、122.1 μg/m³。金鱼小学采样点位于工业园区下风向,受工业园区企业排放源影响,VOCs浓度和OFP值均明显高于其他点位。PMF模型源解析结果表明:遂宁市VOCs来源占比最大的为工业排放源,达32%;其次为机动车尾气源、燃烧源,占比均达17%;油气挥发源、天然源、溶剂使用源分别占13%、11%、10%。工业源、机动车尾气来源占比最高的均是金鱼小学,分别为39%、30%;天然源占比较高的是实验学校(13%)和石溪浩(10%)。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.