常州市各人工湿地的浮游生物多样性比较

选取常州地区具有代表性的3块人工湿地,比较其浮游生物多样性。结果显示:浮游生物的物种总分类单元数从大到小顺序为荆川公园五星公园软件园;Shannon-Wienner指数从大到小顺序为软件园荆川公园五星公园;物种优势度从大到小顺序为荆川公园五星公园软件园。软件园无疑是3块样地中浮游生物多样性最高、生态完整性保持最好的人工湿地。结合现场调查情况发现,这一结果与软件园的设计理念与建筑方法密不可分。针对调查结果,对城市人工湿地的科学发展提出相关建议。     

人工基质上周丛动物的比较研究

用挂片法比较研究玄武湖周丛动物群落在不同人工基质、不同挂片位置的差异和群集过程,结果表明:在玻璃片、薄膜和有机玻璃上周丛动物群落结构具有良好的相似性,对于不同玻璃片上周丛动物群落具有良好的重复性.同湖中央Ⅱ站相比,挂片位置在湖边Ⅰ站周丛动物群集速度快、密度高.在湖水中不同深度挂片,其周丛动物群落结构无显著性差异.周丛动物不同的外部形态和活动特点决定周丛动物群落的空间层次.八月份周丛动物分为二层:上层由褶累枝虫、四分锤吸管虫等虫体组成,下层主要由钟形钟虫、沟钟虫及各种伪周丛动物组成;十月份只有一层,主要是多态喇叭虫.     

伊宁市湿地存在的问题及对策分析

城市湿地为分布在城市内部或周边的湿地资源,对稳定城市生态具有特殊的作用,有＂城市之肾＂之称。本文尝试对伊宁市湿地资源进行划分、定量及目前存在的问题进行分析,并进一步提出相应的湿地保护对策和建议,力求为伊宁市湿地保护工作提供基本的参考依据。     

农村生活污水处理技术分析及应用

由于缺乏技术和污水处理设施,农村生活污水大多直接排放,影响了农村的自然环境和生活质量,本文简要介绍采用土壤覆盖型微生物氧化技术处置农村污水的情况,其建设运行成本低,适合新疆农村地区生活污水处理,工程应用前景广阔.     

扎龙湿地的生态环境评价及防治对策

介绍了扎龙湿地的生态状况 ,并运用模糊数学对其生态状况给予评价 ,为做好扎龙湿地的生态保护工作 ,提出了相应的对策     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区建设及效益分析

艾比湖是典型的干旱区湖泊,具有特殊湿地的干旱生态系统.晚更新世晚期开始,由于气候逐渐变干,艾比湖不断萎缩.20世纪50年代至80年代末,由于湖区人口的激增及其对水土资源的不合理开发利用,加速了湖泊干缩的进程,80年代后期至今,随着新疆北部的气候向暖湿转变,以及湖区人口和耕地增长趋缓,艾比湖湖面出现波动扩张态势.本文对艾比湖湿地自然保护区的建设及效益情况进行了阐述.     

生态塘组合工艺处理小城镇生活污水的前景及应用

简述了小城镇战略定位及污水处理重要性和紧迫性,指出我国小城镇污水处理的现状及压力,分析了适宜于小城镇污水处理的生态塘组合处理工艺作为一项高效实用的环保技术的优势和发展趋势,并通过生态塘湿地系统在南京汤泉镇污水处理中的应用实例分析,介绍了构建生态塘系统的关键设计参数及其工艺特点,为小城镇生态保护与建设污水处理厂提供技术支撑和示范样板。     

浅述城市及边缘湿地的特性及其保护

介绍了城市及城市边缘湿地的内涵与分类，以及其在城市发展中的生态和社会价值。指出城市开发使得城市湿地有着与天然湿地不同的特性，并造成湿地减少，功能丧失等问题，因而提出了一系列保护、管理方案。     

淮安白马湖湿地鸟类多样性及保护策略研究

为掌握淮安白马湖湿地鸟类多样性状况,于2020-2021年对白马湖国家湿地公园鸟类种类、数量、群落多样性及时空分布特征等进行调查研究,结合历史资料,发现湿地公园共有鸟类210种,其中国家重点保护物种34种,列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》的易危及以上等级物种7种.居留型上,冬候鸟占优势,有71种(33.81％);区系组成上,古北界鸟类占优势,有124种(59.05％);生态类群上,鸣禽占优势,有88种(41.90％),水鸟(游禽、涉禽)其次,有84种(40.00％).基于现场调查数据,鸟类群落香农-维纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数(H')为3.24,皮耶罗(Pielou)均匀度指数(J)为0.63,都处在一个较高的水平.秋季迁徙期和越冬期是鸟类物种数和种群数量较高的时期,湿地公园中部人为干扰较小的湖泊生境是鸟类集中分布区.基于该研究结果,建议优化白马湖湿地公园功能分区,将鸟类集中分布区设为核心保护区以加强保护;通过生态保护措施和工程的实施,改善生态环境,提高鸟类生境的异质性和有效性;加强鸟类监测、宣教和巡护,保障湿地公园鸟类多样性保护稳步进行.     

生物生态耦合技术处理农村生活污水的应用研究

在对“厌氧池+跌水充氧接触氧化池+水耕蔬菜型人工湿地”生物生态耦合技术应用于农村生活污水处理进行实证研究的基础上,进一步探讨了生物与生态处理单元各自的主要去除对象和效率,为生物生态技术的合理耦合提供了依据。结果表明：在进水COD、TN、TP质量浓度波动范围为51.20~211.12,28.29~122.12,1.26~5.97mg/L时,出水平均质量浓度为15.80,5.51,0.34mg/L,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB 18918—2002）》一级A标准。污水中COD、TN、TP的78%,85%,50%的去除是在生物处理单元完成的,而TP的达标排放还必需生态处理单元的参与。整个处理技术处理效果良好,运行费用低,适合在条件允许的农村地区推广使用。     

水处理污泥处理处置研究进展

污水污泥是城市废水处理后的终端产物,既是一种生物质原料,可以被有效地资源化和能源化,同时又含有大量有毒有害物质,如何妥善地处理处置污水污泥,已成为全社会关注的课题。浅析了污水污泥的处理处置方法以及当前的研究热点和新技术。污泥处理处置的发展方向为减量化、稳定化,以及在无害化前提下的资源化、能源化。     

The Ecotoxicological Recovery of Ely Creek and Tributaries (Lee County, Va) After Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage

The Ely Creek watershed (Lee County, VA) was determined in 1995 to be the most negatively affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) within the Virginia coalfield. This determination led the US Army Corps of Engineers to design and build passive wetland remediation systems at two major AMD seeps affecting Ely Creek. This study was undertaken to determine if ecological recovery had occurred in Ely Creek. The results indicate that remediation had a positive effect on all monitoring sites downstream of the remediated AMD seeps. At the site most impacted by AMD, mean pH was 2.93 prior to remediation and improved to 7.14 in 2004. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys revealed that one AMD influenced site had increased taxa richness from zero taxa in 1997 to 24 in 2004. While in situ testing of Asian clams resulted in zero survival at five of seven AMD influenced sites prior to remediation, some clams survived at all sites after. Clam survival was found to be significantly less than upstream references at only two sites, both downstream of un-mitigated AMD seeps in 2004. An ecotoxicological rating (ETR) system that combined ten biotic and abiotic parameters was developed as an indicator of the ecological status for each study site. A comparison of ETRs from before and after remediation demonstrated that all sites downstream of the remediation had experienced some level of recovery. Although the remediation has improved the ecological health of Ely Creek, un-mitigated AMD discharges are still negatively impacting the watershed.     

沼泽湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数构建与健康评价

依据2017年5、7、9月对三江平原19处沼泽湿地(参照湿地6处,受损湿地13处)的水生无脊椎动物采样结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建水生无脊椎动物完整性指数,评价三江平原沼泽湿地健康状况。通过对27个候选指标的分布范围、判别能力和相关性分析,筛选出总分类单元数、扁卷螺科百分比、龙虱科百分比、刮食者百分比4个指标构成水生无脊椎动物完整性指数核心指标。采用比值法计算各指标参数值,将各参数值加和得到水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值。根据参照湿地水生无脊椎动物完整性指数值的25%分位数值确定评价标准,对小于25%分位数的值进行三等分,确定三江平原沼泽湿地健康评价标准:≥2.58,无干扰;1.72～2.58,轻度干扰;0.86～1.72,中度干扰;0～0.86,重度干扰。结果表明:所调查的三江平原沼泽湿地有78.95%受到不同程度的干扰(其中47.37%受到了中重度干扰),21.05%属于无干扰。     

Artificial Sampling Units: A Tool for Increasing the Sensitivity of Tests for Impact in Soft Sediments

The distribution of benthic organisms in soft sediments is patchy in time and space on many scales. Such variability makes assessment of ecological impacts difficult. Sediment-related variables, such as grain-size and organic content, which can affect colonization by infauna, vary over similar scales. Variations in characteristics of the sediment may contribute to spatial variability in infaunal assemblages, making it difficult to detect the putative impacts of disturbances, such as the production of boat-generated waves (wash), on these organisms. Here, the hypothesis that infaunal assemblages colonizing containers of homogeneous sedimentwould be less spatially variable than those colonizing natural sediment was tested. Containers were deployed at mudflats differing in exposure to wash. If wash does affect colonization, a reduction in variability among sites of similar exposure should enable stronger differences to be seen between wash and no-wash zones. Assemblages colonizing homogeneous sediment were less variable than those colonizing site-specific sediment. No difference in colonization was, however, seen between places differing in their exposure to wash. Nevertheless, this method is of use in the assessment of ecological impacts in sedimentary environments, where it is difficult to detect putative impacts above the great natural variability in assemblages.     

Modeling Wetland Plant Community Response to Assess Water-Level Regulation Scenarios in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Basin

The International Joint Commission has recently completed a five-year study (2000–2005) to review the operation of structures controlling the flows and levels of the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River system. In addition to addressing the multitude of stakeholder interests, the regulation plan review also considers environmental sustainability and integrity of wetlands and various ecosystem components. The present paper outlines the general approach, scientific methodology and applied management considerations of studies quantifying the relationships between hydrology and wetland plant assemblages (% occurrence, surface area) in Lake Ontario and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence River. Although similar study designs were used across the study region, different methodologies were required that were specifically adapted to suit the important regional differences between the lake and river systems, range in water-level variations, and confounding factors (geomorphic types, exposure, sediment characteristics, downstream gradient of water quality, origin of water masses in the Lower River). Performance indicators (metrics), such as total area of wetland in meadow marsh vegetation type, that link wetland response to water levels will be used to assess the effects of different regulation plans under current and future (climate change) water-supply scenarios.The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.     

中国典型河口湿地底栖动物优势类群比较

河口湿地大型底栖动物是重要的初级消费者,对于维持河口湿地生态系统结构和功能具有重要作用.中国南北不同气候带的河口湿地因具有独特的温盐条件,形成了不同的底栖动物群落.根据已有研究分析发现,中国河口湿地底栖动物存在明显的潮汐分带规律和南北温度分区差异.潮上带:盐度<6‰的华北暖温带河口以昆虫纲占优势,伴生环节动物和软体动物...     

Extreme Spatial Variability and Unprecedented Methylmercury Concentrations Within a Constructed Wetland

We began monitoring concentrations of both total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in surface water at Stormwater Treatment Area-2 (STA) on July 20, 2000. This 2602 hectare STA was constructed with three independent marshes to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff and reduce eutrophication in the northern Everglades. However, there was concern that in doing so, STA-2 might inadvertently worsen the existing mercury problem in the Everglades. Accordingly, operating permits stipulated that flow-through operation of these treatment cells could not begin until concentrations of THg and MeHg in the interior marsh were not significantly greater than corresponding concentrations in the supply canal. Cells 2 and 3 quickly met the start-up criteria in the fall of 2000. In contrast, Cell 1 exhibited anomalously high MeHg concentrations in the fall of 2000 and 2001, and the summer of 2002. During the last such event, water-column concentrations in Cell 1 reached 32 ng THg/L and an unprecedented 20 ng MeHg/L. Tissue Hg in resident fishes reached levels as high as 430 ng/g in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, 930 ng/g in sunfish, Lepomis spp., and 2000 ng/g in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Guided by results from the monitoring program, flow rate and water depth were managed as a means to alter sulfur biogeochemistry and, thereby, reduce in situ mercury methylation. This adaptive management strategy likely played a role in the decline in water-column concentrations of THg and MeHg in Cell 1 by late 2002 and the subsequent declines in tissue Hg levels in resident fishes. Cell 1 finally met formal start-up criteria on November 26, 2002.     

滨海湿地环境评价方法研究

为研究我国典型滨海湿地环境评价方法,利用卫星遥感技术,结合地面生态调查,构建了以自然湿地面积比例、人工岸线比例等8项因子共同组成的指标体系,通过层次分析法和专家打分法进行权重赋值后,阐述了数据处理和计算的主要流程,提出了滨海湿地环境指数CWEI的概念和表征意义。应用上述方法对江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区进行了典型示范评价,结果表明该方法能够较好地反映滨海湿地环境状况与变化趋势。     

盐城市空气微生物调查与评价

为了解盐城市空气微生物污染状况,于2009—2013年在盐城市布设了4个城市主要功能区点位和1个市郊清洁参照点,采用自然沉降法采集空气中细菌和马丁霉菌样品进行分析。结果表明,盐城市空气中细菌数量最多的为交通区,其次依次为文教区、工业区、居民区,清洁参照点最少;马丁霉菌数量最多的是交通区,其次依次为工业区、居民区、文教区,清洁参照点最少。盐城市空气微生物污染级别除交通区外,其他功能区均处于较清洁或轻微污染,污染程度呈逐年波动下降趋势。