气泡雾化细水雾灭火有效性实验研究

气泡雾化技术是一种双流体的细水雾发生方法。作者根据气泡雾化的雾化机理自行设计了一种气泡雾化喷嘴，并通过先进的实验诊断手段和模拟实验，对该喷嘴产生的细水雾的雾场特性进行了测量，研究了其熄灭煤油火和酒精火的有效性，为发展新型的细水雾发生方法积累了必要的实验数据。     

爆炸密实饱和砂基气泡发展过程的数值模拟

以爆炸密实砂基工程为背景,建立了简化的二维数学模型,采用简单的条带变网格技术,在微机上实现了爆炸密实饱和砂基气泡发展过程的数值模拟。研究表明,在饱和砂中爆炸高压气泡形状近似于球形（１０ｍ 范围内）对气泡形状影响不大,粘滞阻力初始阶段对高压气泡膨胀的运动规律没有明显影响。     

气泡帷幕减弱水中冲击波强度的研究

通过对水中冲击波与气泡相互作用过程的诸现象进行分析,从能量变化角度探讨了气泡帷幕衰减水中冲击波的最佳方式。通过对水中冲击波引起挡水坞门振动的安全监测及频谱分析,讨论了挡水坞门不同方向上振动参量的变化规律。     

气泡雾化细水雾灭油盘火的试验研究与机理分析

为研究气泡雾化细水雾灭火的机理和影响因素,利用自行研制的气泡雾化细水雾系统进行了以汽油油盘火为火源的灭火试验,改变气泡雾化细水雾喷头的压力和流量,记录不同工况下的灭火时间、火焰温度、辐射热和火焰形态的变化,对气泡雾化细水雾的灭火过程进行分类,分析各类灭火过程的主要灭火机理和压力与流量对灭火有效性的影响规律.结果表明,气泡雾化细水雾针对汽油油盘火具有良好的灭火效果,其灭火过程可分为瞬时灭火、短时间灭火和长时间灭火3种类型,每种类型的灭火过程有不同的主要灭火机理.     

喷射方式对气泡雾化细水雾灭火效率的影响分析

气泡雾化技术是一种双流体细水雾发生方法,本文利用现有的气泡雾化细水雾灭火系统进行了模拟实验,对该系统在不同喷射方式下对扑灭汽油火的有效性进行了研究,并进行了分析。实验发现:喷射距离和喷射角度对灭火效率都有影响;水平条件下灭火效率很低;不同灭火过程对应不同的灭火机理。     

振动环境下液化气罐内饱和液体状态变化规律研究

液化气在储运过程中存在安全隐患,为分析在运输途中的液化气罐内部压力变化情况,建立液化气罐在受迫振动下的一维数学模型,分析运动过程中饱和液体和气罐的相对运动以及对罐内压力的影响.根据经验公式计算过热液中气泡的生长和消失,并用商业CFD软件CFX模拟在振动过程中罐内介质的状态变化过程,计算由于气泡的生长和消失导致的压力波动.根据这些数据进一步分析罐的振动频率和液体的填充量对汽化速率和压力波动的影响,并得出变化规律.     

油罐扬沸火灾热辐射危害研究

针对油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度难以计算的问题,采用分阶段法计算油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度.采用圆柱火焰模型计算油罐扬沸火灾中准稳态燃烧阶段的热辐射强度,结果与试验值一致.建立油罐扬沸阶段的油品沸溢半径计算模型,并结合点源模型计算扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.计算油罐扬沸火灾油品沸溢半径和热辐射强度,特别是扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,可为降低油罐扬沸火灾的热辐射危害提供理论依据.     

舰船火灾中烟气沿通道蔓延特征的计算机模拟

本文采用区域模型时舰船火灾中烟气沿通道蔓延的热物理特征进行了计算机模拟，并根据区域模型村基本思路，采用纵向分段的方法，解决了纵向长通道内烟气蔓延中分层热物理参数不均匀问题，提高了模拟计算的准确性，模拟结果与模型实验符合较好。     

风电机舱内典型混合液态油品热诱导燃烧特性

为探究不同尺寸方形油盘对双馈异步风力发电机组机舱中典型混合油品燃烧特性的影响,自主设计和搭建了热平板诱导油品加热燃烧测定实验系统。将液压油(CALTEXRANDO HDZ32)和齿轮箱油(CALTEXMEROPA320)按1∶1质量(各40.0g)比例均匀混合后,盛装于横截面尺寸分别为6.5cm×6.5cm、10.0cm×10.0cm、13.5cm×13.5cm 的钢制油盘中,利用热平板加热和诱导盘内同样质量混合油品燃烧,利用摄像机记录其燃烧行为和阶段节点时间,利用热电偶树、温度采集模块对油品燃烧对应阶段节点液内和上方火焰中心轴温度分布进行测定。观察发现,液/齿混合油品在加热后出现液内流动、蒸发、冒泡、气化、燃烧、发烟、火焰蹿高等典型传热传质和液相燃烧现象。实验结果表明,随油盘横截面尺寸递增,混合油品着火时间依次缩短(最高1048.0s),燃烧持续时间依次递减(最高1980.0s),燃烧液内最高温度依次升高(最高564.3 ℃),中心轴第一层火焰熄灭温度依次升高(最高489.2 ℃)。小尺寸油盘内油品交流换热过程缓慢,质量损失速率较低,着火前阶段出现最大质量损失速率(0.041g/s);中大尺寸油盘内对流、传质和传热过程明显增强,质量损失速率较高,火焰蹿高节点时出现最大质量损失速率(0.25g/s和0.29g/s)     

高燃速推进剂成型过程中的安全性分析

为研究高燃速推进剂成型过程中的安全性,根据配方组成和工艺条件,对其压伸过程的热点形成因素进行了理论分析,并采用热-结构耦合方法,选择有限元软件ABAQUS对其不同工艺条件下的压伸过程进行了建模分析。结果表明:在压伸过程中,物料在收缩段承受的压力最大,且温度变化显著。物料中残留的气泡是影响高燃速推进剂压伸成型过程安全性的主要因素。当物料中有残留气泡时,随压伸过程所加的载荷不同,气泡的最高温度会显著上升,载荷为15MPa时,气泡的最高温度可达139.3℃;载荷为20 MPa时,温度可达264.2℃。     

Effect of bubble generation on hot zone formation in tank fires

Boilover is a phenomenon that both stakeholders and fire-fighters in the petrochemical industry try to avoid. This phenomenon results in an explosion of liquid hydrocarbon materials (e.g., crude oil) due to prolonged oil tank fires. The elevated temperature provides energy to vaporize the water sub-layer, which commonly resides at bottom of storage tanks, leading to tremendous fire enlargement as fuel tends to spill over around the tank. Boilover follows the formation of an isothermal layer called ‘hot zone’, and is typically accompanied by continuing bubble appearance in the hot zone. Previous studies have suggested that bubble generation could be a driving force for boilover, as it accelerates heat mixing. However, the effect of bubble generation on the mechanism of hot zone formation has not yet been systematically studied. This work investigates the effect of bubble formation on hot zone formation by installing a metal mesh in a burning fuel container. The size of the mesh grid and the position of the mesh are varied to generate bubbles with different volumes from different depths from the fuel surface. Experimental results demonstrate that the metal mesh definitely increases the volume of bubbles, and significantly reduces the time to form a hot zone. The mesh with small grids generates more bubbles than that with large grids. Additionally, bubbles start to generate earlier when the mesh is fixed nearer the fuel surface. Experimental results provide direct evidence of the bubble effect on hot zone formation.     

An experimental and modeling study of continuous liquid fuel spill fires on water

The spread of burning fuel spilled from oil product containers during offshore storage and transportation may cause large damage and trigger further accidents. Some analytical models already exist to predict the spread and burning behavior of liquid fuel spill fires, however, few experimental studies have been conducted to verify the model results. In this paper, continuous n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted in a rectangular trench covered with water. The burning area, fuel spread rate, and thermal flux with different discharge flow rates and ignition delay times were investigated by both experimental and modeling means. The spill fire burning area, with 5 typical phases during burning, has a quasi-steady value which is directly proportional to the discharge rate but irrelevant to the ignition delay times. The steady burning rate, as the ratio of discharge rate over burning area, was estimated. A spread model was modified to simulate the spread of continuous liquid fuel spill fires in a one-dimensional channel, based on the balance between gravity and viscous forces. A cuboid solid flame model was used to compute the thermal flux from spill fires. The burning fuel spread and the heat flux calculated by the models agree with the experimental results.     

浸油沙层火焰传播速度研究

使用0#柴油和沙层作为燃料和地面模型,通过实验研究了泄漏液体燃料渗透在地面之后的火焰传播现象.详细研究了燃料床中沙粒直径、燃烧盘宽度及一端施加辐射热对火焰传播速度的影响,并使用热电偶测量了沙层表面火焰前沿到达时的温度以及沙层表面能够达到的最高温度.结果表明,燃料渗漏在地面的火焰传播速度明显低于液池火灾的火焰传播速度,且改变沙油质量比、燃烧盘的宽度及外界热辐射直接影响火焰传播速度.     

导热性能对浸油沙层闪点、燃点的影响研究

研究了浸油沙层的导热性能对浸油沙层闪点和燃点的影响。选用柴油作为燃料液体,铜粉和沙子的混合物代表沙层,浸油沙层的导热系数由混合物中的沙子和铜粉比例控制。实验结果表明,浸油沙层的导热性能对其着火特性有重要影响。不加铜粉时,存在一个使混合物的闪点与燃点最小的沙油质量比。随着铜粉添加量的增加,闪点与燃点的最小值点逐渐消失。这可能是加入细铜粉使混合物的表面平整造成的。在最小点后,随铜粉添加量的增加,也就是随混合物的导热性能的改善,混合物的闪点与燃点增大。但当沙子与铜粉的质量比达到1：1时,闪点与燃点随沙油质量比的变化出现了一个最大值,之后闪点和燃点随沙油质量比的增加而降低。这些现象的出现可能是导热能力、毛细现象和混合物内部的空隙三者共同作用的结果。     

扬沸过程火焰辐射的估算

本文基于轴对称灰体火焰的物理假定，运用二维数值积分方法，对含水层油品燃烧过程反馈热辐射以及火焰对环境的热辐射水平进行了估算；同时，本文研究了火焰反馈热辐射对油品燃烧速率的影响，所得结果物理趋势合理。     

煤焦油加氢制燃料油的试验研究

实验室研究利用煤焦油研制汽柴油替代品燃料油.以高温煤焦油为原料,选择加氢保护剂、脱金属剂及加氢精制催化剂,采用加氢工艺,脱除煤焦油中硫、氮、氧和金属等有害杂质,使煤焦油中烯烃饱和,从而改善煤焦油质量,制得合格的汽油、柴油替代品燃料油.     

不同坡度对正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性的影响

针对液体燃油储运过程中泄漏引发的火灾爆炸事故,设计并搭建流淌槽坡度可调式液体燃油流淌火燃烧试验平台,开展连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火试验。选择水平表面(0°)流淌试验作为基准,改变流淌槽的坡度(0.5°,1°和3°),研究分析不同泄漏速率下连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的燃烧面积、燃烧速率等燃烧特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:1)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特征参数均随泄漏速率增加而明显增加;2)坡度对连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火燃烧特性影响显著,即使流淌槽坡度增加0.5°,其燃烧特性即发生明显改变;3)连续泄漏正庚烷流淌火的平均稳定燃烧速率随流淌槽坡度的增加反而减小。     

油品燃烧时油罐壁温的实验研究

应用ＴＶＳ－２０００ＳＴ型红外热象仪对在１３５ｍｍ×７８ｍｍ×１２０ｍｍ的长方罐中含水油品的燃烧过程进行了动态壁温的测量。实验结果表明：对小尺度油罐，一维热传导的理论是可行的。另外，发现在扬沸前夕油层的温度梯度并不下降，而总的温度值下降，这有助于理解扬沸形成的物理过程和正确地预报扬沸。     

隧道混合燃料火灾燃烧蔓延特性实验研究

隧道火灾一直是火灾科学研究领域的重要问题之一。近年来,隧道火灾中由于燃油泄漏而引起的火蔓延现象是一个新兴的研究热点。利用小尺寸(1:10)的隧道火灾模拟实验平台,开展了薄油、窄油池机制下不同混合比例下正丁醇-柴油燃烧特性实验研究。结果表明,根据正丁醇比例,可将正丁醇-柴油混合燃料分为两类。当正丁醇比例不大于20%时,主火焰蔓延速度线性增大,闪燃火焰则由间断变为持续存在且波长由14.17 cm减小到8.42 cm;油面温升速率逐渐增大;当正丁醇比例大于20%时,主火焰蔓延速度接近正丁醇蔓延速度(3.33 cm/s),闪燃火焰持续存在且波长在8.3 cm左右;油面温升速率基本相同。研究结果为认识隧道混合燃料火灾燃烧特性提供了参考。     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.