县域土地资源可持续利用研究——江苏启东市的实证分析

启东市土地资源具有后备资源丰富 ,开发复垦潜力大 ,土地利用率较高、土地利用经济效果区域差异较大 ,农村居民点布局分散、土地整理潜力较大的特点。但随着进一步的开发利用 ,启东市土地资源将表现出以下若干非持续性的特征 :人口不断增加 ,人均耕地逐年减少 ;土地污染严重 ,耕地质量进一步下降 ;土地利用区域差异较大 ,发展不平衡 ;土地养用矛盾突出 ,滩涂围垦难度加大等。在上述分析的基础之上 ,提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的战略目标。然后提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的对策与措施 ,包括科学编制规划 ,建立土地利用规划实施体系 ;加强非农用地管理 ,建立严格的农地保护制度 ;充分利用丰富的水面资源 ,加强滩涂开发 ;优化土地利用结构 ,调整用地布局 ;激励农民对耕地的投入 ,制定多种“用”“养”结合的措施。     

县域土地资源可持续利用研究——江苏启东市的实证分析

启东市土地资源具有后备资源丰富,开发复垦潜力大,土地利用率较高、土地利用经济效果区域差异较大,农村居民点布局分散、土地整理潜力较大的特点,但随着进一步的开发利用,启东市土地资源将发现出以下若干非持续性的特征：人口不断增加,人均耕地逐年减少,土地污染严重,耕地质量进一步下降;土地利用区域差异较大,发展不平衡;土地养用矛盾突出,滩涂围垦难度加大等。在上述分析的基础之上,提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的战略目标,然后提出了启东市土地资源可持续利用的对策与措施,包括科学编制规划,建立土地利用规划实施体系;加强非农用地管理,建立严格的农地保护制度;充分利用丰富的水面资源,加强滩涂开发;优化土地利用结构。调整用地布局;激励农民对耕地的投入,制定多种“用”“养”结合的措施。     

高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化与驱动因素分析——以苏州市为例

分析高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化以及驱动因素，可为优化区域未来的土地利用结构、促进土地资源的保护和高效利用提供科学依据。采用1998～2008年苏州市土地利用变更调查数据，运用土地利用数量变化、程度变化和空间变化等指标测算模型分析土地利用演化规律。结果表明：1998～2008年，苏州市耕地面积显著减少，农业结构调整明显；居民点及独立工矿用地面积急剧增加，与耕地减少呈显著负相关；土地利用程度综合指数逐年提升；苏州全域耕地、园地、城市用地相对变化率最大的均为昆山市，建制镇和独立工矿用地相对变化率最大的分别是张家港市和吴江市；利用主成分分析法对影响土地利用结构演化的人文因素进行了分析，得出驱动因素主要为：人口增长、经济发展、工业化和城镇化水平。走集约型城市化道路，实现“效率型”土地利用模式，注重社会、经济、生态效益相结合是今后土地利用努力的方向     

无锡市城镇化进程中土地利用变化及其环境效应

20世纪90年代,城市用地扩展是我国区域土地利用演化的主导过程,城市土地利用所引起的地表景观格局的变化又是引起地表各种地理过程变化的主要原因。基于Landsat TM图像解译的土地利用的动态图斑,分析了20年代90年代无锡市土地利用的变化态势。研究表明,土地利用变化主要体现为耕地向林地、水域、建设用地的转移．林地向耕地、建设用地的转移,以及草地、水域向建设用地的转移;20世纪90年代中后期,国家颁布的一系列基本农田保护和“退耕还林还草”的政策法规,在一定程度上限制了大量耕地被建设占用的趋势。土地利用快速变化也导致明显环境效应．主要表现为水环境的恶化和现代“城市病”等方面。因此,加强土地规划管理、合理利用土地资源、重视能源开发与基础设施建设,应成为今后区域土地资源开发、利用与保护的重点与方向。     

武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。     

基于关联矩阵的土地利用导向分区研究

研究探讨土地利用开发与生态保护之间的联动耦合关系,建立土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵；提出在ArcGIS支持下,基于土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵实现土地利用导向分区的方法与技术路线,选择位于北京东部发展带的重要结点河北省廊坊市为实证研究区,开展土地利用导向分区的方法与实证研究,并提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略,以期为区域合理配置土地资源提供理论与方法依据,希望对研究区以至相关区域可持续发展有所帮助.研究主要结论和建议:①实证研究结果表明土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵是进行土地利用导向分区行之有效的方法,分区结果能基本反映廊坊市经济社会发展战略实际情况;研究提出的矩阵构建思路以及基于土地利用开发-保护关联矩阵在ArcGIS中实现土地利用导向分区的操作路线和方法具有普适性;②根据土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵划分出廓坊市四个土地利用导向区:重点开发利用区、适度开发利用区、适度保护用地区与重点保护用地区；③提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略:重点开发利用区,推荐点-轴开发模式；适度开发利用区,采用集群发展模式;适度保护用地区,实行点状集约利用开发模式；重点保护用地区,采用疏解保护模式.     

土地利用“增长－控制”耦合机制分析

本文在分析土地利用变化过程的基础上,利用耦合系统原理,构建土地利用"增长-控制"系统;通过对湖北省市(州)的土地增长系统和土地控制系统的实证研究,得到各市(州)土地增长指数和土地控制指数在空间上的组合方式,确定湖北省土地利用发展的7种战略.研究表明,土地利用"增长-控制"耦合机制能够较为清晰地阐述地区土地利用变化的形成原因,有利于土地非农化、城市建设用地扩张等相关方面的研究,对于揭示土地利用变化和社会经济发展之间的关系能够提供一个较好的研究框架;本文对湖北土地利用发展模式的分类,符合湖北省土地利用的实际情况,文中针对各类地区提出不同的发展策略,可以促进地区土地利用系统向可持续、稳定的方向发展,同步提升土地增长系统和控制系统的发展水平.     

对加速城镇化时期土地利用变化核心学术问题的认识

自1980年代中期起,中国就进入了城镇化加速中期阶段.该阶段土地利用变化主要特征为:建设用地快速扩张;耕地大量减少;种植业土地集约度出现拐点.影响未来中国土地利用变化最主要的因素包括:城镇化进程、农业劳动力的变化、政府生态保护的政策.从宏观角度看,中国土地政策存在"三元悖论",即在满足粮食安全、城镇化发展、生态保护三者的土地需求之间,存在冲突.粮食安全与城镇化发展之间,属于生存与发展之间的矛盾;粮食安全与生态保护之间,属于近期目标与远期目标之间的矛盾;而生态保护与城镇化发展之间,是经济与生态效益间的矛盾.统筹和协调土地利用冲突,关键是把握土地的合理需求、集约用地的规律以及了解土地利用变化的效应.因此应加强下列三个方面的学术研究:①土地利用集约度的变化规律研究;②土地利用的合理需求分析;③土地利用变化的效应评估.     

武汉城市圈土地利用碳排放效应分析及因素分解研究

土地低碳利用对减少土地利用碳排放，发展低碳经济，建设“两型社会”具有重要作用。以武汉城市圈为研究对象，估算了武汉城市圈1996～2010年土地利用碳排放量，分析了城市圈1996～2010年土地利用碳排放效应，利用LMDI模型对影响城市圈土地利用碳排放的因素进行了分解。研究表明：（1）1996～2010年武汉城市圈土地利用碳排放量由1996年的95282万t上升到2010年的4 55035万t，年均增长1182%，且上升幅度越来越大；（2）武汉城市圈居民点及工矿用地碳排放强度最大，耕地最小，不同土地利用方式碳排放强度及变化幅度存在一定差异；（3）城市圈各城市土地利用碳排放存在时空差异，时间上表现为碳排放增长速度和幅度的差异，空间上表现为各城市单元碳排放量的差异；（4）土地利用变化、经济发展水平提高、人口规模增加对城市圈土地利用碳排放存在正效应，能源效率提高和能源结构优化存在负效应     

基于SLEUTH模型的无锡市区土地利用变化情景模拟

以城市化快速发展和生态环境压力突出的无锡市区为研究区,综合集成地形图、交通图以及1980、1995和2000年TM/ETM土地利用遥感解译资料,应用SLEUTH元胞自动机模型对土地利用变化过程进行情景模拟,揭示不同土地保护强度下的土地利用变化趋势。研究结果：SLEUTH模型首先对过去土地利用变化实现了动态模拟,模拟精度较高;在模拟形成的未来土地利用变化情景中,情景Ⅰ是基于维持现状土地利用保护强度基本不变的假设,城镇用地将迅速扩张,并占用大量水田和旱地,城镇扩张形态以边缘增长为主;情景Ⅱ则将水田保护强度提高50%,旱地提高12%,林草地提高50%,则城镇用地迅速扩张及耕地大量被占用的趋势得到有效控制;研究也进一步证明了SLEUTH模型在我国快速城市化背景下土地利用变化模拟和预测中的适用性。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.