利用体外实验方法评估稻米中镉的生物可给性和健康风险

为了研究稻米中镉(Cd)的生物可给性与稻米理化性质之间的相互关系以及稻米摄入而导致的Cd健康风险,从湖南某些地区采集了16个稻米样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些稻米中Cd的生物可给性及其人体健康风险。结果表明:在16个样品中,有13个样品的Cd含量超过稻米中Cd的限量标准(0.2 mg·kg-1)。稻米中Cd的溶解态含量及其生物可给性变化较大,胃阶段和肠阶段Cd的溶解态含量范围分别为0.102~1.70 mg·kg-1和0.015~0.249 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.698 mg·kg-1和0.103 mg·kg-1,胃阶段和肠阶段Cd的生物可给性的范围分别为56.8%~82.0%和6.62%~15.9%,平均值分别为70.9%和11.1%。模拟肠液中Cd的溶解态含量与稻米的纤维含量之间有显著的相关性。如果不考虑稻米中Cd的生物可给性,所采集的所有稻米样品的摄入都将导致成人和儿童健康风险。如果我们考虑了稻米中的生物可给性,只有31%的稻米样品会对成人产生健康风险,将有50%的稻米样品会对儿童产生健康风险。     

茶叶中砷含量特征及不同摄入方式对茶叶中砷生物可给性的影响

本研究选取不同产地不同品种的茶叶作为研究对象,分析其砷含量特征,并采用人工胃肠模拟系统,研究茶叶以不同摄入方式(茶水、原茶、粉末)进入人体对砷生物可给性的影响.结果显示,17个不同产地不同种类茶叶样品中砷含量为ND—1.16±0.03 mg·kg-1,23.5%的样品未检测出砷浓度,11.8%的样品砷含量超过绿色食品-代用茶《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(0.5 mg·kg-1),这是因为在加工过程中硫磺熏制干燥会造成茶叶砷污染;选择含砷量较高的茶叶样品研究不同摄入方式对砷生物有效性的影响,结果表明在胃肠阶段茶水中砷生物可给性显著大于原茶和粉末的摄入方式,其中在胃阶段粉末样品砷生物可给性显著大于原茶样品砷生物可给性,而在肠阶段原茶和粉末样品砷生物可给性差异不大.茶以3种不同摄入方式进入人体,在胃肠液中溶出浓度为0.02—2.80μg·L-1,小于WHO和我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)中砷的限量标准10μg·L-1,不会对人体造成健康风险.     

市售面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险研究

对非吸烟人群,饮食是镉暴露的首要途径.近年来农产品镉含量超标问题在我国的不同类型重金属污染区被广泛报道,严重危害人体健康.但以往研究多关注大米中镉的人体健康风险,目前对我国市场上销售的面粉及面制品镉含量及健康风险的系统报道还较缺乏.本研究从我国不同省份采集了16份白面粉、16份全麦面粉、16份小麦麸皮及10份全麦面包样品,测定样品中镉的含量;采用体外生理原理提取法(Physiologically Based Extraction Test,PBET)的胃液提取阶段测定样品中镉的人体生物可给性,并基于镉生物可给性评价了面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险.白面粉、全麦面粉、小麦麸皮、全麦面包样品中镉的含量分别为6.8—24.9、8.4—50.2、21.8—199.6、13.8—28.0μg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为15.6±5.1、25.7±11.8、64.7±43.5、17.5±4.0μg·kg~(-1),所有白面粉、全麦面粉和面包样品中镉含量均远低于国家安全限定值100μg·kg~(-1).镉含量的整体趋势为白面粉全麦面粉和全面面包小麦麸皮,表明了镉在小麦麸皮中富集浓度要显著高于胚乳部分.基于PBET胃液提取,全麦面粉中镉的生物可给性为60.9%—69.8%(平均值63.6%±3.1%),显著高于麸皮中镉的生物可给性18.5%—61.1%(平均值50.2%±13.5%).基于镉的人体生物可给性,成人摄入面粉及面制品导致的镉摄入量(0.02—0.13μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1))远低于Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA)规定的每日允许的最大镉暴露剂量0.5μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1),表明了我国市面上销售的面粉及面制品可以安全食用.本研究通过对市场销售面粉及面制品中镉的含量、人体生物可给性的测定及健康风险的评价,为人们对面粉及面制品品牌及种类的选择提供建议,为规避食品镉危害做出重要贡献.     

淮北煤矿周边土壤重金属生物可给性及人体健康风险

为了探究煤矿周边农田土壤重金属污染状况以及评估可能对人体带来的健康危害,本研究以安徽省淮北地区3座主要煤矿为研究区,对土壤重金属含量进行分析,并采用体外胃肠模拟方法(PBET),计算土壤中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量平均值(mg·kg~(-1))分别为Cd (0.16)、Cr (11.82)、Cu (12.03)、Ni (21.86)、Pb (55.09)、Zn (41.46),与国内不同类型矿区相比,淮北煤矿区周边土壤重金属含量较低;重金属的生物可给性平均值大小顺序是:胃阶段:Pb (61.69%)Cu (51.88%)Cd (43.88%)Cr (26.48%)Zn (17.45%)Ni (14.57%),小肠阶段为:Cr (58.80%)Cu (55.71%)Zn (51.40%)Ni (39.44%)Pb (7.59%)Cd (7.32%);由生物可给性校正后,成人和儿童不同重金属非致癌风险暴露量均小于1,说明成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险,不同种类重金属的致癌风险为:CrCdNi,其中,Cr的致癌风险介于10~(-6)—10~(-4)之间,表明Cr对人群有一定的致癌风险,但在可接受的范围内,且儿童的致癌风险高于成人,经手-口无意摄入是土壤重金属最主要的暴露途径.     

天津市蓟州区土壤硒的有效性及影响因素

以天津市蓟州富硒区土壤为研究对象,对土壤中硒含量、有效硒含量及硒的形态特征进行分析,并对土壤有效硒的影响因素进行研究.结果表明,蓟州富硒区土壤总硒的含量范围0.14—0.65 mg·kg~(-1),均值为0.37 mg·kg~(-1),高于蓟州区环境背景值0.23 mg·kg~(-1)和全国土壤硒元素的平均值0.29 mg·kg~(-1).土壤有效硒的均值为0.021 mg·kg~(-1),有效度为5.63%.研究区土壤硒元素以强有机结合态和残渣态为主,两种形态的平均含量分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)和0.11 mg·kg~(-1),占总硒的比例分别为44%和35%,水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态的硒含量较少,仅占总硒含量的4.6%,1.7%和0.9%.土壤中有效硒的含量近似等于水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态硒的含量之和,且两者的差异性检验结果显示并无显著性差异.土壤中有效硒与硒全量、pH和有机质均呈显著的正相关关系,偏分析结果表明有效硒主要受土壤硒含量和pH的影响.     

伊犁煤矿土壤重金属累积对土壤酶活性的影响

本文以伊犁地区的庆华煤矿、铁厂沟煤矿和达达木图煤矿为研究区,对矿区周边土壤4个土壤深度0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm的重金属全量(铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍)和土壤酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶)进行分析,结果表明:(1)3个矿区中,重金属铜的含量为21.72—31.85 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.6—0.9倍;重金属锌的含量为79.28—114.94 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.8—1.1倍;重金属铅的含量为44.39—60.19 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的1.7—2.3倍;重金属镉的含量为0.54—2.33 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.9—3.9倍,重金属铬的含量为27.71—48.08 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.4—0.8倍;重金属镍的含量为9.25—18.07 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.15—0.3倍;(2)铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与脲酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.391,-0.547,-0.502,-0.656,0.477,铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.384,-0.563,-0.559,-0.693,0.447,这表明过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性可以反映重金属铜、锌、铬、镍、铅5种重金属元素的污染程度;蔗糖酶活性与锌、铬、镍、铅呈显著相关(P0.05),相关性系数分别为-0.359,-0.404,-0.371,0.312,这表明蔗糖酶活性能反映锌、铬、镍、铅4种重金属元素的污染程度.     

珠江三角洲稻田土壤砷及其向水稻籽粒迁移特征

采集珠江三角洲区域水稻(Oryze sativa L.)植株的根系、秸秆、稻谷和对应的耕层土壤(0～15锄)样品,分析土壤和水稻植株中砷含量,初步研究土壤砷与土壤基本理化性质的关系及砷在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移规律.结果表明,土壤砷含量在1.83～18.14 mg·kg~(-1)之间,土壤砷与土壤有机质、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关.糙米中的砷含量在0.21～0.43mg·kg~(-1)之间,均未超过国家食品卫生标准(0.7mg·kg~(-1)),砷在水稻植株中的分布规律为根>秸秆>颖壳>糙米.糙米砷含量与秸秆砷含量呈极显著正相关,与秸秆中P/As、Si/As摩尔比呈极显著负相关,因此,降低秸秆中As的积累、增加秸秆中P、Si的积累可降低水稻籽粒中的砷含量.     

中国典型土壤中铅的生物可给性的影响因素分析与健康风险评估

土壤铅污染及其危害备受关注。作为评估其对人体健康风险的科学指标之一,土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素仍不甚明确。采集中国5种典型土壤(红壤、褐土、黑土、棕壤和黄壤),根据国标中一类建设用地的管制值制备成800 mg·kg^-1的铅污染土壤样品,利用先进的基于生理学的体外试验方法(改进的PBET模型)研究经口部摄入的土壤铅的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险,进而从土壤理化性质和铅的赋存形态角度,全面综合地探讨土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素,并分析不同土壤间差异的原因。结果表明,土壤铅在胃阶段的生物可给性为72.7%—82.6%,各类型土壤间差异极显著,其中红壤较高而黑土较低;进入小肠阶段后,土壤铅的生物可给性极显著降低至22.8%—27.7%,各类型土壤间无显著差异。土壤铅对人体的健康风险评估结果与之相同。对儿童而言,土壤铅在胃阶段的非致癌风险达到可接受限值的2.1倍;且整体而言,土壤铅对儿童的非致癌风险平均达到成人的7.6倍,必须加以重视。此外,土壤铅的生物可给性与土壤pH、有机质质量分数和迁移系数均存在高度显著相关性,其中,土壤pH是影响土壤铅在胃肠道的生物可给性的主导因子。通过体外试验可直接、简便而准确地获取土壤铅的生物可给性信息,建议在今后实地的污染土壤健康风险评估工作中引入该方法。该研究成果将为铅污染土壤健康风险评估工作提供准确的科学依据与有价值的参考。     

生物炭与磷肥配施对棕壤中Cd形态及其有效性的影响

通过实验室模拟Cd污染棕壤,探讨单施不同量(20和40 g·kg~(-1))花生秸秆生物炭(PB)和棉花秸秆生物炭(CB)、20 g·kg~(-1)磷肥(P)以及两者配施对污染土壤p H值及5种形态Cd含量变化的影响,分析生物炭、磷肥及其联合作用对棕壤Cd生物有效性的影响机制。结果表明,单施磷肥可显著降低土壤p H值(较CK降低14.64%),单施生物炭以及两者配施均可提高土壤p H值(较CK增加0.99%~24.67%),以单施40 g·kg~(-1)花生生物炭处理土壤p H值增幅最显著。单施磷肥显著降低土壤可交换态、碳酸盐合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量,增加有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量;单施生物炭和配施处理均可使土壤可交换态Cd含量显著减少,碳酸盐结合态Cd含量显著增加(49.76%)。在相同施炭量(20 g·kg~(-1))下,配施处理土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅高于单施处理,且花生秸秆生物炭与磷肥配施处理效果优于棉花生物炭与磷肥配施,Cd活性系数分别为0.150和0.236,即20 g·kg~(-1)花生秸秆生物炭+20 g·kg~(-1)磷肥(P+PB_2)混合处理最有利于降低土壤Cd生物有效性。     

凹凸棒粘土对镉污染农田的原位钝化修复效果研究

原位钝化修复在重金属污染土壤修复中有着不可替代的作用,而修复材料在污染农田中的长期应用效果一直是人们关注的焦点。通过野外大田钝化修复试验,研究了不同添加剂量(0、1.25、1.75、2.50、3.25 kg·m~(-2))凹凸棒粘土对镉(Cd)污染土壤理化性质及对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)吸收Cd的影响,采用梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT)评价修复前后土壤中生物可利用态Cd含量的变化。结果表明,施用凹凸棒粘土显著抑制水稻和小麦籽粒中Cd富集量,第一季降幅分别为68.8%~83.3%与54.7%~75.5%,其中2.5 kg·m~(-2)施加剂量对Cd污染土壤的修复效果最佳。施加凹凸棒粘土同样抑制了作物对Zn、Ni等其他重金属的吸收,而对Se吸收影响并不显著。施加凹凸棒粘土显著提高了土壤p H、阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤细颗粒含量,相关性分析表明,水稻和小麦籽粒中Cd含量与土壤p H呈极显著负相关性(相关系数分别为-0.72和-0.64),推测土壤p H的升高是导致水稻、小麦籽粒中重金属含量降低的一个重要原因。不同施用量凹凸棒粘土均在一定程度上降低了土壤DGT提取态Cd含量,分别下降了82.8%、85.1%、84.4%和67.1%。连续3年原位钝化修复效果跟踪观察结果表明,凹凸棒粘土可持续降低水稻和小麦籽粒中Cd含量,1.25 kg·m~(-2)和1.75 kg·m~(-2)处理组产出的水稻籽粒中Cd含量由2014年的0.140 mg·kg~(-1)与0.215 mg·kg~(-1)分别降低为2016年的0.094 mg·kg~(-1)和0.120 mg·kg~(-1)。综上,凹凸棒粘土在修复Cd污染农田土壤方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Assessment of bioaccessibility and exposure risk of arsenic and lead in urban soils of Guangzhou City,China

Soil ingestion is an important human exposure pathway of heavy metals in urban environments with heavy metal contaminated soils. This study aims to assess potential health risks of heavy metals in soils sampled from an urban environment where high frequency of human exposure may be present. A bioaccessibility test is used, which is an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) test of soluble metals under simulated physiological conditions of the human digestion system. Soil samples for assessing the oral bioaccessibility of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were collected from a diverse range of different land uses, including urban parks, roadsides, industrial sites and residential areas in Guangzhou City, China. The soil samples contained a wide range of total As (10.2 to 61.0 mg kg⁻¹) and Pb (38.4 to 348 mg kg⁻¹) concentrations. The bioaccessibility of As and Pb in the soil samples were 11.3 and 39.1% in the stomach phase, and 1.9 and 6.9% in the intestinal phase, respectively. The As and Pb bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase was significantly lower than those in the gastric phase. Arsenic bioaccessibility was closely influenced by soil pH and organic matter content (r ² = 0.451, p < 0.01) in the stomach phase, and by organic matter, silt and total As contents (r ² = 0.604, p < 0.001) in the intestinal phase. The general risk of As and Pb intake for children from incidental ingestion of soils is low, compared to their maximum doses, without causing negative human health effects. The exposure risk of Pb in the soils ranked in the order of: industrial area/urban parks > residential area/road side. Although the risk of heavy metal exposure from direct ingestion of urban soils is relatively low, the risk of inhalation of fine soil particulates in the air remains to be evaluated.     

The influence of physicochemical parameters on bioaccessibility-adjusted hazard quotients for copper,lead and zinc in different grain size fractions of urban street dusts and soils

When the hazard quotient for ingestion (HQI) of a trace element in soil and dust particles is adjusted for the element’s bioaccessibility, the HQI is typically reduced as compared to its calculation using pseudo-total element concentration. However, those studies have mostly used bulk particles (<2 mm or <250 µm), and the reduction in HQI when expressed as bioaccessible metal may not be similar among particle size fractions, the possibility probed by the present study of street dusts and soils collected in Tehran. The highest Cu, Pb and Zn near-total concentrations occurred in the finest particles of dusts and soils. Bioaccessible concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the particles (mg kg^?1) were obtained using simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET). The bioaccessibility (%) did not vary much among near-total concentrations. In the bulk (<250 µm) sample, the bioaccessible concentration of Cu and Pb increased as the pH of sample increased, while Zn bioaccessibility (%) in the bulk particles was influenced by organic matter and cation exchange capacity. X-ray diffraction identified sulfide and sulfate minerals in all of the size-fractionated particles, which are insoluble to slightly soluble in acidic conditions and included most of the Cu and Pb in the samples. The only Zn-bearing mineral identified was hemimorphite, which would be highly soluble in the SBET conditions. The calculated HQI suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children and adults from ingestions of soils and dusts regardless of particle size consideration, in the order of Zn > Pb ≥ Cu. The HQI calculated from near-total metal was not much different for particle size classes relative to bulk particles; however, the bioaccessibility percent-adjusted HQI for Pb was higher for the smaller particles than the bulk. This work is novel in its approach to compare HQI for a bulk sample of particles with its composite particle size fractions.     

小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响(Effects of Dry and Fresh States of Brassica chinensis on the Oral Bioaccessibility of Lead)

为了研究小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响,设置了对照(不添加铅,本底值为32.37mg·kg-1)、300mg·kg-1和500mg·kg-13种土壤铅浓度处理的盆栽实验,并将收获的小白菜分别以干样和鲜样进行基于生理学的invitro人工胃肠模拟实验,测定其中铅的生物可给性.结果表明:栽种2个月后,小白菜铅含量分别达到0.38mg·kg-1、4.55mg·kg-1和12.50mg·kg-1(干重),对铅的富集系数分别为0.012、0.015和0.025,可能存在较高的健康风险.invitro实验表明:样品干鲜状态、铅浓度处理以及二者的交互效应是影响铅的生物可给性的重要因素.无论干样还是鲜样,铅在胃阶段和小肠阶段的溶解态量均随样品铅含量的增加而线性增加;对于同一铅浓度处理,鲜样中铅的生物可给性无论在胃阶段还是小肠阶段均显著高于干样(p<0.01).使用干样进行健康风险评价可能会低估小白菜中的铅对人体的健康风险.     

铜胁迫对农田土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌数量的影响

为了研究铜矿周边农田土壤中不同Cu含量对土壤酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数的影响,在铜矿周边农田土壤中采集了8个不同Cu含量的土壤,测定土壤的酶活性、细菌和古菌基因拷贝数,结果表明,土壤总Cu含量为28.30~1 019.27mg·kg~(-1),酸可提取态Cu含量为335~415.11 mg·kg~(-1),细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土3.10×10~(10)~1.84×10~(11)个之间,古茵16S rRNA基因拷贝数在每克干土737×10~8~6.82×10~9个之间。土壤总Cu和酸可提取态Cu含量对土壤脲酶活性影响较大,但对土壤脱氢酶和转化酶活性影响不显著。土壤细菌基因拷贝数均与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量呈极显著的负相关关系,同样土壤古菌基因拷贝数与总Cu含量、各形态Cu含量也均呈极显著的负相关关系,说明Cu胁迫对土壤细菌和古菌活性具有较大的抑制作用。     

肠道微生物对土壤中铜、锌、锰生物可给性的影响

为了更全面、准确地评价土壤中金属元素对人体的健康风险,研究土壤中金属元素在结肠阶段的生物可给性具有重要意义。通过采集我国一些地区的6种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性。研究显示,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为23.8%~63.0%、21.2%~64.4%、11.7%~35.6%;从胃阶段到小肠阶段,土壤中Cu的生物可给性提高了0.4%~14.4%,而土壤中Zn在小肠阶段的生物可给性降低了6.7%~38.7%。结肠阶段,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn的生物可给性分别为2.4%~12.9%、5.7%~18.7%、6.2%~18.9%,与小肠阶段相比,分别降低了21.7%~56.9%、0.4%~36.8%、4.5%~19.1%。结果表明,在肠道微生物存在的情况下,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在结肠阶段有较低的人体健康风险。     

Ecological and human health risks from metal(loid)s in peri-urban soil in Nanjing,China

In order to investigate the ecological and human health risks of metal(loid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, and As) in peri-urban soils, 43 surface soil samples were collected from the peri-urban area around Nanjing, a megacity in China. The average contents were 1.19, 67.8, 37.6, 105, 167, 44.6, 722, and 50.8 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and As, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As (p < 0.01), and Cr had a significant positive correlation with Ni (p < 0.01). Geoaccumulation indices indicate the presence of Cd and As contamination in all of the peri-urban soil samples. Potential ecological risk indices show that the metal(loid)s in the soil could result in higher ecological risks. Cd is the main contributor to the risk, followed by As. The levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As in stomach and intestinal phases show a positive linear correlation with their total contents. Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in stomach phase showed higher bioaccessibility, while in intestinal phase, Cu, Cr, and As had the higher bioaccessibility. The carcinogenic risk in children and adults posed by As, Pb, and Cr via ingestion was deemed acceptable. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by these metal(loid)s via ingestion to children are higher than to adults and mainly result from As.     

环草隆对城市绿地重金属污染土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸及相关酶活性的影响

城市土壤重金属和有机污染物复合污染广泛存在,而城市草坪除草剂的应用使城市绿地土壤的农药污染问题成为了新的关注点。为了准确评价城市绿地重金属污染土壤的农药污染生态风险,选择不同重金属污染程度的土壤为研究对象,以土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸以及土壤酶活性为指标,采用室内模拟试验方法,探讨了草坪除草剂环草隆污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应。结果表明:(1)土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸、芳基硫酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酶对重金属和环草隆污染响应较为敏感,脲酶和蔗糖酶对重金属和环草隆污染不敏感。(2)环草隆浓度为0~1 000 mg·kg~(-1)范围内,和污染较轻的样点N土壤的碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性相关关系显著,和污染较为严重的样点D和G土壤的芳基硫酸酯酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性关系显著。(3)土壤中环草隆对样点D和G土壤芳香硫酸酯酶活性、对样点N土壤碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的EC10分别为568 mg·kg~(-1)、1 306 mg·kg~(-1)(抑制值)和56 mg·kg~(-1)(激活值)、99 mg·kg~(-1),EC50分别为1 901 mg·kg~(-1)、3 806 mg·kg~(-1)、2 321 mg·kg~(-1)。以上研究结果能够为城市土壤重金属和农药复合污染生态风险评价提供基础数据和技术方法。     

Dual <Superscript>14</Superscript>C/residue analysis method to assess the microbial accessibility of native phenanthrene in environmental samples

The aim of this work was to develop a method to assess the microbial accessibility of native phenanthrene present in soils and sediments. We developed an accelerated biodegradation assay, characterized by (a) inoculation with a sufficient number of phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms, (b) monitoring of the biodegradation activity through ¹⁴C-mineralization measurements, and (c) single-step chemical analysis of the native compound in the residue. The use of ¹⁴C-labeling allowed the determination of the time period needed for biodegradation of the bioaccessible fraction of the native chemical. The method was tested with environmental samples having a wide range of phenanthrene concentrations, i.e., from background levels (μg kg^-1) originating in soil from atmospheric deposition, to acute concentrations (g kg^-1) corresponding to industrial pollution of soils and sediments. The results showed a wide range of bioaccessibility (15–95% of the initial amount). The method can be used for the assessment of bioaccessibility involved in the management of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution.     

Long-term stability and risk assessment of copper and cadmium in a smelter-impacted soil treated by four amendments

In an effort to address public concerns of the long-term stability and ecological risk reduction of Cu and Cd in a farmland located at the Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, containing ～ 800?mg?kg^?1 Cu and 0.8?mg?kg^?1 Cd soil, were treated in situ by attapulgite, apatite, montmorillonite and lime at the rate: 10, 10, 10 and 4?g?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Field experiment consisted of 2?×?3-m plots arranged in a randomised complete block design with each treatment. Soil and plant samples were collected in sixth years post-treatments and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, chemical fraction and Cu, Cd concentration in plant tissue. The results indicated that the apatite and lime treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible and exchangeable fractions Cu and Cd in the soil at sixth years post the treatments. Cu and Cd concentration in plant tissue was positively related to the bioaccessibility of Cu and Cd. The treatment used 10?g apatite kg^?1 soil appeared to be most effective for overall risk reduction. The Cu and Cd stabilisation and risk reduction by the apatite treatments were accomplished by the induced transformation of labile Cu and Cu species to relatively insoluble forms. This study illustrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by apatite would be long-term and ecologically safe, which could safeguard human health and ecosystem from Cu and Cd contamination in mining areas.