江苏省自然保护区建设现状及发展对策

江苏的自然保护区，经历了由数量型向内涵型的发展过程，在介绍江苏自然保护区建设现状的基础上，指出了影响保护区可持续发展的原因，提出了相应的对策。     

我国新增22处国家级自然保护区

国家环保总局宣布，经国务院批准，我国在山西、内蒙等17个省、自治区的敏感地区新建22处国家级自然保护区，至此我国国家级保护区已达265个，总面积9185．1万hm^2，约占我国陆地国土总面积的9.6％。新增的22处自然保护区，涵盖了森林、湿地、荒漠生态系统，野生动物及古生物遗迹等5种类型。在我国生物多样性保护中具有稀有性、代表性和典型性等特点，其中：山西玉鹿自然保护区是我国特有珍稀雉类褐马鸡自然分布最大集中区；安徽铜陵淡水豚自然保护区是白鳍豚最为集中分布的水域；山东滨州贝壳堤岛与湿地自然保护区为世界三大贝壳堤岛之一，新老贝壳堤韭存，是珍贵海洋自然遗产；云南永德大雪山自然保护区地处澜沧江、怒江两大水系，保存着我国仅存的豚鹿种群和黑冠长臂猿的最大种群。     

长江口（北支）湿地自然保护区建设与可持续发展探讨

启东长江口（北支）湿地自然保护区，位于经济发达的长江三角洲地区，对社会的可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义。在介绍启东长江口（北支）湿地自然保护区建设现状的基础上，指出了保护区在建设和管理中存在的一些不容忽视的问题，并从可持续发展的高度提出了相应的对策。     

中国新建19处国家级自然保护区

国务院办公厅发布的19处新建国家级自然保护区是：北京市百花山国家级自然保护区、河北省滦河上游国家级自然保护区、河北省茅荆坝国家级自然保护区、内蒙古自治区大青山国家级自然保护区、黑龙江省珍宝岛湿地国家级自然保护区、黑龙江省红星湿地国家级自然保护区、黑龙江省双河国家级自然保护区、福建省君子峰国家级自然保护区、江西省鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区、江西省马头山国家级自然保护区、山东省昆嵛山国家级自然保护区、湖北省七姊妹山国家级自然保护区、湖南省借母溪国家级自然保护区、湖南省八面山国家级自然保护区、广东省雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区、广西壮族自治区金钟山黑颈长尾雉国家级自然保护区、海南省吊罗山国家级自然保护区、四川省海子山国家级自然保护区、陕西省天华山国家级自然保护区。     

风景区和自然保护区的环境保护问题

风景区和自然保护区的基本特征,风景区和自然保护区中发生着的文化认同过程以及旅游经济带来的影响决定了风景区和自然保护区环境保护的对象、特点、政策和原则。本文对上述几方面进行了讨论,探索了风景区和自然保护区环境保护的主要内容和重要措施,     

县级应急监测的思考

阐述了县级开展应急监测的指导思想、实施步骤及注意事项，以及要建立行之有效、快速响应的应急监测队伍的思考。     

论县级工业污染源监测网的建设与管理

从实施总量控制和加强监测控等角度，论述了组县级工业污染监测网的必要性和重要性，网络的性质与功能，网络建设的程序和步骤，提出了网络管理中必须着重抓好的三个环节。     

沿江区域开发对滩涂湿地的水环境影响

以长江口区域开发为例，通过建立平面二维数学模型，预测开发区产生的废水，经污水处理厂处理达标排入长江后，对长江口（北支）湿地自然保护区的水环境影响。预测结果表明，尾水正常排放时，对保护区的影响不大，这为区域开发的环境管理，提供了科学的依据。     

国务院批准新建22处国家级自然保护区

据国务院办公厅《关于发布山西五鹿山等22处新建国家级自然保护区的通知》（国办发[200639号）的要求，国家环保总局环函（2006）134号文就22处国家级自然保护区的面积、范围及功能分区等有关事项发出通知。上述22处为山西五鹿山、内蒙古额尔古纳、辽宁努鲁儿虎山、黑龙江风凰山，江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地、安徽铜陵淡水豚、福建闽江源、山束滨州贝壳堤岛与湿地、河南小秦岭、湖南乌云界、湖南鹰嘴界、广西千家洞、四川米仓山、四川雪宝顶、云南会泽黑颈鹤、云南永德大雪山、陕西子午岭、甘肃小陇山、甘肃盐池湾、甘肃安南坝野骆驼、宁夏哈巴湖和新疆塔里木胡杨等国家级自然保护区。     

国家将投资拯救包头南海湿地

位于包头市东河区南部黄河岸边的南海湿地，总面积1585hm^2，是目前内蒙古西部地区较大的一块湿地。近年来，由于生态环境恶化，水土流失严重，加之周边地区农牧民过度放牧，原有的湿地面积日益萎缩。今年，南海湿地自然保护区被列入全国湿地保护工程规划中的重要保护名录，国家计划投资2875万元用于保护、恢复南海湿地。     

Managing flood risks in the Mekong Delta: How to address emerging challenges under climate change and socioeconomic developments

Climate change and accelerating socioeconomic developments increasingly challenge flood-risk management in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta—a typical large, economically dynamic and highly vulnerable delta. This study identifies and addresses the emerging challenges for flood-risk management. Furthermore, we identify and analyse response solutions, focusing on meaningful configurations of the individual solutions and how they can be tailored to specific challenges using expert surveys, content analysis techniques and statistical inferences. Our findings show that the challenges for flood-risk management are diverse, but critical challenges predominantly arise from the current governance and institutional settings. The top-three challenges include weak collaboration, conflicting management objectives and low responsiveness to new issues. We identified 114 reported solutions and developed six flood management strategies that are tailored to specific challenges. We conclude that the current technology-centric flood management approach is insufficient given the rapid socioecological changes. This approach therefore should be adapted towards a more balanced management configuration where technical and infrastructural measures are combined with institutional and governance resolutions. Insights from this study contribute to the emerging repertoire of contemporary flood management solutions, especially through their configurations and tailoring to specific challenges.     

Fishermen's interests and cooperation: preconditions for joint management of Swedish coastal fisheries

The participation of fishermen in fisheries management is discussed with varying ideas under the notions of "co-management", "participatory management" or "local management". Empirical studies within Swedish fishery have thrown new light on the preconditions for fishermen's participation in fisheries management. Among the important factors influencing failure or success are the two which we discuss here: the question of articulation, organization and representation of interests of fishermen and the question of trust between the groups that are usually cooperating in resource management, fishermen, governmental administrators and researchers. The research summarized has addressed the interests of fishermen with regard to resource management, local fisheries management, and participation of fishermen. The overarching question connecting the three themes is: How can the interests of fishermen be represented better within fisheries management? Interests and trust, "soft facts", can be as important for the success or failure of fisheries management and participation as can "hard facts" such as ownership rights, quantity and quality of resources or monetary value of resources.     

生态系统健康研究综述与展望

生态系统健康是新兴的生态系统管理学概念,是环境管理和生态系统管理的目标.在调研文献的基础上阐述了生态系统健康概念的产生、发展及内涵,分析了不同尺度下的评价指标体系,着重回顾和讨论了生态系统健康的评价方法及其存在的问题,以期为生态系统管理提供理论基础.     

我国水环境管理的现状与展望

水环境管理在国家的环境保护中具有极为重要的地位,国外在水环境管理方面有成熟的经验和新的发展趋势。通过分析国外在水环境管理方面的先进经验和发展趋势及我国水环境管理现状,提出以流域管理为中心、加强立法保证等建议。并强调,借鉴国外水环境管理的先进经验,以流域管理为基础,以水资源管理和水污染控制—体化为目标的管理模式是解决我国水环境管理存在问题的必然途径。     

Putting humans in ecology: consistency in science and management

Normal and abnormal levels of human participation in ecosystems can be revealed through the use of macro-ecological patterns. Such patterns also provide consistent and objective guidance that will lead to achieving and maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability. This paper focuses on the consistency of this type of guidance and management. Such management, in sharp contrast to current management practices, ensures that our actions as individuals, institutions, political groups, societies, and as a species are applied consistently across all temporal, spatial, and organizational scales. This approach supplants management of today, where inconsistency results from debate, politics, and legal and religious polarity. Consistency is achieved when human endeavors are guided by natural patterns. Pattern-based management meets long-standing demands for enlightened management that requires humans to participate in complex systems in consistent and sustainable ways.     

Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: implications for sustainable forest management

Over the past decades, there has been an increasing interest in the development of forest management approaches that are based on an understanding of historical natural disturbance dynamics. The rationale for such an approach is that management to favor landscape compositions and stand structures similar to those of natural ecosystems should also maintain biological diversity and essential ecological functions. In fire-dominated landscapes, this approach is possible only if current and future fire frequencies are sufficiently low, comparing to pre-industrial fire frequency, that we can substitute fire by forest management. We address this question by comparing current and future fire frequency to historical reconstruction of fire frequency from studies realized in the Canadian boreal forest. Current and simulated future fire frequencies using 2 and 3 x CO2 scenarios are lower than the historical fire frequency for many sites, suggesting that forest management could potentially be used to recreate the forest age structure of fire-controlled pre-industrial landscapes. There are however, important limitations to the current even-age management.     

Community Management of Natural Resources: A Case Study from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar

We analyzed the management, resource use and conservation of the Ankarafantsika National Park (Madagascar) to develop a management plan, which provides a sustainable development strategy of the area while empowering the local residents. Using qualitative methodology we performed interviews with villagers and local organizations to assess the park’s successes and failures from local stakeholders’ perspectives. People living in a village with a permanent Madagascar National Parks (MNP) agent are more favorable to and supportive of the park conservation. People living in the park are supportive but are more divided. On the other hand, people living on the periphery of the park see conservation as more of a burden. Strategies like more equitable distribution of wealth, environment improvement and decentralization of power are discussed to achieve a more sustainable management plan based on community natural resources management. Short-term, medium, and long-term interventions from park authorities are needed to ensure the cooperation of local people in conservation endeavors.     

Local fisheries management at the Swedish coast: biological and social preconditions

Most of the Swedish coastal fisheries are not sustainable from either a social, economic or ecological point of view. We propose the introduction of local fisheries management (LFM) as a tool for restructuring the present large-scale management system in order to achieve sustainability. To implement LFM two questions need to be answered: How to distribute the resource fish among different resource user groups? How to restructure present fisheries management to meet the criteria of sustainability? Starting from these questions we describe possible forms of LFM for Swedish coastal fishery supported by recent research. The biological and social preconditions for restructuring fisheries management are derived from an analysis of the ecological and managerial situation in Swedish fishery. Three types of LFM--owner based, user based, and community based management--are analyzed with regard to the tasks to be carried outin LFM, the roles of management groups, and the definition and optimal size of management areas.     

Evaluation of Episode Control Schemes Through Air Quality Data Analysis

Prediction performance of various air pollution episode models are first compared with that of a persistence model which is based on the assumption that present concentrations persist to a future time. The comparisons are made by computing a correlation coefficient for different lead times between the observed and predicted values, and an auto-correlation function of the air quality data to which the episode model is applied. The persistence of high levels of air pollution is next examined, using existing air quality data, by constructing frequency distributions of air pollution episode duration for various concentration thresholds. Based on the results of persistence analysis, the flaws of currently used episode management schemes are discussed and some alternative episode management schemes are presented. Methodologies and parameters to evaluate the anticipated performances of episode management schemes are developed and some examples are worked out. In conclusion, it is suggested that a combination of episode persistence analysis and air pollution meteorological forecasting could lead to a workable air pollution episode management scheme.     

Modeling Municipal Solid Waste Management System under Uncertainty

Abstract

In this study, a dynamic inexact waste management (DIWM) model is developed for identifying optimal waste-flow-allocation and facility-capacity-expansion strategies under uncertainty and is based on an inexact scenario-based probabilistic programming (ISPP) approach. The DIWM model can handle uncertainties presented as interval values and probability distributions, and it can support assessing the risk of violating system constraints. Several violation levels for facility-capacity and waste-diversion constraints are examined. Solutions associated with different risks of constraint violation were generated. The modeling results are valuable for supporting the planning of the study city’s municipal solid waste (MSW) management practices, the long-term capacity expansion for waste management system, and the identification of desired policies regarding waste diversion. Sensitivity analyses are also undertaken to demonstrate that the violations of different constraints have varied effects on the planning of waste-flow allocation, facility expansion, and waste management cost.