春节燃放烟花爆竹对南京气溶胶细粒子的影响

根据南京城区草场门与远郊固城湖大气观测点PM2.5质量浓度及组分监测结果,分析了2012年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对城市气溶胶细粒子的影响。结果表明,春节除夕和初五烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,草场门观测点PM10和PM2.5均出现同步异常突升,且细颗粒物占比较大,PM2.5最大峰值同比远郊固城湖观测点分别高出2.79倍和6.02倍;PM2.5各化学组分中,城区草场门观测点水溶性离子K^＋、Cl^-和SO4^2＋以及微量元素K、Al、Mg、Fe、Ba等值同比远郊固城湖明显偏高,春节烟花爆竹燃放对南京城区空气质量影响显著。     

桂林市城区大气VOCs污染特征及对O3和SOA的生成潜势

对桂林市城区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征,以及VOCs对臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势进行了研究。结果显示,研究期间,共检出VOCs物种78种,平均体积分数为21.32×10-9,表现为芳香烃(67.82%)烷烃(19.56%)卤代烃(7.50%)烯烃(2.86%)含氧挥发性有机物(1.41%)。VOCs体积分数空间分布呈现市中心和下风向郊区两个高值区。通过苯与甲苯的浓度比值发现,林科所VOCs主要来自交通源和生物源,师专甲山校区VOCs主要是来自交通源,其余测点VOCs主要来自交通源、工业源和外来传输源。分析乙苯和间/对二甲苯的浓度比值发现,电子科大尧山校区气团光化学年龄较大,光化学反应活性相对较强烈;旅游学院、华侨旅游经开区、大埠中心校气团光化学年龄较小,光化学反应活性相对较弱。VOCs对O3生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(93.81%),其次是烷烃(7.22%)和烯烃(4.75%);对SOA生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(97.45%),其次是烷烃(2.55%)。     

铵盐气溶胶对烟气排放连续监测系统颗粒物比对监测的影响研究

利用拉曼光谱对采样后的滤筒进行分析,发现废气中的硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶是造成成都市部分企业烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)颗粒物比对监测结果不合格的主要原因.通过比较分析得出:在对含硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶废气进行颗粒物浓度比对监测时,参比方法(重量法)测定的颗粒物浓度是一定标干采样体积下废气中固体微粒和硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵...     

工业园区和城区VOCs组成及化学活性的空间差异对清远大气臭氧污染分布的影响

工业化与城镇化交替演进使珠三角及其周边地区土地利用类型较为复杂。快速的城市化进程使城市建成区与大量村镇工业园区互相交错。这种变化势必会增加挥发性有机物(VOCs)在组分构成和空间分布上的复杂性,并对臭氧(O₃)污染的时空变化产生影响。为厘清这种排放的空间异质性特征及其对O₃污染分布的影响,分别选取可以代表清远市典型工业园区和城市建成区的站点开展观测研究。结果表明:工业园区和城市建成区VOCs浓度水平和污染特征有较大的空间差异,其中代表村镇工业园区的龙塘站VOCs日均浓度为30.42×10^-9,高于代表城市建成区的技师学院站(17.32×10^-9)。龙塘站二甲苯和甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)比技师学院站高57.6×10^-9,且该值相当于技师学院站排名前10位物种OFP的总和。气象分析表明:2个站点之间并非彼此的上、下风向,而是共同受到局地气团的影响。源解析结果表明:源排放是造成这种空间异质性的内因,其中交通源对技师学院的贡献更高,而工业相关排放源对龙塘的贡献更高。该研究进一步比较了周边站点O₃时间序列的一致性,并模拟2个站点的O₃生成速率。研究发现O₃在局地范围内变化较小,高VOCs排放的地点对局地O₃有较高的贡献,局地内不同地点的O₃生成过程也存在较大差异。据此,笔者提出O₃污染防控建议:短期内可通过技术手段和观测数据发现O₃污染的重要贡献点,并进行针对性的\"散乱污\"清理整治和涉VOCs行业综合整治,长期看应科学合理规划城市发展布局和产业布局,预留城市通风廊道,以有效减少O₃污染。     

重金属离子Pb2+在石油污染土壤中的吸附作用

对比研究了3种土壤(新疆砂土、粘土和东北黑土)及其被石油不同程度污染后对水中重金属离子Pb^2 的吸附作用。结果表明,3种原土壤及油污土壤对Pb^2 的吸附均符合Langmuir等温式;原土壤上Pb^2 的饱和吸附量为黑土＞＞粘土＞砂土;在一定范围内,砂土、粘土中石油的存在对其吸附重金属离子Pb^2 的能力影响较小,而黑土对Pb^2 的吸附能力则随所含石油量的增大而迅速减少。     

Environmental Monitoring and Research Initiative: a Priority Activity for the Committee on Environmental and Natural Resources

The Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) has recognized a high priority need to integrate and coordinate federal agencies' efforts in order to enable a comprehensive evaluation of our nation's environmental resources and ecological systems. The federal government spends about $640 million per year collecting data about our forests, agricultural and rangelands, lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coastal marine systems. These efforts have significantly aided the progress in preserving and protecting the environment in recent decades but are not sufficiently coordinated to provide us a truly comprehensive status report or full understanding of the causes and effects of environmental change. This paper describes the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources and its functions, provides a status report on the Environmental Monitoring and Research Initiative, and offers some perspectives on the factors that will make the initiative and its contributing programs a success. In particular, the paper discusses the potential relationship with the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).     

GIS for Environmental Assessment of the Impacts of Urban Encroachment on Rosetta Region, Egypt

Unplanned urban expansion of the new urban cluster of Rosetta City, Egypt is reaching a critical stage. This unplanned expansion of slum areas threatens the land on which the high quality palm trees, by which Rosetta region is known, are cultivated. This research is concerned with studying the manner, rate, extent and impact of the expansion of the urban cluster of Rosetta City. A multi-temporal analysis of mainly the limits of the built up urban areas and their surrounding land cover is the main evaluation technique. By using Geographic Information Systems, it was possible to study the geographic base of the concerned area. An increase in area of the urban clusters of about 0.1 km² occurred from 1917–1945, and a second increase of over 0.07 km² occurred from 1945–1963. Just after the end of the Second World War, an abrupt increase took place in 1963–1993 that reached 1.7 km². The majority of all the urban expansion was unplanned. By studying the topographic map of Rosetta city and the urban clusters on the western bank of the river Nile, it was found that most of the urban conglomeration of the city is located on relatively elevated land. The western part of the urban area is of an elevation varying around 5.0 m, and inclining with moderate slope towards the eastern edge of the city adjacent to the river Nile. The urban expansion on inclined land has caused severe problems with the sanitary drainage, as the city lacks any sanitary drainage systems. Sanitary drainage currently operates through precipitation trenches. Sanitary sewage gather beneath the ground forming continuos streams which reach the basements of many of the monuments present.     

Seasonal Variation of the Particle Size Distribution of n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Aerosol of Guangzhou, China

Seasonal aerosol samples have been collected by Andersen Hi-Vol pumping system equipped with a five stage cascade impactor and a backup filter (size range: 10–7.2 μ m, 7.2–3.0 μ m, 3.0–1.5 μ m, 1.5–0.95 μ m, 0.95–0.49 μ m, ≤0.49 μ m) in the Liwan district, Guangzhou. n-Alkanes were measured using gas chromatography and PAHs were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The bimodal log-normal distributions of n-alkanes and semi-volatile PAHs were found, while for non-volatile PAHs that was unimodal, so much as the mode of semi-volatile PAHs was similar with that of the particles. The n-alkanes and PAHs were preferably associated with fine particles. C _max (carbon number maximum) (C₂₂–C₂₆), CPI (carbon preference index) (1.12–1.21), U/R (unresolved to resolved components ratio) (7.42–10.7), wax% (0.9–3.12%) and the diagnostic ratios for PAHs revealed that vehicular emission was the major source of these organic compounds during the study periods, while the contribution of epicuticular waxes emitted by terrestrial plants was minor. CPI₂ (values for petrogenic hydrocarbons), CPI₃ (values for biogenic n-alkanes) and wax% revealed that the natural preferentially accumulated in the larger aerosol while the anthropogenic in the smaller. In addition, the different MMDs (mass median diameters) for n-alkanes and PAHs were observed in different seasons. The MMDs for n-alkanes and PAHs were higher in autumn/winter than those in spring/summer. The seasonal effect was related to the hydrocarbon content in the individual particulate fractions, showing a preferential association of n-alkanes and PAHs with larger particles in the autumn/winter season.     

河南省典型污染河流水环境现状评价及相关性分析

以河南省内典型污染河流贾鲁河、惠济河、卫河为研究对象,以氨氮、化学需氧量、总磷等污染物为评价因子,以2010—2014年间河流的水质监测数据为基础,基于SPSS的统计分析,重点研究河流中氨氮、化学需氧量、总磷等污染物的质量现状及演变趋势,在此基础上探索污染因子之间的相关性。     

山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化研究

以2005年和2009年美国陆地卫星（Landsat TM）影像为基本数据源,利用遥感与GIS技术对山东省生态环境状况进行了监测,并依据《生态环境状况评价技术规范（试行）》（HJT 192-2006）,对山东省生态环境质量现状及动态变化趋势进行了评价。结果表明,山东省生态环境质量总体处于一般水平;2005—2009年山东省生态环境质量状况基本稳定,局部地区有所改善。     

Development and Use of Integrated Air Quality Management Tools in Urban Areas with the Aid of Environmental Telematics

Contemporary urban air quality management requires the use of appropriate systems which include air quality models, a Geographical Information System (GIS) and a combination of expert systems and decision support tools, while at the same time possessing the capability to receive information from in situ measurements. Until recently, the relation between Information Technology capabilities and the system's design and architecture were poorly addressed, mainly due to technological limitations posed. Moreover, air quality management scenario design issues were partially considered, because of the difficulty in aggregating complex, air quality related issues, in a comprehensive and effective manner, from the end users point of view. In the present paper the use of Environmental Telematics is discussed as a framework for the development of urban air quality management systems, while a comprehensive approach for the application and evaluation of relevant scenarios is presented.     

城市化进程对城市热岛效应因子的对比分析

采用1990～2004年乌鲁木齐市和其郊区的温度差值作为衡量其城市热岛效应的标准,以乌鲁木齐市城市化七项指标作为城市热岛效应的形成因子.通过多元回归模型分析了各热岛效应因子对城市热岛的影响.文章主要结论包括乌鲁木齐市各热岛效应因子时城市热岛的影响是不同的,居民生活条件的改善和公共基础设施的改善减轻了热岛效应的影响,热岛效应也符合环境库兹涅茨曲线规律.     

离子色谱法测定废气中的甲酸和乙酸

阐述了离子色谱法测定废气中甲酸、乙酸含量的方法和步聚。甲酸、乙酸检出限分别为0.02mg/L和0.05mg/L,方法平均回收率分别为92%和95%。本方法分析速度快,所需样品量少,且无需复杂的前处理。