山西高原油松种群遗传多样性

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）技术，分析了山西高原9个油松种群在醇溶蛋白水平上的遗传多样性。135份材料共分离出23条带，其中3条为共有带，多态性高达86．95％。全部材料共出现53种带型，9个不同油松种群的带型有差异，同一种群不同个体的带型也有所不同，说明山西高原的油松在遗传上已产生一定程度分化，在醇溶蛋白水平上呈现出遗传多态性。从供试材料的带型计算出油松遗传分化系数为0．1547。即在种群间的变异占总变异的15．47％，种群内变异为84．53％，大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内，但种群间的分化程度在松属树种中也属于较高水平。根据23个多态位点计算遗传相似系数和遗传距离，进行聚类分析，将山西高原9个油松种群聚为3个类群。     

基于分子标记的油松种群遗传保护分析

利用分子标记技术分析了山西5个天然油松种群140个个体的遗传特征,比较了不同种群的多态位点显性频率、遗传多样性指数、基因流和分化系数.筛选的5个ISSR引物和5个RAPD引物共扩增到位点68个,其中多态位点50个遗传参数的统计分析显示,多态位点的显性频率、遗传多样性指数、分化系数分别介于0.000 0～1.000 0、0.0200～0.500 0和0.003 7～0.615 62:间,表明油松种群遗传多样性的主要来源是等位基因频率的不同和部分位点较大程度的遗传分化.根据油松的种群遗传学特征,认为只有加强天然油松林的生境保护,使其不产生片断化,才能使油松的遗传资源得到有效保护.图2表4参16     

北京松山油松种群结构及空间分布格局

研究了北京松山自然保护区天然油松(Pinus tabulaeformisr)林的树冠结构和个体胸径,通过Ripley's K函数探讨了油松种群不同层次个体(幼树、小树和大树)的空间分布及空间关系,并探讨了地形(海拔高度、坡度)对油松种群空间分布的影响.结果表明,油松种群的胸径分布呈双峰型,应用Weibull函数拟合效果较好;树冠分布呈倒J型;胸径与冠幅存在显著的指数关系.油松种群呈聚集分布,但随高度增Jm(幼树→树→大树)聚集强度逐渐减弱,枯立木在样地内呈随机分布.枯立木与油松大树在1 m、5 m和13～18 m距离为显著正相关,幼树与小树在2～4 m和6～18 m距离呈显著正相关.海拔高度与油松种群呈正相关,坡度与幼树分布呈正相关,与小树和大树分布呈负相关.图5表2参24     

微卫星标记技术在淡水腹足类种群遗传学研究中的应用

综述了淡水腹足类微卫星位点的获取方法、微卫星重复序列的特点以及微卫星标记技术在其种群遗传学研究中的应用,着重分析了微卫星多态性在淡水腹足类种群遗传多样性、种群遗传结构、遗传分化、交配系统、种群关系研究中的应用.淡水腹足类普遍表现为杂合体缺失,种群遗传多样性降低.淡水腹足类近交和自体受精现象比较频繁以及地理隔离导致种群间遗传分化.利用微卫星标记研究遗传杂合度,结合群体近交系数和基因分化系数在一定程度上反映了淡水腹足类的交配系统.根据不同种群的遗传距离和相似性进行聚类分析在判别种群间的亲缘关系上起到了很大作用.针对淡水腹足类自身的特性,微卫星分子标记技术在淡水腹足类入侵生物学、分类阶元,寄生虫的分子流行病学等研究领域有广泛的应用前景.     

威海荣成鹿角菜野生种群遗传多样性及资源保护策略

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法对威海荣成地区鹿角菜（Silvetiasiliquosa）野生种群共30个个体的遗传多样性水平及遗传结构进行研究。结果表明,利用21条随机引物共检测到112个多态性位点,多态性位点百分率为93．75％,Nei基因多样性指数为0．3515±0．1352,Shannon多样性指数为0．5046±0．1126。通过聚类分析而划为一类的3个亚种群间的遗传分化指数为0．1349～0．2189,基因流为1．7793。研究结果表明威海荣成地区的鹿角菜种群遗传多样性较高,种群内存在较为明显的遗传分化,种群遗传资源不受遗传漂变的影响。针对当地鹿角菜遗传资源的现状,应加强现存种群的就地保护,恢复种群规模;进行取样养殖保护时则需避免因近交而造成种群资源退化。     

河北省黄顶菊4个地理种群遗传结构分析

利用AFLP技术对河北省黄顶菊[Flaveria bidentis(L.)Kuntze]4个地理种群的遗传结构及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,在物种水平上黄顶菊具有较高的遗传多样性;虽然种群间存在较高水平的基因流,但在种群水平上4个种群遗传多样性差异显著,具有较高的遗传分化.分析表明,影响黄顶菊遗传结构的因素较为复杂,入侵时间、环境差异、入侵行为中遭受的奠基者效应和瓶颈效应均影响种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化.聚类分析表明,4个种群间具有明显的种源地的地源性亲缘关系.     

基于COI基因序列的饰纹姬蛙四川盆地种群遗传多样性

饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla fissipes)在中国广泛分布于秦岭以南地区,在四川盆地是常见的两栖动物之一,研究其种群遗传多样性可为当地两栖动物的保护与管理提供重要的遗传基础资料和理论依据.采用线粒体COI基因为分子标记,探讨四川盆地饰纹姬蛙种群遗传多样性及其分化程度、种群历史动态.共采集饰纹姬蛙28个种群354只,成功获得其COI基因618 bps片段序列.分析结果发现17种单倍型,总体单倍型多样性(H_d)为0.166,核苷酸多样性(P_i)为0.000 75,基因流(N_m)为1.60.各种群间固定系数(F_(st))和遗传分化系数(G_(st))分别为0.270、0.140.中性检验中,Tajima’s D=-2.380,P 0.001;Fu’s Fs=-22.169,P 0.02,均具有显著性差异;错配分布图呈泊松状的单峰.通过计算得出种群扩张时间约在更新世晚期0.235 Ma BP.上述结果表明,四川盆地饰纹姬蛙种群遗传多样性较低,种群间基因交流水平高,不同种群间遗传分化不明显,并且在历史上有过扩张的现象.     

利用RAPD标记分析卧龙自然保护区不同海拔沙棘种群的遗传变异

从1800m到3400m五个海拔连续取样,用RAPD分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘种群的遗传结构和遗传变异.用11条寡核苷酸引物,扩增得到151个重复性好的位点,其中143个多态位点,多态率达94.7%.在5个沙棘种群中,总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289,B种群内的遗传多样性值为0.315,这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物高遗传变异的特性.5个种群内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低—高—低变异趋势,在2200m海拔处的B种群遗传多样性达最大值0.315,3400m海拔处的E种群则表现最小,仅0.098.5个种群间的遗传分化值GST=0.406,也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于种群间,59.4%存在种群内.1800m海拔处的A种群与其他种群的明显分离是造成种群间遗传分化大的原因.UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图分别进一步确证了5个种群间关系和所有个体间的关系.最后,经过Mantel检测,遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r=0.646,P=0.011).     

海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫的种群遗传分化和亲缘地理过程

为了解海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫(Aphyocypris normalis)的遗传分化和亲缘地理过程,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)对9个种群共124个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行评估,并探讨这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史.结果显示,在1 140 bp的序列中,共检测到87个核苷酸变异位点,定义了34个单倍型.基于Cyt b序列构建的系统发育树结果将所有个体分成3个主要谱系(A、B、C),谱系A包括海南岛大部分种群和邻近陆地全部种群,昌化江全部个体形成独立的谱系B,谱系C则为海南岛万泉河上安乡全部个体,各谱系间的遗传分化指数较高(0.707 5-0.971 9).分化时间估算的结果表明,谱系C的分化时间为2.038百万年前,谱系B的分化时间为0.865百万年前.种群历史动态分析表明,绝大部分种群均没有发生种群扩张,且所有谱系在近期都发生过有效种群数量减小的事件.根据研究结果推测,海南岛内万泉河上安乡种群的分化主要是由于五指山鹦哥岭山脉的隆起而导致的,而海南岛内和邻近陆地大部分群体没有发生分化可能是由于更新世冰期期间,岛屿和邻近陆地之间的水系因海平面下降而发生连接,琼州海峡两岸的拟细鲫种群有机会发生基因交流.因此认为琼州海峡并未对拟细鲫的扩散起到物理阻隔作用,海南岛为拟细鲫这一物种的起源扩散中心.(图4表6参48)     

基于线粒体控制区(D-loop)序列的珠江赤眼鳟遗传多样性与遗传分化

为了解珠江流域重要野生经济鱼类赤眼鳟的遗传多样性和遗传分化现状,对柳江、西江、北江、郁江、南盘江和红水河6个自然种群共170尾个体的线粒体控制区(D-loop)序列进行测定与分析.结果显示,共获得长978 bp的序列,检测出106个单倍型,单倍型多样性平均为0.982 0,核苷酸多样性平均为0.013 53,表明珠江流域赤眼鳟具有较高的遗传多样性.遗传距离和遗传分化结果均显示珠江流域赤眼鳟未出现明显分化,各种群亲缘关系较近.基于D-loop序列构建的NJ树显示,106个单倍型分为两大支系(A支和B支).A支包含6个种群中的大部分单倍型,未形成明显单系群;B支由西江种群的两个特有单倍型组成.单倍型网络亲缘关系分析结果也表明其未出现明显分化.AMOVA分析结果表明,绝大部分变异出现在种群内(99.36%),而地理区间和地理区内种群间的变异很小.中性检验显示,珠江流域赤眼鳟历史上曾发生过种群扩张.综合上述研究结果,认为西江为珠江流域赤眼鳟的扩散中心.     

Genetic Diversity in a Threatened Wetland Species, Helonias bullata (Liliaceae)

Genetic variation was examined in Helonias bullata , a threatened perennial plant species that occurs in isolated wetland habitats. Fifteen populations representing the species' geographic range were sampled. Genetic diversity was low for the species ( H _es = 0.053) as well as within populations ( H _ep = 0.029). Of the 33 allozyme loci examined, 11 (33%) were polymorphic, while on average only 12.8% (4) of the loci were polymorphic within populations. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus was 2.36 for the species and averaged 2.09 across populations. For every genetic parameter calculated, variation in H. bullata was lower than that typically found for narrowly distributed plant species. The lowest levels of genetic diversity were found in northern areas that were colonized following the last glacial epoch. The number of genotypes detected per population ranged from three to 21, with a mean of 13 for this clonally reproducing species. We found a relatively high proportion of total genetic diversity (30.6%) among populations and a significant correlation (p < 0.002) between genetic distance and geographic distance. Genetic drift phenomena appear to play a major role in the population genetics of this species. Anomalously, several populations that appeared most limited in size and vigor were genetically most variable, perhaps because they represent older, relictual populations. Life-history characteristics of H. bullata coupled with low levels of genetic diversity and the degradation and disappearance of wetlands threaten the existence of this species.     

Effects of Population Size, Mating System, and Evolutionary Origin on Genetic Diversity in Spiranthes sinensis and S. hongkongensis

Hong Kong once supported more than 109 species of wild orchids, of which approximately 30% were endemic. Most of the local wild orchids have now become rare or endangered. I conducted a comparative study of genetic diversity in two closely related terrestrial orchids, an allotetraploid, Spiranthes hongkongensis , and its diploid progenitor, S. sinensis , to assess the effects of the population bottleneck associated with the origin of the polyploid and to investigate the relationships between number of breeding individuals, mating system, and level of isozyme variation in their populations. Nearly complete genetic uniformity was observed both within and among populations of S. hongkongensis . In contrast, S. sinensis had high levels of genetic variation for all of the genetic parameters examined. Regression analysis of population size and several components of genetic diversity in S. sinensis revealed that, among various measures of within-population variation, the proportion of polymorphic loci ( P ) and average number of alleles per locus ( A ) or per polymorphic locus ( A _p ) were the most sensitive to population size ( R ² = 0.942, p = 0.001; R ² = 0.932, p = 0.002; and R ² = 0.923, p = 0.002 respectively). The highly negative correlation ( r = −0.999, p < 0.01) between population size and the mean frequency of private alleles in pairwise population comparisons, p (1), indicated that population size may also be used to predict the extent of population differentiation caused by random genetic drift. Conservation of genetic diversity in S. sinensis could be maximized by protecting several of both large and small populations, whereas fewer populations may be needed to achieve this goal for S. hongkongensis.     

Genetic Diversity, Population Size, and Fitness in Central and Peripheral Populations of a Rare Plant Lychnis viscaria

Abstract: Genetic diversity is expected to decrease in small and isolated populations as a consequence of bottlenecks, founder effects, inbreeding, and genetic drift. The genetics and ecology of the rare perennial plant Lychnis viscaria (Caryophyllaceae) were studied in both peripheral and central populations within its distribution area. We aimed to investigate the overall level of genetic diversity, its spatial distribution, and possible differences between peripheral and central populations by examining several populations with electrophoresis. Our results showed that the level of genetic diversity varied substantially among populations (  H _exp = 0.000–0.116) and that the total level of genetic diversity (mean H _exp = 0.056) was low compared to that of other species with similar life-history attributes. The peripheral populations of L. viscaria had less genetic variation (mean H _exp = 0.034) than the central ones (0.114). Analysis of genetic structure suggested limited gene flow (mean F _ST = 0.430) and high differentiation among populations, emphasizing the role of genetic drift (  N _e m = 0.33). Isolation was even higher than expected based on the physical distance among populations. We also focused on the association between population size and genetic diversity and possible effects on fitness of these factors. Population size was positively correlated with genetic diversity. Population size and genetic diversity, however, were not associated with fitness components such as germination rate, seedling mass, or seed yield. There were no differences in the measured fitness components between peripheral and central populations. Even though small and peripheral populations had lower levels of genetic variation, they were as viable as larger populations, which emphasizes their potential value for conservation.     

Morphometric and electrophoretic analysis of 13 populations of Anatolian black pine in Turkey

The genetic variation in populations of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (L.) Holmboe.), one of the species covering large areas in Turkey, was investigated. Open pollinated seeds were collected from 13 populations in a natural distribution range. Six characters of seeds (length, width, ratio of length to width, weight/1000 seeds) and seedling characters (cotyledon number and hypocotyls height) and two enzyme systems viz. leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, (GOT) were investigated. Significant differences were detected among the populations for the morphological characters. In addition, isozyme patterns of two enzyme systems revealed that LAP has two loci (one with 2 alleles and the other with 3), while GOT has three loci (two with 3 alleles and the third one with 2 alleles). Polymorphic loci were 74% on the average. The mean number of alleles per loci was 1.94 and expected heterozygosity was 19%. The mean total genetic diversity was calculated as 0.203; the mean gene diversity within populations was determined as 0.188, and the average between subpopulations diversity was 0.016. The relative magnitude of genetic differentiation among subpopulations was measured as 0.074 indicating that only 7.4% of the total genetic diversity was there between populations. Average genetic distance was 0.093 according to Gregorius. Nei's genetic distance was 0.022.     

Developing a Sampling Strategy for Baptisia arachnifera Based on Allozyme Diversity

We analyzed the amount and distribution of genetic variation in Baptisia arachnifera Duncan to develop a sampling strategy for ex situ research. Baptisia arachnifera is an endangered plant species endemic to the coastal plain of Georgia (U.S.) where all populations are within 16 km of each other. A reduction in numbers of individuals has been observed during the last 50 years. Baptisia arachnifera was polymorphic at 24% of the 37 loci examined with an average of 1.32 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity index was relatively low ( H_e = 0.097) as expected for endemic species. Populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting that the species is outcrossing. Consistent with this conclusion is the observation that the majority (approximately 90%) of the genetic variation present in the species is found within individual populations. Indirect evidence of gene flow between populations was detected (   Nm = 2.35). The close proximity of the populations and the recent reduction in population sizes suggest that the populations surveyed may be fragments of a once more continuous gene pool. Based on the observed distribution of genetic diversity among populations (G_ST = 0.096), sampling two populations would capture 99% of the allozyme diversity surveyed. Allozyme data were used to determine which 2 of the 10 populations surveyed should be sampled to maximize the ex situ conservation of genetic diversity. Although the paper-producing companies that own most of the land where Baptisia arachnifera occurs are modifying their harvesting techniques, the species could become extinct without more effective management and preservation efforts.     

Genetic variability and differentiation of sporophytes and gametophytes in populations of Gelidium arbuscula (Gelidiaceae: Rhodophyta) determined by isozyme electrophoresis

Genetic differentiation and genetic variability of sporophytic and gametophytic populations of Gelidium arbuscula (Bory) from three localities sampled in 1989 and 1990 in the Canary Islands (Spain) were examined by isozyme electrophoresis. Twenty-three to 29 putative alleles corresponding to 22 gene loci, were compared. High deviations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and significant differences between allelic frequencies of sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations at the same locality were found, suggesting a predominant asexual reproduction of G. arbuscula. The genetic variability (percentage of polymorphic loci, mean number of alleles per locus and average gene diversity) of haploid subpopulations was lower than that of diploid subpopulations at all three localities, being the lowest described for seaweeds. No correlation between genetic and geographical distance was found. The high genetic differentiation coefficient between all subpopulations suggests a very reduced genetic flow between subpopulations of the same and of different localities. These results suggest that the genetic structure of the populations of G. arbuscula from the Canary Islands is due to a founder-effect combined with a predominance of asexual reproduction. This is the first report comparing allelic frequencies between sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations of seaweeds.     

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in the brown alga Halidrys dioica (Fucales: Cystoseiraceae) in Southern California

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in a population of the brown seaweed Halidrys dioica Gardner were evaluated in five sites in southern California, USA, in 1991, using isozyme electrophoresis. H. dioica is relatively long-lived and has an outcrossing mating system and floating reproductive fronds with the potential for longdistance gamete dispersal. Because these characteristics are hypothetically important in determining genetic diversity and structure, we predicted that genetic diversity would be high and genetic structure would be exhibited only at relatively large geographic scales in H. dioica populations. The data were consistent with the prediction: genetic diversity (% polymorphic loci, no. of alleles/locus, average expected heterozygosity) was high compared to that of other seaweed species. Genetic structure (Wright's F statistics, Nei's genetic distance, point-pattern analysis of alleles) was low within and among distinct rocky reefs over 4 km of coast but high in subpopulations separated by 90 km. Life-history characteristics may be useful predictors of genetic diversity and structure in seaweed populations, but information on selection regimes, long-distance dispersal, and the extent of clonal propagation, for example, are critically lacking.     

中国茸鹿品种(品系)的随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)研究

采用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术研究了５个茸鹿品种（品系）７５个个体的遗传变异关系。在所使用的４１个引物中，有４０个引物扩增出多态谱带，共检测到３９５条扩增片段，其中２５９条（６５．６％）出现变异，用Ｓｈａｋｎｎｏｎ指数计算了５个品种（品系）的遗传变异及其遗传变异在群体内和群体间的分布。利用Ｎｅｉ氏片段共享度计算了７５个个体间的遗传距离，用ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类法构建了７５个个体的系统发育树状图，反映５个茸鹿品     

Lignocellulose and lignin in the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora: initial concentrations and short-term,post-depositional changes in detrital matter

Individuals of Mytilus edulis of the same age (ca 2 months) were collected as spat from natural populations. Relative growth rates were determined among individuals differing in heterozygosity at five enzyme loci. Growth rate was positively correlated with individual heterozygosity and each of the five loci contributed about equally to the relatinship. More heterozygous individuals also achieved more uniform average growth rates. Although there was a deficiency of heterozygotes at each locus, relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, the magnitude of the deficiency, measured as F_IS, was less among faster growing mussels. Our results conform closely with those of Zouros et al. (1980) on the American oyster. We conclude that the relationship between multiple locus heterozygosity and growth rate is one that is general to a diversity of outbreeding plant and animal populations. Other studies indicate that this relationship is due to a greater average metabolic efficiency of more heterozygous individuals. This relationship does not emerge from experimental designs in which there has been limited genetic sampling of the natural genetic variation.     

Founding Lineages and Genic Variability in Plains Bison (Bison bison) from Badlands National Park, South Dakota

Abstract: Starch-gel electrophoresis was used to screen 101 bison from Badlands National Park, South Dakota, for variation at 24 genetic loci. The population was descended from founder groups of about 6 and 3 individuals, separated geographically for a minimum of 64 years. The purpose of this study was (1) to estimate levels of genic variability in this bison population, (2) to assess the extent to which descendents of the two founder groups differ genetically, and (3) to compare the genetic characteristics of the Badlands population with other bison populations. The Badlands herd was found to be polymorphic for only a single locus (MDH–1). Descendents of the founder groups were homogeneous with respect to allelic and genotypic frequencies at this locus. The MDH–1 polymorphism has not been observed in other bison populations, while several polymorphism reported in other bison populations were not detected in the Badlands herd. A mean heterozygosity of 0.012 was observed in the Badlands herd; this value is lower than that typically reported for mammals, though not as low as heterozygosities seen in other populations that have passed through severe bottlenecks in size. These results underscore the need for genetic data in planning breeding programs for species in captivity or managed in isolate reserves.